River 2 waterfall plungepools floodplain n levees
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Waterfalls form over time as river water erodes less resistant rock more quickly than more resistant rock, causing the river gradient to change. This leads the river to plunge from a great height, forming a waterfall. Repeated pounding of the river bed at the base of waterfalls creates depressions known as plunge pools. Floodplains are formed along river banks during heavy rainfall as the river's energy decreases and deposits sediments, with coarser sediments accumulating into raised banks called levees and finer sediments creating flat plains further from the river.
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Landforms along rivers
Weathering and erosion shape landforms through natural processes. Running water, ice, wind, and gravity cause weathering that breaks down rocks. Erosion then transports eroded material. This degradation and deposition forms many landforms along rivers, including headwaters, valleys, canyons, rapids, waterfalls, meanders, oxbow lakes, floodplains, natural levees, river mouths, and deltas.
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Rivers have distinct features along their upper, middle, and lower courses. In the upper course, the river flows through a V-shaped valley with steep sides, eroding vertically. Meanders begin to form in the middle course as the river erodes more horizontally and widens the valley floor. In the lower course, the river flows through a wide, flat floodplain with features like oxbow lakes formed from abandoned meander loops.
River landforms
Waterfalls form where a band of hard rock lies next to soft rock in the upper course of a river. As the river passes over the hard rock, the soft rock below erodes more quickly, undercutting the hard rock. Eventually the hard rock collapses, enlarging the plunge pool beneath through abrasion. As the waterfall retreats upstream through erosion, it forms a steep-walled gorge.
Meanders form as the river's gradient evens out. On the outer bend of a meander, faster flow causes greater erosion and deepening of the channel. On the inner bend, deposition occurs, building up a shallow area called a slip-off slope.
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1) Rivers display different characteristics in their upper, middle, and lower courses. The upper course has a V-shaped valley and vertical erosion, forming waterfalls and gorges. The middle course has a wider valley and more lateral erosion forming meanders. The lower course has an even wider floodplain and well-developed meanders forming ox-bow lakes.
2) Meanders form through lateral erosion on the outside bend of rivers where current is fastest, undercutting the bank to form cliffs. Deposition occurs inside bends where current is slower, creating slip-off slopes. Over time, meander loops migrate laterally across the floodplain.
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This document discusses river processes and landforms. It explains that rivers erode, transport, and deposit sediment as they flow downstream. The faster the river flows and the greater its volume, the larger particles it can transport. A river's load gets deposited when the river loses energy. The channel changes as the river flows from its upper to middle to lower courses, with meanders and floodplains developing over time. Living in floodplains and deltas provides benefits but also flood risks that can be mitigated through various prevention methods.
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This document provides information about river systems and processes. It discusses the key parts of a river including the upper, middle and lower courses. It describes the landforms associated with each course such as waterfalls in the upper course and meanders and floodplains in the lower course. The document also explains the main river processes of erosion, transportation and deposition and the factors that influence a river's speed and volume.
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Waterfalls form where a band of hard rock lies next to soft rock in the upper course of a river. As the river passes over the hard rock, the soft rock below erodes more quickly, undercutting the hard rock. Eventually the hard rock collapses, enlarging the plunge pool beneath through abrasion. As the waterfall retreats upstream through erosion, it forms a steep-walled gorge.
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The summary is as follows:
1. Rivers change as they flow downstream from their sources in the uplands.
2. In the upper course, the river flows through a V-shaped valley with steep sides and waterfalls are common.
3. In the middle course, the valley widens and the river meanders through the flatter landscape, eroding the valley sides.
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Rivers pass over a hard cap rock with softer rock below. As the river erodes the softer rock faster than the hard rock, it creates an overhang. The overhang eventually collapses, forming a steep-sided gorge and waterfall that retreats upstream through further erosion.
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V-shaped valleys form through strong stream erosion in mountainous areas. As streams rapidly flow down steep slopes, hydraulic action and abrasion cut deep notches into the landscape vertically, forming narrow valleys with steeply sloped sides resembling the letter V. Interlocking spurs are landforms that bulge out from mountain slopes, creating a winding path for rivers. They form as rivers erode softer surfaces to avoid harder rock, deepening into hills over time. Potholes are holes eroded into river beds when rock fragments are swirled around by eddying currents, with abrasion deepening small hollows over time and joining them together.
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The upper course of a river has low water volume and flows through a narrow, steep-sided V-shaped valley. It erodes vertically, forming interlocking spurs as the river is forced to swing around resistant rock outcrops. A V-shaped valley forms through vertical erosion in the river channel and weathering of valley sides, causing material to move downslope and be transported away by the river over time.
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The summary is as follows:
1. Rivers change as they flow downstream from their sources in the uplands.
2. In the upper course, the river flows through a V-shaped valley with steep sides and waterfalls are common.
3. In the middle course, the valley widens and the river meanders through the flatter landscape, eroding the valley sides.
4. In the lower course, the river enters a floodplain with ox-bow lakes and deposits sediment in a delta or estuary at its mouth.
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GEOGRAPHY CAMBRIDGE IGCSE: RIVERS PROCESSES AND FEATURES
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Floodplains develop alongside rivers and are subject to periodic flooding. As rivers mature from steep mountain streams to slow, meandering plains rivers, they develop floodplains marked by features like natural levees, backswamps, and oxbow lakes formed from river meanders. Flooding deposits sediment across the floodplain but slows closer to the river, building up levees. Meanders may eventually be cut off, forming oxbow lakes. While flooding is natural, it can be hazardous to human development, so structures like dams, levees, flood walls, and bypasses are used to control floodwaters.
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This document discusses river rejuvenation and the landforms it produces. River rejuvenation occurs when a river's base level changes, such as due to sea level change or glacial isostatic adjustment. This decreases the river's gradient, increasing its erosional power. Key landforms produced include waterfalls, incised meanders, river terraces, and knickpoints as the river grade is adjusted to the new base level.
Fluvial landforms
This document discusses different types of erosional and depositional landforms created by river processes. It describes landforms such as V-shaped valleys and waterfalls that are created by erosion, and floodplains and deltas that are formed by deposition. It also explains the factors that influence fluvial erosion and the formation of various erosional features like interlocking spurs, rapids, and potholes.
River Rejuvination
The document discusses several landforms that can result from river rejuvenation caused by a fall in sea level. Knick points form as steps where the river erodes downward to adjust to the new base level, and may create waterfalls. River terraces are abandoned floodplains left at higher levels after the river cuts down through deposits. Incised or enclosed meanders develop when the river maintains its meandering pattern while increasing vertical erosion.
river delta impact (For Geography)
The document describes the formation of deltas. As a river reaches the sea, it deposits sediments, building up the river mouth and causing the river to split into distributaries. Over time, accumulated sediments rise above the water level, forming a delta where the river meets the sea. It also discusses how meanders form through a river's winding course as it seeks to avoid obstacles at a low gradient, eroding the outer concave bank and depositing sediments to form slip-off slopes on the inner convex bank. Rivers provide benefits like water and food but can also negatively impact people through flooding and spreading disease.
River land forms
Rivers form distinctive landforms through the processes of erosion, transportation, and deposition. Potholes are formed by turbulent water swirling pebbles in a depression, enlarging it over time through abrasion. Rapids occur where bands of hard rock protrude in a river, causing turbulence and mini waterfalls. Waterfalls are formed where a river spills over a sudden change in gradient, undercutting and eroding rocks.
Meandering rivers
A meandering stream consists of successive bends called meanders that form through the erosion of sediments from the outside of bends and deposition on the inside. This process causes the stream channel to move back and forth across the landscape over time. Meanders are most prominent in the lower reaches of rivers as they slow over flatter land. Features that result from meandering include point bars of deposited sediment on the inside of bends, natural levees of sediment along river banks, and oxbow lakes that are formed when neck cuts off during floods.
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Geography as revision rivers floods and management
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GI - Map skills and hypothesis
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Weather and climate updated
This document discusses various weather elements such as temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, air pressure, and wind. It defines these elements and describes the instruments used to measure them. For temperature, it explains how factors such as latitude, altitude, distance from the sea, and cloud cover can influence temperatures in different locations. It also provides examples to illustrate these effects. For rainfall, it distinguishes between convective and relief rainfall and includes diagrams to explain their formation. The document is intended to build understanding of key weather concepts.
Plates
Natural hazards include tectonic hazards like volcanic eruptions and earthquakes, as well as climate-related hazards such as typhoons and floods. The internal structure of Earth includes the crust, mantle, and core. The crust varies in thickness and composition depending on whether it is oceanic crust or continental crust. Oceanic crust is thinner and denser, while continental crust is thicker and less dense. Tectonic plates move due to convection currents in the mantle, with plates separating at mid-ocean ridges and coming together at subduction zones.
Tourism
The document discusses different types of tourism:
1) Honeypot tourism refers to popular attractions that attract large numbers of tourists, such as the Taj Mahal and Colosseum.
2) MICE tourism focuses on destinations that provide amenities for meetings, incentives, conferences, and exhibitions, like convention centers in Singapore.
3) Medical tourism has risen with destinations offering good medical facilities and procedures, like cosmetic surgery in South Korea.
Tourism gi lecture notes
1. The document outlines the steps of a geographic inquiry (GI) including forming a hypothesis, collecting and analyzing data, and presenting conclusions.
2. It discusses methods for collecting data through surveys, questionnaires, and observation and includes tips for effective survey design and administration.
3. Finally, it addresses evaluating the reliability and limitations of the collected data, identifying trends or anomalies, and assessing whether the hypothesis is supported.
Tourism gi lecture notes
1. The document outlines the steps of conducting a geographic inquiry (GI) including forming a hypothesis, collecting and analyzing data, and presenting a conclusion.
2. It discusses methods for collecting data through surveys, questionnaires, and observation and includes tips for effective survey design and administration.
3. The document also presents different sampling methods and examples of ways to organize and present collected data including tables, flow maps, and desire line maps.
Chapter 3 gateway 123
This chapter discusses key geographical skills like map reading, interpreting data representations, and conducting fieldwork investigations. It covers topics such as reading grid references, compass directions, scales, measuring distances, interpreting reliefs and landforms on maps, and analyzing photographs and satellite images. Various types of graphs like line graphs, bar graphs, pie charts, and climographs are introduced to represent geographical data. The three phases of fieldwork - pre-fieldwork, during fieldwork, and post-fieldwork - are also outlined.
Chapter 1 gateway 123 combined students
Tectonic plates move due to convection currents in the mantle and slab pull forces. There are different types of plate boundaries including divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they move together, and transform where they slide past each other. These boundaries result in different landforms through geological processes. Divergent boundaries form rift valleys and volcanoes, convergent boundaries form fold mountains, volcanoes and trenches, and transform boundaries cause earthquakes. Natural hazards occur near plate boundaries like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and tsunamis.
Chapter 1 and 2 for students
This document discusses weather, climate, and climate change. It begins by defining weather and climate, and describes the key elements of weather including temperature, relative humidity, clouds, rainfall, air pressure, and wind. It then explains the major climate types and their locations: equatorial, monsoon, and cool temperate marine west coast climates. The document goes on to discuss evidence that the global climate has changed in recent decades due to both natural and human factors like the greenhouse effect. It may lead to more extreme weather and affect people. Responses to address climate change are also mentioned.
Tourism slides combined for students
The document discusses various types and concepts related to tourism. It begins by defining tourism and a tourist. It then outlines different types of tourism such as honeypot tourism, MICE tourism, medical tourism, and religious tourism. It also discusses factors that influence the growth of global tourism like increasing disposable income and leisure time as well as investments in destination infrastructure. The document notes some impacts of tourism including positive economic benefits but also potential negative socio-cultural and environmental impacts. It identifies key stakeholders involved in tourism development and discusses the importance of sustainable tourism.
Peel 6 marks
The document discusses the strengths and limitations of locals and tourists in protecting tourist areas. For locals, community-based tourism provides jobs and business opportunities, as seen in a village in Java. However, locals may lack skilled labor to manage tourism's impacts. For tourists, their spending supports conservation, but they can damage areas through littering and vandalism. Overall, locals play a largely effective role, but would benefit from training to improve conservation skills.
Elective geography revision
This document provides an overview of topics covered in an elective geography exam, including:
1. Forming and testing hypotheses about tourism relationships.
2. Designing surveys, identifying limitations, and making improvements to data collection methods.
3. Representing and analyzing data using graphs, charts, and maps to identify trends in tourism numbers and flows over different time periods and locations.
Eq and tsunamis
An earthquake is caused by the sudden release of energy along fault lines, generating seismic waves. Major earthquakes can trigger hazardous events like tsunamis, which are massive sea waves that cause extensive damage and loss of life when they reach coastal areas. Living in earthquake and tsunami prone zones presents many risks such as property destruction, disruption of basic services, fires, landslides, and loss of lives.
Eq and tsunamis
- An earthquake is a vibration in the earth's crust caused by the sudden release of stored energy in rocks along fault lines.
- Factors like population density, level of preparedness, distance from the epicenter, time of occurrence, and soil type determine the extent of damage from an earthquake in addition to its magnitude.
- Earthquakes can cause hazards like disruption of services, destruction of property, landslides, destruction of infrastructure, loss of life, fires, and tsunamis.
Volcanoes 1 to 4
The document discusses the risks and benefits of living near volcanic areas. It describes some key risks such as destruction from volcanic materials, landslides, pollution and effects on weather. It also outlines some benefits including fertile volcanic soil which supports agriculture, building materials and precious minerals, tourism attractions, and geothermal energy. While there are benefits, the document argues that there are more risks compared to benefits of living in volcanic areas, given the threats posed by potential eruptions. Proper management is needed to mitigate the risks and leverage the resources volcanoes provide.
Transform
The document discusses a REC that was cancelled on March 10th and rescheduled for either March 18th or 19th from 10am to 12pm at Xinnovate on the topic of convergent plate boundaries. It provides examples of transform plate boundaries like the San Andreas Fault in California and North Anatolian Fault in Turkey, describing how an earthquake in 1906 along the San Andreas Fault caused several hundred kilometers of the North American Plate to shift up to 7 meters in under a minute due to stresses building up and releasing where the Pacific and North American Plates slide past each other.
Transform (1)
The document discusses transform plate boundaries and provides examples of the San Andreas Fault in the United States and the North Anatolian Fault in Turkey. It notes that at transform boundaries, plates slide past each other building stress until an earthquake occurs. It then provides details about a 1906 earthquake in California on the San Andreas Fault that caused hundreds of kilometers of movement between tectonic plates in under a minute. The document asks how future plate movement might affect two nearby cities.
Convergent boundaries
Convergent plate boundaries occur where tectonic plates move towards one another. There are three main types:
1) Oceanic-oceanic, where two oceanic plates collide and one subducts under the other, forming ocean trenches.
2) Oceanic-continental, where an oceanic plate subducts under a continental plate, pushing up mountains.
3) Continental-continental, where collision resists subduction and the plates break and fold, forming mountains.
Divergent
- The document discusses plate tectonics topics including oceanic-oceanic divergence and continental-continental divergence.
- Oceanic-oceanic divergence involves two oceanic plates moving apart, causing magma to rise and form new sea floor through sea-floor spreading, creating a mid-ocean ridge.
- Continental-continental divergence can form rift valleys as the land between diverging continental plates sinks, such as the East African Rift Valley, and may eventually lead to the formation of new oceans.
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River 2 waterfall plungepools floodplain n levees
- 1. Waterfalls • Sudden, steep and vertical flow of fast- flowing water falling from great heights • Formed by river erosion
- 2. Niagara Falls on Niagara River, Canada and USA • formed by erosion of rock of different resistance
- 4. Formation of Waterfalls • River flows across rocks of different resistance.
- 5. Formation of Waterfalls • River erodes the less resistant rock more rapidly • This cause a change in the gradient of the river course.
- 6. Formation of waterfalls • Over time, river plunges from a great height to hit the riverbed below, • This forms a waterfall.
- 7. Formation of plunge pools • Repeated pounding of the river bed leads to a depression at the base of a waterfall • A plunge pool is formed.
- 8. Floodplain Areas of low-lying ground adjacent to a river at the lower course
- 10. Formation of Floodplain and Levee
- 11. Formation of Floodplain and Levee
- 12. Floodplain and Levee • During a heavy rainfall, river water overflows its bank. River loses speed as it encounters friction.
- 13. Floodplain and Levee • Deposition occurs as river’s energy decreases. • Coarser and heavier sediments are deposited nearer to the river bank. • Finer and lighter sediments are deposited further away.
- 14. Formation of Floodplain and Levee
- 15. Floodplain and Levee • Overtime, the accumulation of fine sediments results in the formation of flat plains
- 16. • Coarser and heavier sediments are acculumated • Results in the formation of raised banks • Known as levees.