River is a most Important agent in geological field and most important roll of the physical, Chemical and biological erosion. It is common factors of river.
River is a most Important agent in geological field and most important roll of the physical, Chemical and biological erosion. It is common factors of river.
Erosion is when wind, water, and ice take sediments away.
Erosion on coasts by wind and water.
Water is major agent of erosion.
About 21% of all erosion in done by coastal erosion.
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Geological action of river or Fluvial processes
The geological action of river is divided chiefly into three parts as Erosion, Transportation and Deposition.
Erosion: River erosion is mainly due to mechanical breaking down of rock fragment. The chemical action of
rivers is minimal. A wide variety of processes are involved in river erosion as follows;
a. Hydraulic action: It is the process of mechanical loosening or removal of the material by the action of the water
alone. The effectiveness of hydraulic action of a river is depends on gradient, velocity of the stream, width, depth
and shape of the channel and discharge.
b. Abrasion: The process of wearing-away of bed rock surfaces by mechanical processes such as rubbing, cutting,
scratching, grinding and polishing etc. is known as abrasion.
c. Attrition: The process of mechanical wearing and tearing of the transported rock fragments into smaller fragments
due to mutual impact and collision.
d. Cavitation: Highly turbulent rivers in rocky channels erode their beds by hydraulic plucking, in which pieces of
bed rocks are lifted out by strong eddies spiraling up around vertical axes. This sucking out of the rock pieces
produces cavities or depressions within the rock. This type of process is called cavitation.
e. Corrosion: The chemical processes of rock erosion by river water are known as corrosion or solution.
Important erosional features:
a. Potholes: These are cylindrical or bowl-like depressions in the rocky beds of streams, which are excavated in the
floors of the streams by extensive, localized abrasion. These are commonly found in softer bedrocks.
b. Water fall: These are defined as magnificent jumps made by stream or river water at certain specific parts of their
course where there is a sudden and considerable drop in the gradient of the channel.
c. River valleys: The river channel carved out by the flow of running water is commonly known as a river valley.
d. Gorges or canyons: During the river erosion, down cutting of its cannel gives rise to a deep narrow valley with
vertical or steep walls. Such a valley is termed as a gorge or canyons.
e. Escarpments: These are erosional land forms produces by rivers in regions composed of alternating beds of hard
and soft rocks. During river erosion soft rocks erode much faster than hard rocks, leaving behind steep slopes on
one side and a gentle slope on the other. The steep slope side is known as the escarpment.
Hog’s back: This is a sharp ridge like structure with high angle sides on two sides formed by harder rocks in an
inclined series of beds.
Mesa and butte: In regions of horizontal strata in which isolated portions of land is capped by a hard, erosion-
resistant bed, the erosional landforms produced will have an isolated flat-topped land area with seep sides,
commonly known as mesa. Isolated masses without flat tops are called buttes.
Transportation: A river is a most powerful agent of transportation. All the material being transported by a
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2. Processes of Erosion
Erosion is the breaking down of material by an agent. In
the case of a river, the agent is water. The water can
erode the river’s channel and the river’s load. A river’s
load is bits of eroded material, generally rocks, that
the river transports until it deposits its load.
3. Four processes of erosion
Abrasion (Corrasion)
Hydraulic Action
Solution (Corrosion)
Attrition
4.
5. Hydraulic Action
Hydraulic action, where the force of the water removes
rock particles from the bed and banks. This type of
erosion is strongest at rapids and waterfalls where the
water has a high velocity.
6.
7. Abrasion/ Corrasion
The type of erosion is corrasion. This is where the river’s
load acts almost like sandpaper (scrapping), removing
pieces of rock as the load rubs against the bed & banks.
This sort of erosion is strongest when the river is
transporting large chunks of rock or after heavy rainfall
when the river’s flow is turbulent.
8.
9. Solution/ Corrosion
Corrosion is a special type of erosion that only affects
certain types of rocks. Water, being ever so slightly
acidic , will react with certain rocks and dissolve them.
Corrosion is highly effective if the rock type of the
channel is chalk or limestone (anything containing
calcium carbonate) otherwise, it doesn’t have much of an
effect
10. Attrition
The final type of erosion is attrition. Attrition is a way of
eroding the river’s load, not the bed and banks. Attrition is
where pieces of rock in the river’s load knock together,
breaking chunks of rock off one another and gradually
rounding and shrinking the load.
11.
12. Lateral & Vertical Erosion
A river’s channel is eroded laterally and vertically
making the channel wider and deeper. The intensity of
lateral and vertical erosion is dictated by the stage in
the river’s course, but essentially, in the upper stage of
the river’s course (close to the source of the river) there
is little horizontal erosion and lots of vertical erosion.
In the middle and lower stages vertical erosion is
reduced and more horizontal erosion takes place.
13.
14. Answer the following questions
Q.1 Distinguish between Corrasion and Corrosion.
Q.2 Determine the river course for the process of
hydraulic action & give reason to support your answer
