AUTOMATED TRAFFIC DETECTION AND MONITORING

AUTOMATED TRAFFIC DENSITY
DETECTION AND SPEED MONITORING
Team No. 6
BHARAT ARUN BIYANI
ARUN SHIVARAM PASUPATHY
NAVYAARUNSELVAN
SOWMYA RAVICHANDRAN

Problem
 Traffic Congestion is an ever-growing problem and it
causes people to lose their valuable time.
 Right traffic information at the right time can help in
avoiding traffic congestions.
 Existing navigation systems takes the traffic density data
of the urban areas alone.
 The traffic data from the highways are mostly not taken
into consideration.

Solution
 The proposed system uses radar at every fixed distance to
calculate the number of vehicles and the speed at which each
vehicle is travelling along with the timestamp to find the density.
 The results are passed to a central processing unit via satellite link
where the real time data is processed.
 The data is then used to calculate the approximate wait time at
traffic dense areas by comparing it with the present and the
previous data from the remote radar sites.

Solution cont..,
 Satellite links are again used to communicate this wait time
back to the desired locations (a few miles before the traffic
dense areas) where they can be digitally displayed to the road
users.
 This data can be used by the Department of Transportation to
control the traffic signals and thereby ease the flow of traffic.

Memory Unit
Processing
Unit
Satellite Uplink Satellite Downlink
Radar
Transceiver
LEO Satellite
Satellite Rx Antenna
Satellite Tx Antenna
Satellite
Receiver
Module
Satellite
Transmitter
Module
ON Field System Remote Base Station
Top Level System Diagram

Parameters Specifications
Type of Radar Pulsed Radar
Antenna Horn Antenna
Centre
Frequency
34.7 GHz
Bandwidth 200 MHz
Antenna Gain 20 dBi
Transmit Power 32.65 dBm
Receiver
Sensitivity
-70 dBm
Radar Range 67 m
Top Level Specifications
RADAR
Parameters Specifications
Modulation BPSK
Antenna type Parabolic
Centre Frequency 7.3 GHz
Power Transmitted 30 dBm
Bandwidth 200MHz
Transmitting antenna
gain
25 dBi
Receiver antenna
gain
30.7 dBi
Receiver sensitivity -90 dBm
Range (LEO) 1700 km
SATELLITE

AMPLIFIER
LPF BPF
HORN
ANTENNA
BPF
Radar Transceiver Module
LO
MIXER
MIXER
CIRCULATOR
LNA
SIGNAL
PROCESSING
WAVEFORM
GENERATOR POWER
AMPLIFIER
BPF

Doppler Shift
Velocity of the vehicle: Vr : 100mph(44.4m/s)
Frequency of operation: f : 34.7 Ghz
Wavelength: λ : c/f = 3 x 108/34.7 Ghz =
8.65mm
Doppler shift frequency : Fd : 10.27 Khz
Fd = 2Vr/ λ

Receiver Input Power
 Tx Power, Pt = 32.65 dBm
 T/R Antenna Gain,Gt = 20 dB
 Wavelength, λ: c/f = 3 x 108/34.7 Ghz
= 8.65mm
 RCS(σ) =3 m2 (car)
 Nominal Range, R = 13.5 m
 Rx power, Pr = -13.04 dBm

Maximum Range
 T/R Antenna Gain,Gt = 20 dB
 Wavelength, λ: c/f = 3 x 108/34.7 Ghz
= 8.65mm
 Rx senstivity, Pr = -70 dBm
 RCS(σ) =3 m2 (car)
 Max Range , Rmax = 67.36 m

Power Added Efficiency (PAE)
 Input Power , Pin = 7.051 dBm = 5.07 mW
 Output Power, Pout = 32.65 dBm = 1841 mW
 DC Power, PDC = 12 V * 1200 mA
= 14400 mW
 PAE (%) = ηPA = 12.75 %

Waveform Generator
Parameter Specification
Manufacturer Mini Circuits
Model Number ROS- 4415-119+
Frequency Range 4.214- 4.415 GHz
Output Power 5dBm
Supply Voltage(Vdd) 5V
Supply Current 40 mA
Operating Temperature Range -55o C to +85o C

Low Pass Filter
Manufacturer Mini-Circuits
Model Number LFCN-5000+
Loss 0.6 dB
Corner Frequency (fco) 5.58GHz
Max. RF Input Power 9 W

Mixer
Manufacturer Hittite Microwave
Model Number HMC - 560
Frequency Range 24 - 40 GHz
Conversion Loss 8 dB
LO to RF 35 dB
LO to IF 32 dB
RF to IF 22 dB
Output 1dB Compression Point 5 dBm

Local Oscillator
Manufacturer MITEQ
Model Number PLDRO40000
Frequency Range 26.8 to 40GHz
Output Power 10dBm
Operating Temperature Range -20 to +70°C

Band Pass Filter
Manufacturer MARKI microwave
Model Number FB-3270
Loss 3 dB
Frequency Range 28.75-36.65GHz

Power Amplifier
Manufacturer Microsemi
Model Number L3337-38
Gain 40 dB
Frequency Range 33 to 37 GHz
DC Voltage 12 V
Current 12A

Radar Antenna
Manufacturer Advanced Technical Materials Inc.
Model Number 28-442-6
Type Horn Antenna
Frequency 26.5 - 40.0 GHz
Nominal Gain 20 dB

LPF BPF
DATA
IN
BPF
ANTENNA
ANTENNA
DATA
OUT
TRANSMITTER MODULE
RECEIVER MODULE
Satellite Block Diagram
MIXER
MIXER
LO
POWER AMPLIFIER
LNA
AMPLIFIER
MODULATOR
DEMODULATORBPF
LO

Nominal Receiver Input Power
 Tx Antenna Gain,Gt = 25 dB
 Rx Antenna Gain,Gr = 30.7 dB
 Wavelength, λ: c/f = 3 x 108/7.3 = 0.041m
 Range (LEO) = 1700 km
 Rx power, Pr = -87.43 dBm

Maximum Range
 Tx Antenna Gain,Gt = 25 dB
 Rx Antenna Gain,Gr = 30.7 dB
 Wavelength, λ: c/f = 3 x 108/7.3 = 0.041m
 Rx senstivity, Pr = -90 dBm
 Max Range , Rmax = 2286 km

Power Added Efficiency (PAE)
 Input Power , Pin = -8.57 dBm
 Output Power, Pout = 31.21 dBm
 DC Power, PDC = 15 V * 1700 mA
 PAE (%) = ηPA = 5.18 %

Low Noise Amplifier
Manufacturer Avago Technologies
Model Number VMMK-3803
Gain 20 dB
Noise Figure 1.5 dB
P1DB 7dBm
Frequency Range 3-11 GHz
DC bias 3-5 V

Band Pass Filter
Manufacturer SANGSHIN
Model Number BPF100MS16A
Insertion Loss 2.5 dB
Frequency Range 92-108 MHz

Mixer
Manufacturer Marki Microwave
Model Number M1-0408
Conversion Loss 5.5 dB
LO to RF Isolation 35 dBm
LO to IF Isolation 25 dBm
RF to IF Isolation 25 dBm
P1dB(output) -3.5 dBm
Frequency Range 4 -8 GHz

Local Oscillator
Manufacturer rfmd
Model Number RFVC1829
Frequency Range 6.8 to 7.4 GHz
Output Power 12dBm

Band Pass Filter
Manufacturer Minicircuits
Model Number BFCN-7350+
Insertion loss 1.8 dB
Frequency Range 7.15 -7.55 GHz

Amplifier
Model Number MAV-11BSM+
Gain 12.7 dB
Noise Figure 4.4 dB
P1dB 18 dB
Frequency Range 0.05 to 1 GHz

Antenna
Manufacturer Radio waves
Model no. SP2-7
Type Standard Parabolic
Frequency Range 7.125-7.75 GHz
Gain 30.7 dBi
Dimension 2 cm

Compliance Matrix- RADAR
PARAMETER PROPOSED
VALUE
MODIFIED
VALUE
NOMINAL
ANALYSIS
COMPLIANT
OPERATING
FREQUENCY(GH
z)
34.7 GHz - 34.7 GHz Y
OUTPUT
POWER(dBm)
30 dBm - 32.65 dBm Y
ANTENNA GAIN 20 dB - 20 dB Y
MAX. RANGE
(MDS = -70 dBm)
13.5 m - 67.36 m Y
RECEIVER
NOISE FIGURE
10 dB - 2.9 dB Y
RECEIVED
POWER
(for 13.5 m)
-70 dBm - -13.04 dBm Y

Satellite Compliance Matrix
PARAMETER PROPOSED
VALUE
MODIFIED
VALUE
NOMINAL
ANALYSIS
COMPLIANT
OPERATING
FREQUENCY(GHz)
7 GHz 7.3 GHz 7.3 GHz Marginal
OUTPUT
POWER(dBm)
30dBm - 31.21 dBm Y
TX ANTENNA GAIN 25 dB - 25 dB Y
RX ANTENNA GAIN 29 dB - 30.7 dB N
MAX. RANGE
(MDS = -90 dBm)
1700 km - 2286 km Y
RECEIVER NOISE
FIGURE
10 dB - 2.9 dB Y
RECEIVED POWER
(LEO RANGE =
1700 km)
-90 dBm - -87.43 dBm Y

Performance Issues
 Attenuation of transmitted and received power in both
RADAR and SATELLITE systems varies with climatic
conditions like rain, dust, smoke, etc.
 Since a single radar transceiver is used for a one way road
which may have 3 or 4 lanes, the speed observed with all
the lanes put together to predict pace of traffic movement.
This may reduce the accuracy of speed detection as speed
of a particular lane is different from the others. Above
problem can be solved by using different RADAR
transceivers for each lane.
 We used fixed RCS, 𝜎= 3 m2for all the vehicle but in
practical scenarios different vehicles have different RCS.

Trade Offs
 There is a trade off between power and performance
while selecting radar frequency. As frequency increases
(in our case it is Ka-band frequency) it becomes easy to
detect the Doppler shift from the target which increases
the performance of the system but high frequencies also
get attenuated easily.
 There is a trade off between Beam width and Gain. As
the same radar is used to transmit and receive EM waves
to and from the entire traffic, generally high beam width
(Low directivity and hence low gain) antennas are
preferred. But to counteract the attenuation due to the high
frequency, the gain should be higher.

Power density calculation
 Safe average Power Density is
10mW/cm2
 Tx Power, Pt =32.65 dBm
 T/R Antenna Gain, Gt =27.65 dB
 Safe range R > 0.9234 m

Health And Environmental Issues
Health Issues
 With the given radar specifications, the power density
exposed does not exceed the maximum permissible
exposure as defined by the US ANSI/IEEE.
Environmental Issues
 The transmitted power is below the range specified by
EPA.
 There aren’t any major environmental issues other than the
disposal of satellite after its life time.

Consumer Acceptance
 A single base station can be used to control the traffic of
entire city. So there is no extra space needed other than the
base station. Radar transceiver modules can be mounted on
already existing sign boards and traffic signals, which makes
the system spatially effective.
 As radar transceiver can be mounted practically anywhere.
We can track the traffic density of any areas.
 Since the satellite receiver is installed at the central base
station, practically there is no additional cost for the end
consumer.

Financial Analysis
 ads
 The cost can be brought down with mass production of
components.
 The installation and establishment costs will be high, but they
are generally one-off costs and the maintenance costs will be
less.
Components Estimated Cost
RADAR Unit (at each RADAR site) $300
Satellite Uplink Unit (at each RADAR site) $700
Satellite Downlink Unit (at data center) $500

Top Level Schedule
Development
System Design November 2013
Spec Flow-down and Evaluation December 2013
Module Hardware Design March 2014
Antenna Design and Fabrication May 2014
Module Integration and Testing (Radar link) July 2014
Module Integration and Testing (Satellite link) August 2014
Integrated System Testing October 2014
Production
Complete Bill of Materials November 2014
Mass Production December 2014
Product Release March 2015

Scope for future development
 We can automate the system by directly displaying the real
time values to GPS module mounted in cars rather than
sending it to the data providers. This will directly help the
end consumer to plan there travel accordingly
 Solar panel can be installed at every radar transceiver post
to generate power for its own requirement.

Summary
 The proposed system will successfully bring down the traffic
congestion without any additional time delay, with less man
power, better accuracy and more coverage.
 The collected traffic information can be used to estimate the
traffic density based on the number of vehicles and the speed
at which they are travelling practically of any region within
or outside a city.

Low Noise Amplifier
Manufacturer Tri Quint Semiconductor
Model Number TGA4507
Gain 22 dB
Noise Figure 2.3 dB
P1DB 12 dBm
DC bias 3 V

Band Pass Filter
Model Number BFCN-4440+
Insertion Loss 0.91dB
Passband Frequency 4.2- 4.7 GHz

Mixer
Manufacturer Hittite Microwave Corporation
Model Number HMC560
Conversion Loss 8dB
LO to RF Isolation 35 dBm
LO to IF Isolation 32 dBm
RF to IF Isolation 22 dBm
P1dB(output) 5 dBm
IP3 11dBm

Local Oscillator
Manufacturer Miteq
Model Number PLDRO40000
Frequency Range 26.8 to 40 GHz
Output Power 10dBm

Band Pass Filter
Model Number FB-3270
Insertion loss 3dB
Center Frequency 32.7GHz
Passband Frequency 28.75-36.65GHz

Amplifier
Model Number ERA-2SM+
Gain 12.5dB
Noise Figure 3.4 dB
P1dB 11 dBm
Frequency Range 0 .01 to 6 GHz
IP3 25dBm

Nominal Analysis - Cascaded
Gain

Nominal Analysis – Cascaded
Power

Waveform Generator
Model Number ROS-ED10121/2
Frequency Range 100 MHz
Output Power 2 dBm

Low Pass Filter
Model Number SLP-150+
Loss 0.5 dB
Corner Frequency (fco) 140 MHz
Max. RF Input Power 0.5 W

Mixer
Model Number M1-0408
Frequency Range 4 - 8 GHz
Conversion Loss 5.5 dB
LO to RF 35 dB
LO to IF 25 dB
RF to IF 25 dB
Output 1dB Compression Point -3.5 dBm

Band Pass Filter
Manufacturer TriQuint Semiconductor
Model Number TGB2010-07
Loss 3 dB
Frequency Range 6.5 to 7.5 GHz

Power Amplifier
Manufacturer MITEQ
Model Number AMF-6B-04000800-60-33P
Gain 40 dB
Frequency Range 4 – 8 GHz
DC Voltage 15 V
Current 1700 mA

Antenna
Manufacturer Steatite Q-Par Antennas
Model Number Prime Focus (WBF2-8N Feed with
QSR600-228 Reflector)
Frequency 2-8 GHz
Nominal Gain 19-29 dBi

AUTOMATED TRAFFIC DETECTION AND MONITORING

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