River landforms in the upper course
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The upper course of a river has low water volume and flows through a narrow, steep-sided V-shaped valley. It erodes vertically, forming interlocking spurs as the river is forced to swing around resistant rock outcrops. A V-shaped valley forms through vertical erosion in the river channel and weathering of valley sides, causing material to move downslope and be transported away by the river over time.
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The document discusses river channel processes and landforms, including:
1. River processes like erosion, transportation, and deposition shape landforms through sediment movement.
2. Velocity and discharge impact a river's ability to erode, transport, or deposit materials based on the Hjulström curve.
3. Meanders, floodplains, and deltas are examples of landforms formed by fluvial erosion and deposition that impact human settlements.
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This document discusses different types of erosional and depositional landforms created by river processes. It describes landforms such as V-shaped valleys and waterfalls that are created by erosion, and floodplains and deltas that are formed by deposition. It also explains the factors that influence fluvial erosion and the formation of various erosional features like interlocking spurs, rapids, and potholes.
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1) Rivers display different characteristics in their upper, middle, and lower courses. The upper course has a V-shaped valley and vertical erosion, forming waterfalls and gorges. The middle course has a wider valley and more lateral erosion forming meanders. The lower course has an even wider floodplain and well-developed meanders forming ox-bow lakes.
2) Meanders form through lateral erosion on the outside bend of rivers where current is fastest, undercutting the bank to form cliffs. Deposition occurs inside bends where current is slower, creating slip-off slopes. Over time, meander loops migrate laterally across the floodplain.
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The document discusses several features that form in the upper course of a river due to erosion. Waterfall form when a river flows over resistant rock that overlies softer rock, causing the softer rock to erode faster and form an overhang. Potholes are cylindrical holes ground into rocky river beds by spinning pebbles abrasively eroding the rock. Rapids form in areas of increased river slope or where the river flows over harder bands of rock, increasing its erosive power.
Delta
1. Deltas form where rivers enter bodies of standing water, depositing large amounts of sediment. They are common features where large rivers meet the ocean.
2. Deltas consist of a delta plain, delta front, and prodelta. The delta plain is the subaerial region with distributary channels, the delta front is the shallow underwater region where mouth bars form, and the prodelta is the deepest region where fine sediments settle out.
3. Deltas are classified based on dominant hydrodynamic processes, including river-dominated, tide-dominated, and wave-dominated deltas which have characteristic morphologies and sedimentary structures.
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This document discusses river landforms and processes. It begins with a longitudinal profile diagram showing how a river's gradient is steepest at the headwaters and gentlest near the base level. It also includes diagrams of drainage patterns and stream order. Common river features are described such as meanders, floodplains, levees, and the formation of ox-bow lakes. The four main methods of river erosion and three methods of sediment transportation are defined. River landforms like waterfalls and pot holes are also examined. The document concludes with descriptions of the different stages in river development from youth to maturity.
Rivers
Rivers go through three stages as they flow from their source to the sea - youthful, mature, and old. In the youthful stage, the fast-moving river erodes the landscape, creating V-shaped valleys, interlocking spurs, and waterfalls. During the mature stage, the river transports eroded material and deposits it, forming wider valleys, meanders, and flood plains. In the slow-moving old stage, deposition creates features like ox-bow lakes, levees, and deltas at the river's mouth. Rivers have long been important to people for transportation, water, and more recently, power generation through hydroelectric dams.
Levees
Levees are naturally occurring ridges along river banks that are formed above the level of the floodplain. When a river floods, it leaves sediment thickest at the channel edges which raises the level of the banks, creating levees. Repeated flooding further increases the height of levees as more sediment is deposited, leaving the land within protected during subsequent floods.
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1. River processes like erosion, transportation, and deposition shape landforms through sediment movement.
2. Velocity and discharge impact a river's ability to erode, transport, or deposit materials based on the Hjulström curve.
3. Meanders, floodplains, and deltas are examples of landforms formed by fluvial erosion and deposition that impact human settlements.
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1) Rivers display different characteristics in their upper, middle, and lower courses. The upper course has a V-shaped valley and vertical erosion, forming waterfalls and gorges. The middle course has a wider valley and more lateral erosion forming meanders. The lower course has an even wider floodplain and well-developed meanders forming ox-bow lakes.
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Delta
1. Deltas form where rivers enter bodies of standing water, depositing large amounts of sediment. They are common features where large rivers meet the ocean.
2. Deltas consist of a delta plain, delta front, and prodelta. The delta plain is the subaerial region with distributary channels, the delta front is the shallow underwater region where mouth bars form, and the prodelta is the deepest region where fine sediments settle out.
3. Deltas are classified based on dominant hydrodynamic processes, including river-dominated, tide-dominated, and wave-dominated deltas which have characteristic morphologies and sedimentary structures.
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Rivers go through three stages as they flow from their source to the sea - youthful, mature, and old. In the youthful stage, the fast-moving river erodes the landscape, creating V-shaped valleys, interlocking spurs, and waterfalls. During the mature stage, the river transports eroded material and deposits it, forming wider valleys, meanders, and flood plains. In the slow-moving old stage, deposition creates features like ox-bow lakes, levees, and deltas at the river's mouth. Rivers have long been important to people for transportation, water, and more recently, power generation through hydroelectric dams.
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Levees are naturally occurring ridges along river banks that are formed above the level of the floodplain. When a river floods, it leaves sediment thickest at the channel edges which raises the level of the banks, creating levees. Repeated flooding further increases the height of levees as more sediment is deposited, leaving the land within protected during subsequent floods.
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Glacial processes and their land forms.
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Rivers have distinct features along their upper, middle, and lower courses. In the upper course, the river flows through a V-shaped valley with steep sides, eroding vertically. Meanders begin to form in the middle course as the river erodes more horizontally and widens the valley floor. In the lower course, the river flows through a wide, flat floodplain with features like oxbow lakes formed from abandoned meander loops.
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The document describes various fluvial landforms found in the upper course of a river. Vertical erosion dominates and produces V-shaped valleys with interlocking spurs. Rapids and waterfalls form where the gradient suddenly increases, such as at bands of harder rock. Potholes are eroded by spinning pebbles in eddies and widen/deepen through abrasion. Braided channels occur where rivers carry large sand/gravel loads that deposit as shifting bars and islands, dividing the channel.
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Rivers have distinct features along their upper, middle, and lower courses. In the upper course, the river flows through a V-shaped valley with steep sides, eroding vertically. Meanders begin to form in the middle course as the river erodes more horizontally and widens the valley floor. In the lower course, the river flows through a wide, flat floodplain with features like oxbow lakes formed from abandoned meander loops.
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Nearly 71% of Earth's surface is covered by the global ocean. The ocean floor can be divided into four main regions: continental margins, ocean basin floors, and mid-ocean ridges. Continental margins are the zones between continents and ocean basins, and include continental shelves and slopes. Ocean basin floors contain features like abyssal plains, seamounts, and deep-ocean trenches. Mid-ocean ridges are underwater mountain ranges found near the centers of ocean basins where new seafloor is formed through seafloor spreading.
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Discordant drainage patterns
1. Antecedent Drainage or Inconsequent Drainage
2. Superimposed or Epigenetic
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Geomorphology is the study of landforms on Earth's surface. Geomorphologists study landforms and examine their origins and how they impact human activity. Rivers play a key role in shaping landscapes through various processes like erosion, transportation, and deposition of sediments. As a river progresses through its youthful, mature, and old stages, it forms characteristic landforms like V-shaped valleys, meanders, floodplains, ox-bow lakes, and deltas.
Revise Rivers
The document discusses various river landforms and the geomorphic processes that form them. It describes landforms in the upper, middle, and lower course of a river's journey from source to mouth, including interlocking spurs, potholes, waterfalls, meanders, ox-bow lakes, levees, and deltas. It explains the erosion and depositional processes of abrasion, hydraulic action, attrition, solution, suspension, saltation, and traction that shape the river channel and valley over time.
How Do Rivers Shape The Land
Rivers shape the land through erosion and deposition as they flow from their sources downstream. In the upper course near the source, the river erodes steep V-shaped valleys due to its high gradient and velocity. In the middle course, meanders and oxbox lakes form as the river erodes the outside of bends and deposits sediment inside bends. In the lower course near the mouth, floodplains and deltas form as the river's velocity decreases and it deposits large amounts of sediment.
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: RIVER LANDFORMS
This document summarizes the key landforms found in the upper, middle, and lower courses of a river. In the upper course, steep valleys and gorges form due to erosion. Meanders and oxbow lakes develop in the middle course as the gradient decreases. The lower course features wide floodplains and deltas, where deposition exceeds erosion at the river's mouth.
Types of Rivers
The drainage pattern shown is dendritic. A dendritic drainage pattern occurs in regions where the underlying rock is uniform in its resistance to erosion. It resembles the branching pattern of a tree, with many small tributaries that join together into larger streams and rivers, eventually converging to a single outlet. The branching tributaries meet the main rivers at acute angles. This type of drainage pattern suggests an underlying topography that has a uniform resistance to erosion, allowing the drainage network to develop evenly in all directions without being controlled by the geology.
Geologic Action of river.pdf
Rivers shape the landscape through erosion and deposition over time. They begin as steep youthful streams that cut deep v-shaped valleys through hydraulic action and abrasion. As rivers mature, their gradients decrease and they develop meanders, floodplains and other features. In old age, rivers slowly wind across broad valleys and deposit sediment to form deltas, alluvial fans and ox-bow lakes as they can no longer carry coarse material.
Fluvial process
Fluvial processes create distinct landforms over time as a river ages. In the youth stage, the river valley is narrow with steep sides. Meanders begin to form in the maturity stage as the river widens and deepens. In the old stage, the river flows across a flat floodplain as it approaches being a featureless plain. Distinct landforms are produced at each stage as the river's erosional and depositional activities change.
Grade 12 notes (Geomorphology) .pdf
This document provides a summary of key concepts in geomorphology. It defines important terms like drainage basin, catchment area, river types and features. It describes different drainage patterns that form based on geology and topography. Factors that influence river discharge and landforms created by fluvial processes like meanders and waterfalls are also outlined. The document also discusses concepts like river grading, rejuvenation, and capture - how rivers gain or lose energy over time.
Evolution of landform
This document summarizes the normal cycle of erosion by fluvial processes. It describes the three stages: youth, mature, and old. In the youth stage, the river flows steeply, forming V-shaped valleys, gorges, and waterfalls through vigorous erosion. In the mature stage, the river gradient decreases and deposition begins, forming landforms like meanders, ox-bow lakes, and floodplains. In the old stage, the river gradient is low and deposition dominates, forming deltas at the river's mouth. The ideal cycle ends with the formation of a peneplain, but crustal instability prevents most landscapes from reaching this final stage.
Geological action of river and wind.ppt
Geological action of river or Fluvial processes
The geological action of river is divided chiefly into three parts as Erosion, Transportation and Deposition.
Erosion: River erosion is mainly due to mechanical breaking down of rock fragment. The chemical action of
rivers is minimal. A wide variety of processes are involved in river erosion as follows;
a. Hydraulic action: It is the process of mechanical loosening or removal of the material by the action of the water
alone. The effectiveness of hydraulic action of a river is depends on gradient, velocity of the stream, width, depth
and shape of the channel and discharge.
b. Abrasion: The process of wearing-away of bed rock surfaces by mechanical processes such as rubbing, cutting,
scratching, grinding and polishing etc. is known as abrasion.
c. Attrition: The process of mechanical wearing and tearing of the transported rock fragments into smaller fragments
due to mutual impact and collision.
d. Cavitation: Highly turbulent rivers in rocky channels erode their beds by hydraulic plucking, in which pieces of
bed rocks are lifted out by strong eddies spiraling up around vertical axes. This sucking out of the rock pieces
produces cavities or depressions within the rock. This type of process is called cavitation.
e. Corrosion: The chemical processes of rock erosion by river water are known as corrosion or solution.
Important erosional features:
a. Potholes: These are cylindrical or bowl-like depressions in the rocky beds of streams, which are excavated in the
floors of the streams by extensive, localized abrasion. These are commonly found in softer bedrocks.
b. Water fall: These are defined as magnificent jumps made by stream or river water at certain specific parts of their
course where there is a sudden and considerable drop in the gradient of the channel.
c. River valleys: The river channel carved out by the flow of running water is commonly known as a river valley.
d. Gorges or canyons: During the river erosion, down cutting of its cannel gives rise to a deep narrow valley with
vertical or steep walls. Such a valley is termed as a gorge or canyons.
e. Escarpments: These are erosional land forms produces by rivers in regions composed of alternating beds of hard
and soft rocks. During river erosion soft rocks erode much faster than hard rocks, leaving behind steep slopes on
one side and a gentle slope on the other. The steep slope side is known as the escarpment.
Hog’s back: This is a sharp ridge like structure with high angle sides on two sides formed by harder rocks in an
inclined series of beds.
Mesa and butte: In regions of horizontal strata in which isolated portions of land is capped by a hard, erosion-
resistant bed, the erosional landforms produced will have an isolated flat-topped land area with seep sides,
commonly known as mesa. Isolated masses without flat tops are called buttes.
Transportation: A river is a most powerful agent of transportation. All the material being transported by a
Work's of river, winds, seas and their Engineering Importance
The document summarizes key concepts regarding rivers, wind, and seas and their engineering importance. It describes rivers' erosion, transportation, and deposition functions according to Playfair's Law. It discusses the juvenile, mature, and old stages of river development. It also explains wind erosion through deflation and abrasion and deposition of sediments like sand dunes and loess. Finally, it briefly discusses seas and oceans and the formation of shorelines.
Landforms created by a river
Rivers carve distinctive landforms as they flow across the landscape. A V-shaped valley forms as water erodes downward through resistant rock. Waterfalls occur where the river flows over resistant bedrock and erodes more quickly downstream. Gorges are deep ravines carved by rivers through plateaus over long periods of erosion. Rivers meander back and forth across their floodplains over time, eventually cutting off tight bends and forming oxbow lakes.
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Work's of river, winds, seas and their Engineering Importance
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- 1. River Landforms – Upper Course
- 4. How does a v-shaped valley form? 1. Vertical erosion in the river channel 2 . Weathering of the sides of the valley sides 3. Mass movement of materials down the valley sides, 4. Material is gradually transported away by the river. 5. As the river flows through the valley it is forced to swing from side to side around more resistant rock outcrops (spurs). 6. As there is little energy for lateral erosion, between spurs of higher land creating interlocking spurs
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