The document describes a children detection system consisting of radar and communication components. The radar system uses a 5 GHz signal to detect children up to 1000m away from the school and transmits location information in real-time. Key radar blocks include a tone generator, filters, mixers, amplifiers, and antenna. The communication system operates at 2.4 GHz with a 20dBi antenna gain and transmits location data up to 100km. It receives signals down to -90dBm and has less than 3dB noise figure. Hand calculations confirm a detection range of over 1000m and received power of -75.64dBm at 100km.
Originally presented at DesignCon 2013.
Jitter is a very important topic in signal integrity for high speed serial data links. The jitter performance of clock signals used in generating the serial data signal is critical to the overall performance of these signals.
Phase noise is the most sensitive and accurate measurement of the performance of precision clocks.
This presentation covers the theory and practice for making phase noise measurements on clock signals as well as the relationship between phase noise and total jitter, random jitter and deterministic jitter. Measurements on a typical clock signal is also included.
For more information, visit http://rohde-schwarz-scopes.com or call (888) 837-8772 to speak to a local Rohde & Schwarz expert.
Embedded systems increasingly employ digital, analog and RF signals all of which are tightly synchronized in time. Debugging these systems is challenging in that one needs to measure a number of different signals in one or more domains (time, digital, frequency) and with tight time synchronization. This session will discuss how a digital oscilloscope can be used to effectively debug these systems, and some of the instrumentation considerations that go along with this.
This document discusses measuring jitter using phase noise techniques. It begins with an overview of jitter and phase noise concepts. It then describes how jitter can be measured in the time domain using an oscilloscope and in the frequency domain using a phase noise analyzer. It explains how phase noise measurements can be used to derive random and deterministic jitter. The document provides examples of measuring very low jitter signals and calculating jitter contributions from phase noise spurs. It concludes with a discussion of calculating peak-to-peak jitter from RMS jitter measurements and references for further information.
This document describes the design process for passive low-pass filters, including:
1) Specifying the filter requirements such as cutoff frequency, passband ripple, and impedance specifications.
2) Calculating the component values using Butterworth or Chebyshev approximations.
3) Verifying the design meets specifications through simulation.
4) Optimizing components to standard values and adjusting other components.
5) Testing the design sensitivity to component tolerances.
The process results in a filter circuit schematic with all component values that meets the initial specifications.
Digital audio systems evolved from telecommunications technology developed in the 1930s. By the late 1960s, digital techniques offered benefits over analog for broadcast transmission. Digital audio works by sampling an analog audio signal at regular intervals, assigning it a binary code, and processing it as a digital data stream. Key aspects of digital audio include sampling rate, bit depth, anti-aliasing filters, pulse code modulation, quantization, multiplexing, dithering, bit rate, and digital clocking to ensure precise sampling.
The document summarizes a PhD thesis defense on vectorial statistical characterization of optical signals for high-speed communication and quantum communication. It discusses the motivations and objectives of developing an optical pulsed source with picosecond pulses, tunable repetition rate from MHz to GHz, high extinction ratio, and low noise for applications in optical undersampling and quantum key distribution. The proposed architecture generates pulses using a semiconductor optical amplifier, compresses them using soliton effects in fiber, and suppresses pedestals using an optical filter. Characterization shows pulses down to 1 ps can be generated with repetition rates from 100 MHz to 790 MHz and carrier wavelengths from 1540 nm to 1565 nm, with timing jitter below 3 ps.
Jitter measurements are commonly done taking small snapshots in time, yet systems often experience jitter from sources that occur over relatively long time intervals, which may not be accounted for using short time interval measurements methods.
In this webinar we will present the application of a real time, digital clock recovery and trigger system to the measurement of jitter on clock and data signals. Details of the measurement methodology will be provided along with measurement examples on both clock and data signals.
You Will Learn:
- What is Jitter
- Different types of Jitter
- Jitter measurement techniques
- Benefits of Jitter analysis using real-time DDC techniques
Originally presented at DesignCon 2013.
Jitter is a very important topic in signal integrity for high speed serial data links. The jitter performance of clock signals used in generating the serial data signal is critical to the overall performance of these signals.
Phase noise is the most sensitive and accurate measurement of the performance of precision clocks.
This presentation covers the theory and practice for making phase noise measurements on clock signals as well as the relationship between phase noise and total jitter, random jitter and deterministic jitter. Measurements on a typical clock signal is also included.
For more information, visit http://rohde-schwarz-scopes.com or call (888) 837-8772 to speak to a local Rohde & Schwarz expert.
Embedded systems increasingly employ digital, analog and RF signals all of which are tightly synchronized in time. Debugging these systems is challenging in that one needs to measure a number of different signals in one or more domains (time, digital, frequency) and with tight time synchronization. This session will discuss how a digital oscilloscope can be used to effectively debug these systems, and some of the instrumentation considerations that go along with this.
This document discusses measuring jitter using phase noise techniques. It begins with an overview of jitter and phase noise concepts. It then describes how jitter can be measured in the time domain using an oscilloscope and in the frequency domain using a phase noise analyzer. It explains how phase noise measurements can be used to derive random and deterministic jitter. The document provides examples of measuring very low jitter signals and calculating jitter contributions from phase noise spurs. It concludes with a discussion of calculating peak-to-peak jitter from RMS jitter measurements and references for further information.
This document describes the design process for passive low-pass filters, including:
1) Specifying the filter requirements such as cutoff frequency, passband ripple, and impedance specifications.
2) Calculating the component values using Butterworth or Chebyshev approximations.
3) Verifying the design meets specifications through simulation.
4) Optimizing components to standard values and adjusting other components.
5) Testing the design sensitivity to component tolerances.
The process results in a filter circuit schematic with all component values that meets the initial specifications.
Digital audio systems evolved from telecommunications technology developed in the 1930s. By the late 1960s, digital techniques offered benefits over analog for broadcast transmission. Digital audio works by sampling an analog audio signal at regular intervals, assigning it a binary code, and processing it as a digital data stream. Key aspects of digital audio include sampling rate, bit depth, anti-aliasing filters, pulse code modulation, quantization, multiplexing, dithering, bit rate, and digital clocking to ensure precise sampling.
The document summarizes a PhD thesis defense on vectorial statistical characterization of optical signals for high-speed communication and quantum communication. It discusses the motivations and objectives of developing an optical pulsed source with picosecond pulses, tunable repetition rate from MHz to GHz, high extinction ratio, and low noise for applications in optical undersampling and quantum key distribution. The proposed architecture generates pulses using a semiconductor optical amplifier, compresses them using soliton effects in fiber, and suppresses pedestals using an optical filter. Characterization shows pulses down to 1 ps can be generated with repetition rates from 100 MHz to 790 MHz and carrier wavelengths from 1540 nm to 1565 nm, with timing jitter below 3 ps.
Jitter measurements are commonly done taking small snapshots in time, yet systems often experience jitter from sources that occur over relatively long time intervals, which may not be accounted for using short time interval measurements methods.
In this webinar we will present the application of a real time, digital clock recovery and trigger system to the measurement of jitter on clock and data signals. Details of the measurement methodology will be provided along with measurement examples on both clock and data signals.
You Will Learn:
- What is Jitter
- Different types of Jitter
- Jitter measurement techniques
- Benefits of Jitter analysis using real-time DDC techniques
Komunikacja bezprzewodowa w obszarach przemysłowychAgnieszka Kuba
Tematyka poruszana w prezentacji:
Podstawy transmisji radiowej
Parametry transmisji radiowej
Ścieżka nadawania
Spadek jakości sygnału wraz ze wzrostem odległości
Wzmocnienie sygnału radiowego
Odbicia i tłumienność
Wpływ czynników atmosferycznych na sygnał radiowy
Typy anten
Równoległe współistnienie sieci bezprzewodowych
Wpływ zakłóceń na sygnał radiowy
Mitigation of Noise in OFDM Based Plc System Using Filter Kernel DesignIJERA Editor
Power line communication is a technology that transforms power line in to pathway for conveyance of
broadband data. It is cost less than other communication approach and for better bandwidth efficiency OFDM
based PLC system is used. In real PLC environment some electrical appliances will produce noise. To mitigate
this noise filter kernel design is used, so periodic impulsive noise and Gaussian noises are removed from PLC
communication system by using this filter kernel design. MATLAB is used for the simulation and the result
shows that filter kernel is simple and effective noise mitigation technique. Further in future, interference due to
obstacles also wants to be mitigated for the better data transmission without noise.
This document discusses OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) and its use in wireless communication standards. It begins by introducing OFDM and describing its advantages like robustness to multipath interference and ability to use frequency diversity. It then covers key OFDM concepts like modulation, cyclic prefix, and synchronization using preambles. The document provides block diagrams of an OFDM transceiver and details performance metrics for synchronization and channel estimation algorithms. In summary, it provides an overview of OFDM technology fundamentals and transceiver design considerations for wireless applications.
The document discusses key concepts in link budget and radio network planning for WCDMA networks. It covers topics like noise figure, cable losses, antenna gain, required Eb/N0, interference margin, soft handover gain, fast fading margin, and the process of creating a nominal plan and defining search areas to find physical sites. The goal is to balance the link budget and analyze network capacity to determine an optimal site layout.
The document discusses different types of jitter that can occur in electronic signals. It defines random jitter as stochastic variations caused by thermal and shot noise that typically follow a Gaussian distribution. Deterministic jitter is defined as predictable variations that can be non-Gaussian, including duty cycle distortion, inter-symbol interference, and periodic jitter caused by external factors like power supply noise. The document explains how both random and deterministic jitter components combine to impact the overall jitter observed in real-world signals and timing measurements.
The document reports on the results of testing various Category 6 cables. It provides the results of 22 cable tests, listing the cable ID, test summary (all passed), test limits, length of the cable, and margin above the limit for the worst case measurement in each test. The cables that were tested ranged in length from 9 feet to 194 feet. All cables passed the tests for NEXT, ACR-F, ACR-N, and RL.
1) Noise exists in all communication systems and degrades signal quality. It is caused by random movement of electrons and can be internal or external.
2) Thermal noise, also known as Johnson noise, is generated by thermal agitation of electrons in conductors. It is proportional to temperature and bandwidth.
3) Noise figure and noise temperature are used to measure the degradation of signal to noise ratio caused by components in a communication system. Lower noise figure and temperature indicate less degradation.
1) The document discusses various topics related to digital communication including sampling theory, analog to digital conversion, pulse code modulation, quantization, coding, and time division multiplexing.
2) In analog to digital conversion, an analog signal is sampled, quantized by assigning it to discrete amplitude levels, and coded by mapping each level to a binary sequence.
3) The Nyquist sampling theorem states that a signal must be sampled at a rate at least twice its highest frequency to avoid aliasing when reconstructing the original signal.
The document discusses methods for detecting Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF) signals. It compares the Direct Fourier Transform (DFT) method, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method, and Goertzel algorithm for calculating the DFT. The Goertzel algorithm reduces arithmetic operations compared to the DFT and FFT for certain applications. The document also proposes improving DTMF detection by varying the number of samples analyzed between 80-85 instead of a fixed number, to further reduce computations.
This document discusses key concepts in digital audio, including:
1) Digital audio is discrete in both time and amplitude, where analog is continuous. Sampling converts an analog signal to digital by taking discrete time and amplitude samples.
2) For lossless sampling, the sampling rate must be at least twice the bandwidth of the analog signal to avoid aliasing.
3) Quantization converts the sampled amplitude values to discrete digital values. More bits provide higher resolution and dynamic range but introduce quantization error and noise.
4) Digital audio can be transmitted via various standards like AES/EBU and S/PDIF using pulse code modulation to encode the digital samples into a binary data stream. O
The document discusses noise in analog communication systems. It defines noise as an unwanted signal that affects the wanted signal. There are two main categories of noise: interference from human sources and naturally occurring random noise. Noise is generated internally in communication equipment and externally from environmental changes. Noise corrupts signals and degrades the signal-to-noise ratio, leading to bit errors in digital communication. The bit error rate and bit error probability are used to characterize the noise performance of a system. Additive noise is the combination of all noises added to the signal as it travels through the communication channel.
This document discusses Optical Beating Interference (OBI) in RFoG systems from an operator's perspective. It begins with an overview of what OBI is and its causes, including manufacturing distribution of laser wavelengths, temperature changes affecting wavelength drift, and the number of ONUs transmitting simultaneously. It then covers the impact of OBI, including degraded services, and discusses that the probability of OBI occurrence increases exponentially with the number of simultaneously transmitting ONUs. Historical and current solutions to minimize OBI are presented, along with the considerations around using 1310nm vs 1610nm wavelengths for the ONU return path.
This document outlines the learning outcomes and content for a course on communication system fundamentals. The key topics covered include the basic elements of a communication system, noise and interference, signal-to-noise ratios, and modulation techniques. Specifically, it defines the five basic elements of any communication system as the information source, transmitter, transmission medium, receiver, and destination. It also explains the different types of noise including internal and external noise, and how signal-to-noise ratios are calculated.
This includes Digital signal data transmission, Base band and band pass transmission. Also detailed with PAM, PPM, PWM, PCM, DPCM, DM, ADM, ASK, PSK, FSK.
This document compares analog and digital filters for use in data acquisition systems. It discusses how analog filters can remove noise from signals before analog-to-digital conversion, while digital filters act after conversion. The document then defines key parameters for designing analog low-pass filters, including cutoff frequency, stop band frequency, maximum gain, and filter order. It explains how these parameters shape the frequency response curve.
Development of a Multipurpose Audio Transmission System on the InternetTakashi Kishida
The document describes the development of a multipurpose audio transmission system called MRAT to enable robust and low-latency audio communication over the Internet for various uses. MRAT has three modes (chorus, conversation, broadcast) that can adapt to different communication scenarios by prioritizing either low delay or high robustness. The system was tested successfully in distance learning and chorus applications.
This document discusses audio and speech encoding techniques. It covers topics like Nyquist sampling theory, quantization, dynamic range, signal-to-noise ratio, delta modulation, adaptive delta modulation, differential PCM, speech encoding using 12-bit samples, A-law and μ-law companding to compress 12-bit samples to 8 bits, piecewise linear companding, audio encoding standards like G.711, G.721, G.722, G.728, and time division multiplexing of audio signals.
A Radial Line Slot Array (RLSA) Antenna with the Specifications of 16 dBi Out...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
It is recommended by several researches that RLSA antennas have possibility as an option for
Wi-Fi devices antennas. Therefore, to dig deeper this possibility, we designed a RLSA antenna that mimics
the specification of an antenna usually found in market, that is 16 dBi outdoor patch antenna. We carried
out a parameterization to get a best RLSA antenna model. The model was then fabricated and measured.
The measurement results are quite agrees with the simulation results. We found that with the same size of
0.05 m2, our RLSA antennas has better performance in term of gain (2 dB higher), S11 (7 dB lower), and
beamwidth (900 wider) compared to the patch antenna. A significant result is that RLSA antenna has much
wider bandwidth (815 MHz wider) compared to the patch antenna. A test to our RLSA antenna as an
antenna for Wi-Fi devices shows that it works properly.
This document provides an overview of computer networks, including different topologies for high-speed switching fabrics, common transmission mediums like twisted pair, fiber optics, radio, and Ethernet coax. It also reviews concepts like logarithms, channel capacity, the Hartley-Shannon law, and the seven layers of the OSI model from the physical layer to the application layer. Key networking technologies and protocols are defined at each layer of the OSI model.
Digital filters can remove unwanted noise from signals or extract useful frequency components. They operate by sampling an analog signal, processing the digital values, and converting back to analog. Finite impulse response (FIR) filters use weighted sums of past inputs for outputs and are inherently stable without feedback. Infinite impulse response (IIR) filters use feedback, with outputs and next states determined by inputs and past outputs. Common filters include moving average filters and filters that introduce gain, delay, or differences between signal values. Design involves selecting coefficients for desired frequency responses. Stability depends on pole locations within the unit circle. Digital filters find applications in communications, audio, imaging, and other areas.
Santhosh Pooyath has nearly 15 years of experience in operations management, general administration, and materials coordination. He is currently working as an Operation Administrator for Sino Gulf Energy Enterprises LLC in Oman, where he spearheads documentation, maintains tool and vehicle inventories, and ensures smooth operations. Previously, he held roles managing finance, administration, and back office execution. Santhosh has strong skills in documentation, reporting, process improvement, and maintaining amicable workplace relations.
This document discusses several topics in a disorganized manner, including:
1) Cult films, cult followings, and icons that garner devoted fan followings.
2) Concepts of etiquette, civility, and courtesy and how displays of manners have changed over time.
3) Different categories and genres of popular culture such as highbrow, middlebrow, and lowbrow.
Komunikacja bezprzewodowa w obszarach przemysłowychAgnieszka Kuba
Tematyka poruszana w prezentacji:
Podstawy transmisji radiowej
Parametry transmisji radiowej
Ścieżka nadawania
Spadek jakości sygnału wraz ze wzrostem odległości
Wzmocnienie sygnału radiowego
Odbicia i tłumienność
Wpływ czynników atmosferycznych na sygnał radiowy
Typy anten
Równoległe współistnienie sieci bezprzewodowych
Wpływ zakłóceń na sygnał radiowy
Mitigation of Noise in OFDM Based Plc System Using Filter Kernel DesignIJERA Editor
Power line communication is a technology that transforms power line in to pathway for conveyance of
broadband data. It is cost less than other communication approach and for better bandwidth efficiency OFDM
based PLC system is used. In real PLC environment some electrical appliances will produce noise. To mitigate
this noise filter kernel design is used, so periodic impulsive noise and Gaussian noises are removed from PLC
communication system by using this filter kernel design. MATLAB is used for the simulation and the result
shows that filter kernel is simple and effective noise mitigation technique. Further in future, interference due to
obstacles also wants to be mitigated for the better data transmission without noise.
This document discusses OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) and its use in wireless communication standards. It begins by introducing OFDM and describing its advantages like robustness to multipath interference and ability to use frequency diversity. It then covers key OFDM concepts like modulation, cyclic prefix, and synchronization using preambles. The document provides block diagrams of an OFDM transceiver and details performance metrics for synchronization and channel estimation algorithms. In summary, it provides an overview of OFDM technology fundamentals and transceiver design considerations for wireless applications.
The document discusses key concepts in link budget and radio network planning for WCDMA networks. It covers topics like noise figure, cable losses, antenna gain, required Eb/N0, interference margin, soft handover gain, fast fading margin, and the process of creating a nominal plan and defining search areas to find physical sites. The goal is to balance the link budget and analyze network capacity to determine an optimal site layout.
The document discusses different types of jitter that can occur in electronic signals. It defines random jitter as stochastic variations caused by thermal and shot noise that typically follow a Gaussian distribution. Deterministic jitter is defined as predictable variations that can be non-Gaussian, including duty cycle distortion, inter-symbol interference, and periodic jitter caused by external factors like power supply noise. The document explains how both random and deterministic jitter components combine to impact the overall jitter observed in real-world signals and timing measurements.
The document reports on the results of testing various Category 6 cables. It provides the results of 22 cable tests, listing the cable ID, test summary (all passed), test limits, length of the cable, and margin above the limit for the worst case measurement in each test. The cables that were tested ranged in length from 9 feet to 194 feet. All cables passed the tests for NEXT, ACR-F, ACR-N, and RL.
1) Noise exists in all communication systems and degrades signal quality. It is caused by random movement of electrons and can be internal or external.
2) Thermal noise, also known as Johnson noise, is generated by thermal agitation of electrons in conductors. It is proportional to temperature and bandwidth.
3) Noise figure and noise temperature are used to measure the degradation of signal to noise ratio caused by components in a communication system. Lower noise figure and temperature indicate less degradation.
1) The document discusses various topics related to digital communication including sampling theory, analog to digital conversion, pulse code modulation, quantization, coding, and time division multiplexing.
2) In analog to digital conversion, an analog signal is sampled, quantized by assigning it to discrete amplitude levels, and coded by mapping each level to a binary sequence.
3) The Nyquist sampling theorem states that a signal must be sampled at a rate at least twice its highest frequency to avoid aliasing when reconstructing the original signal.
The document discusses methods for detecting Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF) signals. It compares the Direct Fourier Transform (DFT) method, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method, and Goertzel algorithm for calculating the DFT. The Goertzel algorithm reduces arithmetic operations compared to the DFT and FFT for certain applications. The document also proposes improving DTMF detection by varying the number of samples analyzed between 80-85 instead of a fixed number, to further reduce computations.
This document discusses key concepts in digital audio, including:
1) Digital audio is discrete in both time and amplitude, where analog is continuous. Sampling converts an analog signal to digital by taking discrete time and amplitude samples.
2) For lossless sampling, the sampling rate must be at least twice the bandwidth of the analog signal to avoid aliasing.
3) Quantization converts the sampled amplitude values to discrete digital values. More bits provide higher resolution and dynamic range but introduce quantization error and noise.
4) Digital audio can be transmitted via various standards like AES/EBU and S/PDIF using pulse code modulation to encode the digital samples into a binary data stream. O
The document discusses noise in analog communication systems. It defines noise as an unwanted signal that affects the wanted signal. There are two main categories of noise: interference from human sources and naturally occurring random noise. Noise is generated internally in communication equipment and externally from environmental changes. Noise corrupts signals and degrades the signal-to-noise ratio, leading to bit errors in digital communication. The bit error rate and bit error probability are used to characterize the noise performance of a system. Additive noise is the combination of all noises added to the signal as it travels through the communication channel.
This document discusses Optical Beating Interference (OBI) in RFoG systems from an operator's perspective. It begins with an overview of what OBI is and its causes, including manufacturing distribution of laser wavelengths, temperature changes affecting wavelength drift, and the number of ONUs transmitting simultaneously. It then covers the impact of OBI, including degraded services, and discusses that the probability of OBI occurrence increases exponentially with the number of simultaneously transmitting ONUs. Historical and current solutions to minimize OBI are presented, along with the considerations around using 1310nm vs 1610nm wavelengths for the ONU return path.
This document outlines the learning outcomes and content for a course on communication system fundamentals. The key topics covered include the basic elements of a communication system, noise and interference, signal-to-noise ratios, and modulation techniques. Specifically, it defines the five basic elements of any communication system as the information source, transmitter, transmission medium, receiver, and destination. It also explains the different types of noise including internal and external noise, and how signal-to-noise ratios are calculated.
This includes Digital signal data transmission, Base band and band pass transmission. Also detailed with PAM, PPM, PWM, PCM, DPCM, DM, ADM, ASK, PSK, FSK.
This document compares analog and digital filters for use in data acquisition systems. It discusses how analog filters can remove noise from signals before analog-to-digital conversion, while digital filters act after conversion. The document then defines key parameters for designing analog low-pass filters, including cutoff frequency, stop band frequency, maximum gain, and filter order. It explains how these parameters shape the frequency response curve.
Development of a Multipurpose Audio Transmission System on the InternetTakashi Kishida
The document describes the development of a multipurpose audio transmission system called MRAT to enable robust and low-latency audio communication over the Internet for various uses. MRAT has three modes (chorus, conversation, broadcast) that can adapt to different communication scenarios by prioritizing either low delay or high robustness. The system was tested successfully in distance learning and chorus applications.
This document discusses audio and speech encoding techniques. It covers topics like Nyquist sampling theory, quantization, dynamic range, signal-to-noise ratio, delta modulation, adaptive delta modulation, differential PCM, speech encoding using 12-bit samples, A-law and μ-law companding to compress 12-bit samples to 8 bits, piecewise linear companding, audio encoding standards like G.711, G.721, G.722, G.728, and time division multiplexing of audio signals.
A Radial Line Slot Array (RLSA) Antenna with the Specifications of 16 dBi Out...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
It is recommended by several researches that RLSA antennas have possibility as an option for
Wi-Fi devices antennas. Therefore, to dig deeper this possibility, we designed a RLSA antenna that mimics
the specification of an antenna usually found in market, that is 16 dBi outdoor patch antenna. We carried
out a parameterization to get a best RLSA antenna model. The model was then fabricated and measured.
The measurement results are quite agrees with the simulation results. We found that with the same size of
0.05 m2, our RLSA antennas has better performance in term of gain (2 dB higher), S11 (7 dB lower), and
beamwidth (900 wider) compared to the patch antenna. A significant result is that RLSA antenna has much
wider bandwidth (815 MHz wider) compared to the patch antenna. A test to our RLSA antenna as an
antenna for Wi-Fi devices shows that it works properly.
This document provides an overview of computer networks, including different topologies for high-speed switching fabrics, common transmission mediums like twisted pair, fiber optics, radio, and Ethernet coax. It also reviews concepts like logarithms, channel capacity, the Hartley-Shannon law, and the seven layers of the OSI model from the physical layer to the application layer. Key networking technologies and protocols are defined at each layer of the OSI model.
Digital filters can remove unwanted noise from signals or extract useful frequency components. They operate by sampling an analog signal, processing the digital values, and converting back to analog. Finite impulse response (FIR) filters use weighted sums of past inputs for outputs and are inherently stable without feedback. Infinite impulse response (IIR) filters use feedback, with outputs and next states determined by inputs and past outputs. Common filters include moving average filters and filters that introduce gain, delay, or differences between signal values. Design involves selecting coefficients for desired frequency responses. Stability depends on pole locations within the unit circle. Digital filters find applications in communications, audio, imaging, and other areas.
Santhosh Pooyath has nearly 15 years of experience in operations management, general administration, and materials coordination. He is currently working as an Operation Administrator for Sino Gulf Energy Enterprises LLC in Oman, where he spearheads documentation, maintains tool and vehicle inventories, and ensures smooth operations. Previously, he held roles managing finance, administration, and back office execution. Santhosh has strong skills in documentation, reporting, process improvement, and maintaining amicable workplace relations.
This document discusses several topics in a disorganized manner, including:
1) Cult films, cult followings, and icons that garner devoted fan followings.
2) Concepts of etiquette, civility, and courtesy and how displays of manners have changed over time.
3) Different categories and genres of popular culture such as highbrow, middlebrow, and lowbrow.
La desigualdad 4x-7 representa el conjunto de números reales x tales que 4x-7 es menor que 0. Para resolverla:
4x-7 < 0
4x < 7
x < 7/4
Por lo tanto, el intervalo solución es: (-∞, 7/4)
2. -3x ≤ 9
El documento describe diferentes tipos de modelos utilizados en ingeniería, incluyendo modelos icnográficos, analógicos y digitales o matemáticos. Los modelos icnográficos como diagramas y planos proporcionan una comprensión inmediata del sistema a bajo costo. Los modelos analógicos como maquetas se comportan como la realidad. Los modelos digitales representan entidades y actividades a través de variables y funciones matemáticas, lo que los hace sencillos de construir. El documento también discute métodos de optimiz
Omkar Kudalkar is applying for the position of Java Developer. He has a bachelor's degree in engineering from Mumbai University and Terna Engineering College. His most recent experience was as a Customer Service Associate at FirstSource Solutions Limited for 5 months. He is proficient in SQL, Java, and Windows 8 app development. In his free time, he enjoys playing football and volleyball and has won several tournaments.
This document contains personal and educational information about Hana Zahra Putri. It lists her place and date of birth, education history including attending Bina Nusantara University for psychology, and participation in various workshops and training programs from 2015-2016 related to public speaking, counseling, and international education. It also provides brief work experience including roles as a teacher assistant, customer service worker, receptionist, and salesperson from 2014-2016.
Este documento resume algunos de los momentos históricos más importantes en el desarrollo de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC), incluyendo la invención de los anteojos en 1727, el primer automóvil a gasolina en 1885, el primer teléfono en 1870, la creación de la primera computadora ENIAC en 1946, el primer videojuego en 1947, la primera impresora de alta velocidad en 1953, la creación de Internet ARPANET en 1969, el desarrollo de Microsoft Windows en 1975, la creación de Apple en 1976 y
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pengertian, ciri-ciri, jenis, kriteria, pengembangan, klasifikasi, peraturan, kinerja, dan permasalahan usaha kecil menengah (UKM) di Indonesia. UKM didefinisikan sebagai usaha dengan kekayaan bersih maksimal Rp200 juta yang berdiri sendiri, dan memberikan kontribusi signifikan terhadap perekonomian Indonesia dengan menciptakan 53,3% PDB dan menyerap 85,4 juta tenaga ker
The brachial plexus is formed from the anterior divisions of the lower cervical spinal nerves C5-C8 and the first thoracic nerve T1. It is divided into roots, trunks, divisions, cords, and branches. The roots combine to form three trunks, which each divide into anterior and posterior divisions. The divisions then recombine into three cords - lateral, posterior, and medial. The cords give rise to branches that innervate muscles of the chest, shoulder, arm, and forearm.
Linda Otto directed the 1990 true story film "Unspeakable Acts" about the sexual abuse of children at a daycare center in Dade County, Florida in 1984. The film depicts the perspective of the abused children, their parents, and a psychologist investigating the abuse. It strived for realism in portraying the social aspects of such a case in a suburban neighborhood.
Richard Martinez has over 30 years of experience in welding, construction management, and safety oversight. He is certified in welding techniques including arc, MIG, TIG, and stainless steel. As site superintendent, he has managed projects involving fuel storage tank repairs, pipeline installation, building renovations, and facility upgrades for the Navy, Air Force, and other clients. His responsibilities have included budgeting, scheduling, quality control, and ensuring safety compliance on projects in the US, Puerto Rico, Greenland, and Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.
El documento explica los conceptos de dirección IP estática y dinámica. Una IP estática se asigna de forma fija a un dispositivo y no cambia, mientras que una IP dinámica es asignada temporalmente por un servidor DHCP. Luego detalla los pasos para configurar una IP estática tanto en Linux como Windows, que involucra seleccionar un método manual, ingresar la dirección IP, máscara de red y puerta de enlace correspondientes a la red.
Meshack T. Abayateye is a Ghanaian national seeking a career opportunity with a focus on growth and comprehensive development. He has over 10 years of experience in accounting, auditing, finance, and sales. His educational background includes a Bachelor of Commerce degree and an HND in Accountancy. Currently he works as a Compliance and Audit Officer for ASN Financial Services Company Limited where he performs operational and financial audits.
The document describes a predictive e-maintenance system using 3 wireless communication channels. Channel 1 operates at 2.4GHz between machines and the control room to send fault signals. Channel 2 at 5.8GHz transmits these signals to the manufacturer. Channel 3 at 5.4GHz sends acknowledgments back to the plant. Block diagrams and specifications are provided for the transmitter and receiver designs for each channel. Key components include filters, amplifiers, mixers and antennas. Calculations demonstrate the end-to-end gain and power levels through each system.
The proposed system aims at adapting the existing system and incorporating an algorithm to improve the efficiency of the autopilot. This is done with the help of two communication channels and a radar system. The radar system’s goal is to caution the driver of front and rear collision. All the channels and the radar system was designed and simulated. The yield analysis of each of the system was obtained using AWR.
The document outlines the design of an RF front end receiver including simulations and specifications. It discusses key system parameters like gain, noise figure, input IP3, and receiver sensitivity. Component specifications are provided for the LNA, mixer, VCO/TCXO, and PLL. System analysis examines the calculation of overall gain, noise figure, input IP3, and receiver sensitivity. ADS simulations model the gain, noise figure, and IMD performance of the front end design. The roadmap discusses further optimizing the design through additional ADS simulations and measurements.
This document describes the design process for an active low pass filter. It includes:
1) Specifying the filter requirements including passband, stopband frequencies and gains.
2) Calculating the element values using Butterworth and Chebyshev approximations.
3) Verifying the frequency response meets specifications.
4) Optimizing values using standard capacitor sizes.
5) Testing elements with ±5% tolerance.
The result is the filter circuit with all calculated element values that meets the design specifications.
Automated Traffic Density Detection and Speed MonitoringBharat Biyani
Designed and proposed an RF system to detect speed and traffic density with a RADAR unit in remote areas and to provide real-time monitoring of the traffic density data with a satellite link. Based on calculated parameters, required RF components from real vendors were identified. The system model is then simulated with the obtained parameters in AWR Virtual System Simulator and analyzed nominal and worst case cascaded gain, noise figure, P1dB and OIP3. The general deviation expected in these parameters was determined by performing yield analysis.
1. A 60 GHz radar system with 100 MHz bandwidth requires a transmitting power of Pt to detect a target 1m away with power Prm=-60dBm. The antenna gain is 20dB, target RCS is 10m^2, noise temperature is 300K, and component losses include 2dB for a circulator and 3dB for an RF filter.
2. A cascaded N-stage RF circuit has a noise figure FT that is derived based on the gain Gi and noise figure Fi of each stage i, as well as a filter loss change from L1 to L1+ΔL between the first two stages.
3. For a 60GHz mixer with an IF of 5GHz, the
This document discusses radio frequency (RF) propagation and link budget analysis. It begins by describing the basic components of a transmission system including the transmitter, propagation path, and receiver. It then covers concepts such as free space path loss, antenna gain, effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP), and the near and far field regions. The document also presents models for calculating path loss in different environments, including the free space and Hata models. It concludes by explaining how link budget analysis can be used to determine the maximum allowable path loss between transmitter and receiver given their power levels, antenna gains, losses, and receiver sensitivity.
The document is the data sheet for the AD8351 low distortion differential RF/IF amplifier. It provides concise summaries of the key specifications and features of the amplifier chip, including:
- A bandwidth of 2.2 GHz for gains up to 12 dB. Programmable gain from 0 to 26 dB using a single resistor. Low noise input stage of 2.7 nV/√Hz at a gain of 10 dB.
- Distortion performance including -79 dBc second harmonic and -81 dBc third harmonic at 70 MHz. OIP3 of 31 dBm at 70 MHz.
- Single supply operation from 3V to 5.5V. Low power dissipation of 28 m
This document summarizes an IC for PAL/NTSC color TV systems. The IC has a built-in I2C bus interface that eliminates the need for mechanical adjustment and reduces external components. It can be used in TVs and TVs with VCRs. The IC has a single chip design that allows for easy development of TVs compatible with multiple systems.
Design of Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits for UWB CommunicationsRFIC-IUMA
This thesis document describes the design of radio frequency integrated circuits for ultra wide band communications. The document outlines the objectives of exploring different low noise amplifier architectures that are power and area efficient for ultra wide band applications. It proposes exploring distributed amplifiers, wideband low noise amplifiers, feedback wideband amplifiers, and inductorless techniques. The document provides an outline that will analyze these techniques and present the proposed milestones and experimental results.
Location of front RF filter effect on Sensitivity and Spur-Free Dynamic range is examined with a simple hand calculation. Using simple numerical calculation to provide an insight.
This document discusses the design and operation of an all-digital phase locked loop (ADPLL). It covers topics such as the digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) core design, noise modeling in the ADPLL, tuning the ADPLL for GSM, impairments like capacitor mismatch and compensation techniques.
400 Gbs e 1 TBs systems and fiber nonlinearities Jacklyn Dias ReisCPqD
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1. Fiber nonlinear limits on spectral efficiency and distance as a function of launch power, channel count, and linear vs. nonlinear regimes.
2. Experimental results demonstrating a 1 Tb/s super channel over 138 km using 5x224 Gb/s signals with digital signal processing for nonlinear compensation.
3. A field trial of the 1 Tb/s super channel and 112 Gb/s QPSK signals over 138 km and 330 km respectively in the GIGA network in Brazil, showing improved bit error rate with nonlinear compensation.
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2. It provides specifications for the dish such as 49.84 dB peak gain and link budgets for payload data downlinks and TT&C downlinks to various ground stations.
3. Components described include a modified Space Micro transmitter capable of 3.2 Gbps, a Cassegrain reflector antenna, and transmitters for TT&C in S-band and payload data in K-band.
The document describes an automated parking enforcement system that uses RFID tags, radar, and satellite communication. Radar equipment mounted on rails detects empty parking spots and displays availability to users. Vehicle and parking information is transmitted via satellite to a central database where customers are charged. The system allows only authorized users with valid RFID passes to enter, eliminating problems like congestion and parking violations.
This document discusses synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and pulse compression techniques. It explains that pulse compression allows radar systems to achieve fine range resolution using long duration, low power pulses by modulating the pulses with linear frequency modulation (chirp) and then correlating the received signal with a reference chirp. This improves the signal to noise ratio compared to using short pulses directly. The document covers topics such as range resolution, pulse compression, chirp waveforms, stretch processing, correlation processing, window functions, and how pulse compression affects signal to noise ratio and blind range.
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Indoor Mobile Network IBS Basic Training provides an overview of indoor base station (IBS) network installation and configuration. It covers IBS equipment and materials like antennas, couplers, splitters and cables. It also discusses site survey techniques including measuring signal strength and identifying the best donor antenna position. The document demonstrates how to design an IBS network with examples of system diagrams and how to connect floors. It provides guidance on configuring and testing the network using software tools and outlines common troubleshooting steps.
Basic blocks to understand RFFE Architecture. how Analog front end and Digital front is different. Basic components like Filter, Mixer, Power Amplifier, circulator, Duplexer, LNA and demodulator working is explained. It can held to design your own front end as RF link budget has been explained in well manner. what to do to avoid saturation of PA?
2. Introduction:
Children’s safety comes first to their parents and school.
Sometimes due to their immaturity, the lack of judgment
on the danger, they would go to the dangerous area
intentionally or unintentionally. To ensure the safety of
children, our system is designed to accomplish following
function:
1. Detect the location if children go too far away from
the school for a set time (such as 10 mins).
2. The child’s location information would send to the
central station in real-time.
1. Project Overview
10. Simulation Result
Radar_Transmit
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
TONE (A1@1) AMP_B (A2@2) BPFB (F2@2) MIXER_B (A3@2) BPFB (F1@2) AMP_B (A5@2) AMP_B (A4@2) CIRCULATOR (S1@2)
p1
p2
CIRCULATOR.S1@2
56.2 dB
CIRCULATOR.S1@2
28.2 dBm
DB(|P_node(TP.TP1,TP.TP7,0,1,0)|)[1] (dBm)
radar_transmit
DB(C_GP(TP.TP1,TP.TP7,1,0,0))[1]
radar_transmit
p2: Power Gain, Cumulative, dB
Freq = 5 GHz
p1: Signal Node Power, dBm
Freq = 5 GHz
11. Yield Analysis
Radar_Transmit
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
TONE (A1@1) AMP_B (A2@2) BPFB (F2@2) MIXER_B (A3@2) BPFB (F1@2) AMP_B (A5@2) AMP_B (A4@2) CIRCULATOR (S1@2)
p1
p2
CIRCULATOR.S1@2
16.5 dBm
CIRCULATOR.S1@2
34 dBm
CIRCULATOR.S1@2
44.5 dB
CIRCULATOR.S1@2
62 dB
CIRCULATOR.S1@2
56.2 dB
CIRCULATOR.S1@2
28.2 dBm
DB(|P_node(TP.TP1,TP.TP7,0,1,0)|)[1] (dBm)
radar_transmit
DB(C_GP(TP.TP1,TP.TP7,1,0,0))[1]
radar_transmit
p2: Power Gain, Cumulative, dB
Freq = 5 GHz
p1: Signal Node Power, dBm
Freq = 5 GHz
12. where, ft = 5 GHz,, c = 3×108 m/s.
The minimum detectable received power (Pmin) is -90 dBm.
Detection Range
where, ft = 5 GHz Pt = 28.2 dBm, G = 30.5 dB, λ = c/ft = 0.06 m, σ = 1 m2.
Power Added Efficiency for TX
where, input RF power is, Pin = -28dBm, output RF power is, Pout = 28.2dBm, and total
DC power consumption is, PDC = PLNA + PDA + PPA + Pmixer = 6517 mW
EIRP=𝑃𝑡 + 𝐺 = 28.2𝑑𝐵𝑚 + 30.5𝑑𝐵 = 58.7𝑑𝐵𝑚 = 28.7𝑑𝐵𝑊
Hand Calculation-Radar TX
𝑃𝐴𝐸 =
𝑃𝑂𝑈𝑇 − 𝑃𝐼𝑁
𝑃 𝐷𝐶
= 10.1%
𝑅max = [
𝑃 𝑇 𝐺2λ2σ
𝑃 𝑚𝑖𝑛(4π)3]1/4
= 1108.75m
29. Key Features
Low Insertion Loss
Key Electrical Specifications
Model BPF-WiMAX 2.3-2.6/5-1x2
Centre Frequency Stated with 2.3-2.6Ghz
Pass Range Width 30Mhz
Insertion Loss ≤0.8dB, typ. 0.7dB
32. Bandpass Filter
Key Features
Low Insertion Loss
Reasonable Pass band
Key Electrical Specifications
Frequency Range 0.125 – 0.25GHz
Insertion Loss 1.3 dB
34. 4.Project Summary
• Compliance Matrix-Radar
Parameter Theoretical Value Actual Value Compliant
Operation Frequency
(GHz)
5 5 YES
Detection Range (m) 1000 1108.75 YES
Radar Cross Section
(RCS) (m2)
1 1 YES
Antenna type (size)
DISH DISH YES
Output power (dBm)
28.2 28.2 YES
Minimum Detectable
Signal (dBm)
-90 -90 YES
Antenna gain (dB) 30.5 30.5 YES
35. • Compliance Matrix-Communication
Parameter Theoretical Value Actual Value Compliant
Up link frequency
(GHz)
2.4 2.4 YES
Antenna gain(TX) (dBi) 20 20 YES
Antenna gain(RX) (dBi) 20 20 YES
Noise Figure (dB)
<3 2.153 YES
Transmitting power(Pt)
(dBm)
>23 24.4 YES
Receiving power(RX)
(dBm)
>-90 -75.6 YES
Antenna type Grid Grid YES
36. • DC power Consumption
Item Name Power Item Name Power
Radar-TX
LNA 1.04W
Radar-RX
LNA 1.2W
Oscillator 0.255W Oscillator 0.255W
Mixer 0.027W Mixer 0.027W
Power Amp 4.65W Power Amp 0.75W
Driver Amp 0.8W - -
Antenna 100W Antenna 100W
Comm-TX
IF Amplifier 270mW
Comm-RX
RF Amplifier 350mW
Oscillator 60mW Oscillator 60mW
Mixer 200mW Mixer 200mW
RF Amplifier 350mW IF Amplifier 270mW
Antenna 100W Antenna 100W
37. • 110V AC , Radar
• 5V DC to component
DC Power Source
38. Health , Environment & Consumer Issues
Because this system is working for kindergarten, healthy issue comes very
important to us.
Health: ANSI/IEEE Standard C95.1-1992 sets the safe radiation power density limit
as 10mw/cm2.
Due to the function : 𝑃 =
𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃
4𝜋𝑅2 = 1.5 m𝑊/𝑐𝑚2
Which is reasonable distance.
Environment : No pollution..
System Minimum Safety Distance (m)
Radar Channel 1.21
Communication Channel (2.4GHz) 0.45
40. Schedule
Start Date Finish Date
Build the system diagram 10/1/2016 10/10/2016
Design & simulation 10/11/2016 10/20/2016
Radar module design 10/21/2016 10/31/2016
Comm module design 11/1/2016 11/10/2016
Business Analysis 11/11/2016 11/15/2016
Integration system 11/16/2016 11/20/2016
Fabrication and Test 11/21/2016 11/30/2016
56. Bandpass Filter
Key Features
Low Insertion Loss
Reasonable Passband
Key Electrical Specifications
Frequency Range 0.125 – 0.25GHz
Insertion Loss 1.3 dB
59. Key Features
Low Insertion Loss
Key Electrical Specifications
Model BPF-WiMAX 2.3-2.6/5-1x2
Centre Frequency Stated with 2.3-2.6Ghz
Pass Range Width 30Mhz
Insertion Loss ≤0.8dB, typ. 0.7dB
61. Communication TX Maximum Range Analysis
• -90dBm=𝑃𝑡 + 𝐺𝑡 + 𝐺𝑟 + 10log10(𝜆/4πR)2
• So from equation above we can get
• 𝑅 𝑚𝑎𝑥= 552.3km
Communication TX EIRP
𝑃𝑡 + 𝐺𝑡=24.4+20=44.4dBm=27.54W
Communication TX Hand Calculation
62. Communication TX Power Analysis
PLNA = 3V×90mA = 0.27W
PMIXER = 5V×40mA = 0.2W
PAmp = 5V×70mA = 0.35W
Total DC power consumption is, PDC = PMIXER+PLNA+PAmp = 0.82W
Overall Power Added Efficiency is,
Communication TX PAE Hand Calculation
𝑃𝐴𝐸 =
𝑃𝑡 − 𝑃𝑖𝑛
𝑃𝑑𝑐
∗ 100% =
275.423𝑚𝑊 − 0.1585𝑚𝑊
820𝑚𝑊
∗ 100% = 33.57%