This includes Digital signal data transmission, Base band and band pass transmission. Also detailed with PAM, PPM, PWM, PCM, DPCM, DM, ADM, ASK, PSK, FSK.
Digital data is represented as variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave in amplitude-shift keying (ASK), a type of modulation.
In an ASK system, a symbol, representing one or more bits, is sent by transmitting a fixed-amplitude carrier wave at a fixed frequency for a specific time duration.
A simple form of ASK modulation is considered that amplitude modulates a carrier based on a direct mapping of the source data bits to the waveform symbol. The most rudimentary form of ASK is given the special name On–Off Keying (OOK) modulation.
Digital data is represented as variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave in amplitude-shift keying (ASK), a type of modulation.
In an ASK system, a symbol, representing one or more bits, is sent by transmitting a fixed-amplitude carrier wave at a fixed frequency for a specific time duration.
A simple form of ASK modulation is considered that amplitude modulates a carrier based on a direct mapping of the source data bits to the waveform symbol. The most rudimentary form of ASK is given the special name On–Off Keying (OOK) modulation.
The Presentation includes Basics of Non - Uniform Quantization, Companding and different Pulse Code Modulation Techniques. Comparison of Various PCM techniques is done considering various Parameters in Communication Systems.
QAM modulation is a combination of Amplitude Shift Keying and Phase Shift Keying, both carrier wave is modulated by changing both its amplitude and phase...
This presentation covers:
Some basic definitions & concepts of digital communication
What is Phase Shift Keying(PSK) ?
Binary Phase Shift Keying – BPSK
BPSK transmitter & receiver
Advantages & Disadvantages of BPSK
Pi/4 – QPSK
Pi/4 – QPSK transmitter & receiver
Advantages of Pi/4- QPSK
The Presentation includes Basics of Non - Uniform Quantization, Companding and different Pulse Code Modulation Techniques. Comparison of Various PCM techniques is done considering various Parameters in Communication Systems.
QAM modulation is a combination of Amplitude Shift Keying and Phase Shift Keying, both carrier wave is modulated by changing both its amplitude and phase...
This presentation covers:
Some basic definitions & concepts of digital communication
What is Phase Shift Keying(PSK) ?
Binary Phase Shift Keying – BPSK
BPSK transmitter & receiver
Advantages & Disadvantages of BPSK
Pi/4 – QPSK
Pi/4 – QPSK transmitter & receiver
Advantages of Pi/4- QPSK
Introduction of info theory basis for image/video coding, especially, entropy, rate-distortion theory,
entropy coding, huffman coding, arithmetic coding
This ppt contains information about concepts of wireless communication, signal propagation effects, spread spectrum, cellular systems, multiple access systems.
My Cloud Hospitality - Hotel Property Management System Sangeet Seth
"MyCloud Hospitality Property Management Solution" PMS - Online hotel booking system, - Rooms availability & rates management, - Repeat guest profiles & history, - Contracts management, - Web bookings through your hotel’s web site, - Management of availability & rates at 3rd party sites - Reservations made directly at your hotel, - Front desk operations including guest accounting, - Housekeeping - Points-of-sale order taking & settlements, - Debtors accounting and - Management reporting and sales analysis www.mycloudhospitality.com
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Learn how to compress audio and video for delivery to desktop and mobile devices today. Learn how to use HTML5 and Flash as well as best practices from editing, compression and delivery of content.
Digital communication viva questions.( 50+)
MCQ of digital communication (50+)
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communication systems viva questions (50+)
covered topic list:
sampling,quantization,digital,discrete,AM,FM,PM,ASK,FSK,PSK,DM,DPCM,QPSK,ADM,differences,modulation,block diagram,applications,PAM,PWM,PPM,line encoding,polar encoding,bipolar encoding,unipolar encoding,RZ,NRZ,AMI,HDB3,B8ZS
This slide describe the techniques of digital modulation and Bandwidth Efficiency:
The first null bandwidth of M-ary PSK signals decrease as M increases while Rb is held constant.
Therefore, as the value of M increases, the bandwidth efficiency also increases.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
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R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
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It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
2. DIGITAL SIGNALS
2
A digital signal refers to an electrical signal that
is converted into a pattern of bits. Unlike an
analog signal, which is a continuous signal that
contains time-varying quantities, a digital
signal has a discrete value at each sampling
point.
3. CLASSIFICATION OF DIGITAL SIGNALS
TRANSMISSION
3
Baseband data
transmission
Pulse analog Pulse digital
1. PAM 1. PCM
2. PWM 2. DPCM
3. PPM 3. DM
4. ADM
Band Pass or Broadband data transmission
1. ASK
2. FSK
3. PSK
The fundamental difference between baseband and band
pass data transmission is with respect to channel. For
baseband the channel is coaxial cable or fibre optic cable or
twisted pair cable and for, band pass, the channel is free
4. BASEBAND DATA TRANSMISSION
4
m(t)
c(t)
PAM
Pulse Amplitude
Modulation
The carrier frequency is high
periodic rectangular pulses. In
PAM, the amplitude of the
pulses is changed according
to the sampled value.
Applications:
1. Ethernet
2. Photo biology
3. Electronic devices for LED lighting
4. Digital television
5. GENERATION OF PAM SIGNAL
5
Multiplierm(t) PAM
Signal
c(t)
When a continuous message signal and a high frequency
carrier signal are passed through the multiplier, PAM
signal is generated.
6. PULSE WIDTH MODULATION
6
m(t)
c(t)
PWM
This is also called as pulse
duration modulation or pulse
length modulation.
Here, The width of the pulse
changed according to the
sampled value of message
signal.
Pulse width modulation is used in a variety of
applications including sophisticated control circuitry. A
common way we use them is to control dimming of RGB
LEDs or to control the direction of a servo motor.
7. GENERATION OF PWM SIGNAL
7
m(t) PAM
Signal
c(t)
Multiplier Slicer
It is generated by multiplying the message signal
with a high frequency periodic rectangular carrier
signal and passing the resultant signal from slicer,
which slice the pulse into appropriate width.
8. PULSE POSITION MODULATION
8
This is also called
Pulse time modulation.
Here the position of the
pulse is changed
depending on the
sampled value of
message signal.
All three modulation technics, PAM, PWM and PPM are used in
telemetry applications. Telemetry is an automated communications
process by which measurements and other data are collected at
remote locations for recording and analysis.
PPM is also used in satellite communication.
m(t)
c(t)
PW
M
PPM
9. PULSE CODE MODULATION
9
• In PCM, a message signal is represented by a sequence of
coded pulses, which is accomplished by representing the
signal in discrete form in both time and amplitude.
• The LPF is included to prevent aliasing of the message
signal.
• The basic operations performed in the transmitter of a PCM
signal are sampling, quantizing and encoding.
• The quantizing and encoding operations are usually
performed in the same circuit, which is called an analog-to-
digital converter.
Sampler converts a continuous varying time signal into
discrete time signal. While Quantizer converts a
continuously varying amplitude signal to a discrete
amplitude signals with limited levels.
10. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PCM SIGNAL
10
Source of
continuous
time signal
LPF QuantizerSampler
Decode
r
Encoder
Reconstruction
filter
Destination
PCM
Signal
PCM
Signal
Transmitter
Receiver
11. DIFFERENTIAL PULSE CODE MODULATION
11
Differential PCM can reduce the quantization error of the message signal
but not its Bandwidth. The difference between an input value and
its quantized value (such as round-off error) is referred to as quantization
error.
Transmitter Receiver
Delay
Sampler
Quantize
r
Encoder∑
∑
∑
m(t) +
- DPC
M
Decoder
LPF
Delay
12. DELTA MODULATION
12
It is used to decrease the bandwidth of transmitted signal. The
block schematic is similar to DPCM but the encode is 1 bit
encoder.
Transmitter Receiver
Delay
Sampler
Quantize
r
Encoder∑
∑
∑
m(t) +
- 0
Decoder
LPF
Delay
1
13. QUANTIZATION ERROR IN DELTA MODULATION
13
When step size is large, the staircase
approximation may vary over flat
m(t). This is called Granular noise.
When step size is too small for the
stair case approximation, it is
possible that the approximation
may not follow step increase in
m(t). This is called Slope overload
Slope overhead distortion Granular distortion
14. ADAPTIVE DELTA MODULATION
14
In ADM additional hardware is designed to provide
variable step size, thereby reducing slope-overload
effects without increasing the granular noise.
15. BAND PASS DATA TRANSMISSION
15
In Band pass or broadband data transmission
there are three technics:
1. Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
2. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
3. Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
16. LINE CODES : (ELECTRICAL REPRESENTATION
OF 1’S AND 0’S)
16
1. Unipolar/on-off signaling: 1 is
represented by a pulse and 0
is not represented.
2. Polar/NRZ signaling: 1 and 0’s
are represented by +ve and –
ve pulses.
3. RZ signaling: Pulse of half
symbol wide is sent for 1,
nothing for 0.
4. Bipolar signaling: +ve and –ve
pulses are used for 1. nothing
for 0.
5. Manchester code (Split-
phase): For ‘1’, +ve to –ve
and for a ‘0’, -ve to +ve
1 1 0 1 0 1
1
17. AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING
17
In ASK, the amplitude of the carrier is modulated
according to the message signal.
When an on-off signaling binary message signal is
multiplied with a high frequency sinusoidal carrier
signal, then ASK signal is formed.
19. PHASE SHIFT KEYING
19
• Phase-shift keying (PSK) is
a digital modulation scheme
that conveys data by
changing (modulating)
the phase of a
reference signal (the carrier
wave).
• It is widely used for wireless
LANs and Bluetooth communi
cation.
• Types of PSK modulation
include BPSK, QPSK and
8PSK. BPSK stands for
Binary Phase Shift Keying.
QPSK stands for Quadrature
Phase Shift Keying.
20. FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING
20
Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a
method of transmitting digital signals.
The two binary states, logic 0 (low) and
1 (high), are each represented by
an analog waveform. Logic 0 is
represented by a wave at a
specific frequency, and logic 1 is
represented by a wave at a different
frequency. A modem converts the binary
data from a computer to FSK for
transmission over telephone lines,
cables, optical fibre, or wireless media.
The modem also converts incoming
FSK signals to digital low and high
states, which the computer can
"understand."