GEOGRAPHY YEAR 10: RIVER LANDFORMS. Contains: river landforms, across the rivers, v-shapped valleys, waterfalls, formation of the waterfalls, meanders and ox-bow lakes, braiding and deltas, the formation of a delta.
Flowing water has the ability to dissolve the soluble mineral substances available on its way. The processes enacted by streams are called as fluvial processes. The word “fluvius” is derived from the latin word meaning “ river”. The world fluvial is used to denote the running water as streams or rivers. Fluvial processes entail the erosion, transportation, and deposition of earth materials by running water. Fluvial processes and fluvial landforms dominate land surfaces the world over, as opposed to the limited effects of glacial, coastal, and wind processes.
GEOGRAPHY YEAR 10: RIVER LANDFORMS. Contains: river landforms, across the rivers, v-shapped valleys, waterfalls, formation of the waterfalls, meanders and ox-bow lakes, braiding and deltas, the formation of a delta.
Flowing water has the ability to dissolve the soluble mineral substances available on its way. The processes enacted by streams are called as fluvial processes. The word “fluvius” is derived from the latin word meaning “ river”. The world fluvial is used to denote the running water as streams or rivers. Fluvial processes entail the erosion, transportation, and deposition of earth materials by running water. Fluvial processes and fluvial landforms dominate land surfaces the world over, as opposed to the limited effects of glacial, coastal, and wind processes.
Geological action of river or Fluvial processes
The geological action of river is divided chiefly into three parts as Erosion, Transportation and Deposition.
Erosion: River erosion is mainly due to mechanical breaking down of rock fragment. The chemical action of
rivers is minimal. A wide variety of processes are involved in river erosion as follows;
a. Hydraulic action: It is the process of mechanical loosening or removal of the material by the action of the water
alone. The effectiveness of hydraulic action of a river is depends on gradient, velocity of the stream, width, depth
and shape of the channel and discharge.
b. Abrasion: The process of wearing-away of bed rock surfaces by mechanical processes such as rubbing, cutting,
scratching, grinding and polishing etc. is known as abrasion.
c. Attrition: The process of mechanical wearing and tearing of the transported rock fragments into smaller fragments
due to mutual impact and collision.
d. Cavitation: Highly turbulent rivers in rocky channels erode their beds by hydraulic plucking, in which pieces of
bed rocks are lifted out by strong eddies spiraling up around vertical axes. This sucking out of the rock pieces
produces cavities or depressions within the rock. This type of process is called cavitation.
e. Corrosion: The chemical processes of rock erosion by river water are known as corrosion or solution.
Important erosional features:
a. Potholes: These are cylindrical or bowl-like depressions in the rocky beds of streams, which are excavated in the
floors of the streams by extensive, localized abrasion. These are commonly found in softer bedrocks.
b. Water fall: These are defined as magnificent jumps made by stream or river water at certain specific parts of their
course where there is a sudden and considerable drop in the gradient of the channel.
c. River valleys: The river channel carved out by the flow of running water is commonly known as a river valley.
d. Gorges or canyons: During the river erosion, down cutting of its cannel gives rise to a deep narrow valley with
vertical or steep walls. Such a valley is termed as a gorge or canyons.
e. Escarpments: These are erosional land forms produces by rivers in regions composed of alternating beds of hard
and soft rocks. During river erosion soft rocks erode much faster than hard rocks, leaving behind steep slopes on
one side and a gentle slope on the other. The steep slope side is known as the escarpment.
Hog’s back: This is a sharp ridge like structure with high angle sides on two sides formed by harder rocks in an
inclined series of beds.
Mesa and butte: In regions of horizontal strata in which isolated portions of land is capped by a hard, erosion-
resistant bed, the erosional landforms produced will have an isolated flat-topped land area with seep sides,
commonly known as mesa. Isolated masses without flat tops are called buttes.
Transportation: A river is a most powerful agent of transportation. All the material being transported by a
Rivers are powerful geological agents that shape the Earth's surface through a variety of processes. The geologic action of rivers includes erosion, transportation, and deposition, which collectively contribute to the formation and modification of landscapes. Here's a brief overview of these processes:
Erosion:
Abrasion: The river carries sediments (such as rocks and pebbles) that can wear away the riverbed and banks over time.
Hydraulic action: The force of flowing water can dislodge and transport loose particles, further eroding the riverbed.
Transportation:
Traction: Large particles, like boulders and pebbles, are rolled along the riverbed by the force of the water.
Saltation: Smaller particles are bounced or skipped along the riverbed.
Suspension: Fine particles, like silt and clay, are carried in the flow of the water without directly touching the riverbed.
Solution: Dissolved minerals are carried in the water without being visible, contributing to the river's overall load.
Deposition:
When the velocity of the river decreases, it loses the ability to transport certain sizes of particles. As a result, these particles are deposited along the riverbed or banks.
Larger particles are deposited first, closer to the river source, while smaller particles may be transported farther downstream before deposition.
Meandering and Oxbow Lakes:
Over time, rivers can create meanders or bends in their course. As the outer bank of a meander erodes and the inner bank accumulates sediment, the meander may migrate.
Eventually, a meander may become so pronounced that the river cuts through the neck of the meander, forming an oxbow lake.
Delta Formation:
When a river enters a standing body of water, like an ocean or a lake, the reduced velocity causes sediment deposition. This can lead to the formation of a delta, a fan-shaped landform composed of sediment carried by the river.
Canyon Formation:
In areas with resistant rock layers, rivers can erode deep canyons over time. The Colorado River carving out the Grand Canyon is a notable example.
Valley Formation:
Rivers contribute to the formation of valleys through erosion and transportation of sediment, shaping the landscape over millions of years.
The geologic action of rivers is dynamic and continuously shapes the Earth's surface, playing a crucial role in the ongoing process of landscape evolution
This presentation will help students to know about the basic concept and understanding about the rivers that What is river? What is the flow of river? What are the types of river or its drainage pattern? Rivers Erosional and Depositional Landforms.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
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The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
4. Every River Channel is Characterized with
a Longitudinal ( Lengthwise ) Profile
Head Region Is the Highland Region from
where the River Originates.
Then River Flows Through Gradually
Decreasing Slopes and then through nearly
Flat Lands
Mouth is The Place where River Enters a
Sea .
5. While river flows through Head to mouth, It
Exerts Great Influence over topography.
Basic Terms :-
Channel
Velocity
Gradient
Type of flow
6. Hydraulic action
The work of turbulence in the water.
Running water causes friction in the joints of rocks
in a stream channel
Joints may be enlarged
Loosened fragments of rocks get swept away.
Attrition
When thrown against the sides and bed of rivers,
the load gets broken into smaller pieces.
7. Corrosion
Certain minerals in rocks like limestone can be
dissolved in water.
Rocks are then eroded.
Abrasion
Load carried by a river will grind against its bed
and sides.
This process slowly wears the bed and sides away.
10. They are variously shaped depressions of
different dimensions
Formed by plucking of an outstanding rock
projection, resulting in small depressions
Abrasive action, on depressions leads to
further deeping and widening of potholes
11.
12. Area of low land surrounded on sides by
inclined hill slopes and mountains.
Origin, development and modification of
valley, depends on river flowing through it.
Valley formed in the youthful stage of fluvial
cycle of erosion and in the initial stage of
valley development is V shaped having steep
side valley slope of convex element.
The valleys are gradually widened due to
lateral erosion.
13.
14.
15. The process of valley deepening often gives
rise this type of surface feature
Gorges are very deep and narrow valleys with
very steep and high walls on either side.
Canyon is a specific type of george where the
layers cut down by a river are essentially
stratified and horizontal in altitude.
Canyon has been formed through a long
period of time and frequent erosion from
plateau.
Gorges are normally formed from the flow of
water.
16.
17. Waterfalls are free flowing water columns
They are attributed to unequal erosion of the
channel rocks with the weaker rock being eroded
much faster, creating a depression just ahead of
resistant ledge.
They reflect geological control.
19. A river will drop its load when:
Volume decreases
Speed decrease
A river’s volume decreases when
Dry season
Dry region with high evaporation
Presence of permeable rocks
Receding flood waters
22. Alluvial fans and cones are always formed at
base of foothills where there is abrupt drop in
channel gradient.
Alluvial fans have gentle slope below 10
degree, and alluvial cone has a slope in range
of (10-50 degree).
Alluvial cones are made of coarser material
than alluvial fans.
There may growth of a fan by repeated
accumulations, Upwards as well as Laterally.
23.
24.
25. The depositional feature of almost triangular in shape
debouching either in a lake or a sea is called Delta.
The term delta was first used by Herodotus for triangular
landform at mouth of Nile river.
Delta is made of three layers
• Bottom set beds
• Fore-set beds
• Top-set beds.