RF Systems Final Project

1. AUTOMATED PARKING ENFORCEMENT
SYSTEM
GROUP 15
Balachandran Jayachandran(Radar TX )
Sachin Kumar Asokan (Radar RX)
Arun Nagar Nadarajan(Satellite TX)
Nithin Venkatraman (Satellite RX)

2. Problem
Other Issues
• In modern times, parking vehicles is not only a costly affair but
also a tedious task, not only for the vehicle owners but also for
the Parking Enforcement.
• Car owners have difficulties in locating empty slots in parking
spaces even when there is a presence of vacant spots.
• They also spend considerable amount of their valuable time
buying parking tokens.
Wastage of fuel & cost (analyzing on a broad spectrum)
 797 out of a 1000 people in USA use cars.
 Cost of 1 gallon of gas = $3.596
 Everyday a driver wanders about 500m in search of a
parking spot.
 So, in a month, 500x30 = 15km or (1 liter of gas)
 This corresponds to $1 per person per month (huh?)
 This means $250 million per month !!!!!
 And this is just USA, so imagine if we do this math for
the entire world. (Hint : That is a LOT !!)

3. Solution
• The proposed system allows only authorized users with a valid RFID
smart-pass to enter the parking area , thereby eliminating problems like
congestion and parking violations.
• The collected vehicle information along with the time and duration of
parking are transmitted through a satellite link from the local control unit
to the remote central hub where the database is managed and the
customers are charged accordingly making the system more solid in the
security point of view.
• RADAR equipment moving on rails are employed to detect the availability
of empty parking slots and the availability information is displayed to the
user entering the parking area.

4. Top Level System
Local
control Unit
Remote
Central
Hub
Display
LEO Satellite
RFID detection
Radar signals
ParkingLot
A movable
scanning radar
that checks for
vacancy in the
slots
Occupied
Vacant

5. Top Level Specifications
PARAMETERS SPECIFICATIONS
Type of Radar Adjustable field
Radar
Antenna Gain Horn Antenna
Center
Frequency
24 Ghz
Bandwidth 200 Mhz
Antenna Gain 20 dB
Transmit Power 30 dBm
Receiver
Sensitivity
-50 dBm
Radar Range 20m
Beamwidth 20o
PARAMETERS SPECIFICATIONS
Modulation BPSK
Antenna Type Parabolic
Center Frequency 8 GHz
Power Transmitted 30 dBm
Bandwidth 200 MHZ
Transmitting
Antenna Gain
25 dB
Receiver Antenna
Gain
30 dB
Receiver Sensitivity -90dBm
Range 1500 Km(LEO)
RADAR SATELLITE

6. AMPLIFIER
LPF
LPF BPF
HORN
ANTENNA
BPF
RADAR TRANSCEIVER MODULE
LO
MIXER
MIXER
LO
CIRCULATOR
LNA
SIGNAL
PROCESSIN
G
WAVEFORM
GENERATOR
POWER
AMPLIFIER
LIMITER

7. RADAR TRANSMITTER VSS

9. Gmax = 33dB
Gmin = 25 dB
Pmax = 38dBm
Pmin = 30dBm

10. RADAR Hand Calculation
Pt=33.89 dBm , Gt=28.89 dB, f=24Ghz
λ = 3 x 108 / 24 x 109 = 0.0125m
RCS = 3m2 R = 20m
Pr = Pmin = -30.52dBm
Receiver Power Calculation Range Calculation
Pt=33.89dBm , Gt=20 dBi, f=24Ghz
λ = 3 x 108 / 24 x 109 = 0.0125m
RCS = 3m2
Rmax = 27.58m
Power Added Efficiency
= [(2499.06 – 3.16)/14240 ]x 100
PAE = 12.68%

11. Waveform Generator
PARAMETER SPECIFICATION
Manufacturer Mini Circuits
Model Number ROS- 4415-119+
Frequency Range 4.214- 4.415 GHz
Output Power 5dBm
Supply Voltage(Vdd) 5V
Supply Current 40 mA
Operating Temperature Range -55o C to +85o C

12. Low Pass Filter
Parameter Specification
Manufacturer Mini-Circuits
Model Number LFCN-5000+
Loss 0.6 dB
Corner Frequency (fco) 5.58GHz
Max. RF Input Power 9 W

13. Parameter Specification
Manufacturer Hittite Microwave
Model Number HMC - 560
Frequency Range 24 - 40 GHz
Conversion Loss 8 dB
LO to RF 35 dB
LO to IF 32 dB
RF to IF 22 dB
Output 1dB Compression Point 5 dBm
Mixer

14. Parameter Specification
Manufacturer MITEQ
Model Number PLDRO-005-FREQ-3-15P
Frequency Range 13.4 – 26.8 Ghz
Output Power 13dBm
Supply Voltage(Vdd) 15V
Supply Current 600 mA
Operating Temperature Range -20 to +70°C
Local Oscillator

15. Band Pass Filter
Parameter Specification
Manufacturer MARKI microwave
Model Number FB-2480
Loss 3 dB
Frequency Range 21.1-28.5GHz

16. Power Amplifier
Parameter Specification
Manufacturer TriQuint Semiconductors
Model Number TGA4531
Gain 23dB
Output 1dB Compression Point 31 dBm
Frequency Range 17 to 24 Ghz
DC Voltage 7 V
Current 720 mA

17. RADAR Antenna
Parameter Specification
Manufacturer Advanced Technical Materials Inc.
Model Number 34-442-6
Type Horn Antenna
Frequency 22-33 Ghz
Nominal Gain 20 dB
Meets frequency, gain and
beamwidth requirements

18. LPF BPF
DATA
IN
LPF BPF
ANTENNA
ANTENNA
DATA
OUT
TRANSMITTER MODULE
RECEIVER MODULE
SATELLITE UPLINK MODULE
MIXER
MIXER
LO
LO
POWER AMPLIFIER
LNA
AMPLIFIER
MODULATOR
DEMODULATOR

19. Satellite receiver VSS

20. Gmax = 37dB
Gmin = 27 dB

21. IP3max = 22.12 dBm
IP3min = 15.59 dBm
NFmax = 4dB
NFmin = 2.7dB

22. Satellite Hand Calculation
Pt= 33.89 dBm , Gt=25dB, Gr= 30.7db
λ = 3 x 108 / 8 x 109 = 0.0375m
Range = 1500 km
Pr = -87.11 dB
Receiver Power Calculation Range Calculation
Pt=31.21dBm , Gt=25 dB, Gr=30.7dB
λ = 3 x 108 / 8 x 109 = 0.0375m
Pr= -90dBm
Rmax = 2102.58 km
Power Added Efficiency
= [(78.163)/915 ]x 100
PAE = 8.54%

23. Parameter Specification
Manufacturer Avago Technologies
Model Number VMMK-3803
Gain 20 dB
Noise Figure 1.5 dB
P1DB 7dBm
Frequency Range 3-11 GHz
DC bias 3-5 V
Low Noise Amplifier
Ultrathin (0.25 mm)
Low Noise Figure

24. Band Pass Filter
Parameter Specification
Manufacturer Mini-Circuits
Model Number BFCN-8000
Insertion Loss 2.5 dB
Frequency Range 7.9 – 8.1 Ghz
Low insertion loss
Sharp rejection peaks close to stop band
Parameter Specification
Manufacturer SANGSHIN
Model Number BPF100MS16A
Insertion Loss 2.5 dB
Frequency Range 92-108 MHz

25. Mixer
Parameter Specification
Manufacturer Marki Microwave
Model Number M1-0408
Conversion Loss 5.5 dB
LO to RF Isolation 35 dBm
LO to IF Isolation 25 dBm
RF to IF Isolation 25 dBm
P1dB(output) -3.5 dBm
Frequency Range 4 -8 GHz

26. Local Oscillator
Parameter Specification
Manufacturer MITEQ
Model Number PLDRO-13400
Frequency Range 6.7 – 13.4Ghz
Output Power 13dBm
Supply Voltage(Vdd) 5V
Supply Current 370 mA
Operating Temperature Range -20o C to +70o C

27. Parameter Specification
Manufacturer Giga-tronics
Model Number GT- 1020A
Gain 34 dB
Noise Figure 4.4 dB
P1dB 37 dBm
Frequency Range 0.05 to 1 GHz
Power Amplifier
Meets Gain and operating
frequency requirements

28. Satellite Antenna
Parameter Specification
Manufacturer Radio waves
Model no. SP2-8
Type Standard Parabolic
Frequency Range 7.75 – 8.50 Ghz
Gain 30.7 dBi
Dimension 2 ft

29. PARAMETER DESIRED
VALUES
NOMINAL
ANALYSIS
COMPLIANT
OPERATING
FREQUENCY (GHz)
24 24 Y
OUTPUT POWER
(dBm)
30 dBm 33.89 dBM Y
ANTENNA GAIN (dBi) 20dBm 20dBm Y
RANGE (meters) 20 22.05 Y
ANTENNA
BEAMWIDTH
20 17 Y
RECEIVER
SENSITIVITY
-50 dBm -48.2dbm Y
Radar Spec Compliance

30. Satellite Spec Compliance
PARAMETER1 DESIRED
VALUES
NOMINAL
ANALYSIS
COMPLIANT
OPERATING
FREQUENCY (GHz)
8 8 Y
OUTPUT POWER
(dBm)
30 31.21 Y
TX ANTENNA GAIN
(dB)
25 31.03 Y
RX ANTENNA GAIN
(dB)
30 30.7 Y
RANGE (km) 1500 2102 Y
RECEIVER NOISE
FIGURE
6 3.27 Y
RECEIVER
SENSITIVITY
-90 dBm -87.11 Y
TOI TBD 18.91 Y

31. Performance Issues
• The power used for operating the RADAR transceivers depends on the
parking capacity or size of the lot.
• As we are using the ISM band for RFID’s, there are chances of interference
with the surrounding Wi-Fi signals which operates in the same band .
• An active RFID tag cannot function without battery power. This limits its
lifetime, or requires maintenance.
• Additional mechanical provisions must be provided for the radar guns to
move along each parallel strip of the parking lot, which enables the
system to collect information about the vacant parking slots.
• As the radar transceivers require line of sight to exactly determine the
vacant parking slots, the radar guns has to be stationary at each slot while
collecting this information which in turn will cause some delay in gathering
the information from the entire lot.

32. Power Density Calculation
Power Density,
The safe power density for frequencies above 15Ghz as prescribed by the FCC is
10mW/cm2 .
Pt = 30dBm,Gt = 20.86
R= 31cm= 0.31m
A barrier is constructed around the moving-radar rails so that people don’t
accidently rub off against the equipment , which may cause physical injury.
Health and Environmental Issues
• The power transmitted by RADAR does not exceed the maximum permissible exposure as
defined by Federal Communications Commission.
• The transmitted power is below the range specified by EPA.
• With the given radar specifications, the power density exposed does not exceed the
maximum permissible exposure as defined by the US ANSI/IEEE.

33. Consumer Acceptance
• Since the system performs all the transactions through an automated
system it requires less man power.
• Radar transceiver modules can be mounted in such a way that it occupies
less space and is not a hindrance to the incoming vehicles, which make the
system spatially effective.
• As the entire charging system for parking lot is centralized and automated,
makes things easier and flawless.
Cost Analysis
COMPONENTS ESTIMATED COST
RADAR UNIT $500
SATELLITE UPLINK UNIT $800
SATELLITE DOWNLINK UNIT $600
RFID TAGS $40
Development Cost $1000
Total Cost $2940

34. Information Gathering – Phase 1 May 2015
Proposal Phase – Phase 2 June 2015
Software Phase – Phase 3 August 2015
Hardware implementation – Phase 4 September 2015
Integration and testing – Phase 5 December 2015
Evaluation Phase – Phase 6 January 2016
Production Rollout Phase – Phase 7 February 2016
Production Schedule