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![The Percentage Variation Method
• Used when the stock turnover rate is more
than 6 times/year
• Basic premise is that inventory levels should
reflect the actual sales
• BOM stock = Avg stock for the season x ½
[1+planned sales for the month / Average
Monthly Sales ]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/retailmerchandising-130718024311-phpapp01/85/Retail-merchandising-25-320.jpg)
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Retail merchandising
Merchandising involves acquiring goods and making them available to customers at the right times, prices and quantities to meet retailer goals. A merchandising philosophy guides product decisions based on the target market, competitors, and trends. Effective merchandising requires planning assortments, inventory levels, pricing, and more to sell the right products profitably. Retailers must determine their merchandising strategy in terms of brand offerings, product breadth and depth to meet customer needs within budget.
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Retail merchandising
- 1.
- 2. What is Merchandising •Merchandising consists of the activities involved in acquiring particular goods and services and making them available at the places, times, prices and quantities that enable a retailer to reach its goals. • A merchandising philosophy sets the guiding principles for all the merchandising decisions the retailer makes. • Must reflect the target market desires, retailers institution type, the marketplace positioning, the defined value chain, supplier capabilities, cost, competitors and product trends. • Drives every product decision, from what product lines to carry to shelf space allotted to different products to inventory turnover to pricing.
- 3. Merchandising Philosophy Retailer needsto decide: • Breadth of assortment (narrow or wide) • Depth of assortment (deep or shallow) • Quality of assortment (high/med/low) • Store brands or national brands • Pricing policies
- 4. Merchandise management • Includesthe planning, acquisition, analysis, handling and control of merchandise and investment of the retail operation - analysis: needs & wants of the target audience - Planning: for future sale of merchandise - acquisition: procurement from distributors and mfgs - Handling: merchandise available at required store at right time and right condition - Control: Amount of money spent on buying
- 5. • Micro merchandising:Retailer adjusts shelf space allocations to respond to customer and other differences amongst the local markets. Data mined through the data base. Eg space for cereals for adults. • Cross merchandise: carries complementary goods and services to encourage shopper to buy more. Eg apparel stores and accessories (shirts and scarves, frypans and scrubbers)
- 6. ATTRIBUTES AND FUNCTIONS AFFECTINGTHE BUYING ORGANIZATION
- 7. LEVEL OF FORMALITY Formal •Distinct retail task with separate dept • includes functions of acquiring the merchandise and making it available for sale • Used by larger firms • Full time, specialized merchandisers • Clarity of responsibilities Informal • Not a distinct task • Same personnel carry out buying (merchandising) and other retail functions • Small retailers • Responsibility and authority are not clear cut • Low costs and flexibility • less emphasis on merchandise planning
- 8. DEGREE OF CENTRALIZATION Centralized •All buying (multichain) done at the HQ • Adv include integration of effort, strict controls, consistent image proximity to top mgt, staff support, volume discounts , • Disadv: inflexibility, time delays, excessive uniformity, poor morale at local stores Decentralized • All buying done locally • Adv include adaptability to local conditions, quick order processing, good employee morale due to local autonomy • Disadv: disjointed planning, inconsistent planning, l limited controls,loss of volume discounts
- 9. Organizational breadth • Ingeneral buying organization, one or several people buy all of the firms merchandise • Eg owner of small store: does all the buying himself. Good for small retail store, saves cost and personnel • Specialized organization: Separate buyers for each section. Greater expertise and more personnel required
- 10. Personnel Resources • Retailercan choose between an inside buying organization and an outside buying organization. • Inside buying: staffed by retailers personnel and decisions are made by permanent employees. Used by very large retailers and very small retailers • Outside buying: external source is hired on a fee basis. Used by small or medium sized retailers. • Resident buying office: touch with key market trends, provide data and contacts. • Cooperative buying: Group of retailers come together to avail of volume discounts
- 11. Functions performed • Merchandisingview: oversee all buying and selling functions ,including assortments, advt, pricing, point of sale displays, employee utilization and personal selling approaches • Buying view: Merchandise personnel oversee the buying of products, advt and pricing while in store personnel oversee the assortments, displays, employee utilization and sales presentation
- 12. Buyer • Responsible forselecting the merchandise to be carried and the strategy to market that merchandise. • Devises and controls sales and profit projections for a product category • Plans proper merchandise assortments,styling,sizes,qty • Negotiates with and evaluates the vendors • Oversees in store displays • Attuned to trends in marketplace, must be able to bargain with suppliers, travel to the market place • Prepare detailed business plans
- 13. Staffing Divisional Merchandise manager Buyer Associate buyer Assistantbuyer Store manager Assistant Store manager Sales Manager Assistant Sales Manager Merchandising track Store management track
- 14.
- 15. Role of MerchandiseManager • Planning : Policy formulation, forecasting sales for budget period, estimate consumer demand and impact of changes occurring in retail environment • Directing: Guiding and training of buyers • Co-ordinating: coordinate buying effort of many buyers and fit into stores image • Controlling: assessing buyers performance
- 16. Types of Merchandise •Staple: regular products carried Eg milk, eggs, bread • Assortment: Apparel, furniture • Fashion : Products which have a cyclical sales due to changing tastes and lifestyles • Seasonal: change according to seasons Eg AC • Fad: high sales for a short period of time Eg Harry Potter
- 17. Type of stockplans • Basic stock list: specifies the inventory level, color, brand, style, category, size, pack etc • Model Stock plan: project no of specific items such as no of red, green and blue sweaters. Items are ordered according to popular size and colors • Never out stock plan: enough products so that they are not out of stock
- 18. Planning process • Donein advance, time to buy merchandise , have it delivered and send it to stores • Analysis of consumers needs and wants, consumer buying process, sale of high selling products,interaction with sales staff ,analysis of external sources of information • Steps: 1. Developing a sales forecast 2. Determining a merchandise requirements 3. Merchandise Control- The Open to Buy 4. Assortment Planning
- 19. Analysis and Developingthe Sales forecast • Forecasting involves what a consumers may do under a given set of conditions • Determines the inventory need for the product or category • Based on targets given by top management • Typically answer : How much, new products, price? • Made for a specific time period ie weeks, season short term or long term • Aware of the changes in tastes and attitudes of the consumers, size of target market and changes in spending patterns
- 20. Analysis and Developingthe Sales forecast • Process: o Reviewing past sales. o Analysing the economic conditions.: direct link to consumer spending patterns o Analysing the sales potential: demographic changes in market and products to be sold o The marketing strategy of the competitors. o Creating the forecast.: estimate
- 21. Determining the MerchandiseRequirements • Planning at Merchandise takes place at two levels: - The creation of merchandise budget - The assortment plan • Merchandise budget: financial plan as to how much to invest in product inventories in monetary terms
- 22. Merchandise Budget • Salesplan: how much of each product needs to be sold, dept wise/storewise etc • Stock Support plan: How much of inventory is needed to achieve those sales • Planned reductions: incase of product not selling • Planned purchase level: Qty of each product that needs to be procured from the market • Gross margins (diff between cost of goods sold and sales) that each dept contributes to the overall profitability
- 23. Methods of Inventoryplanning • The Basic Stock Method • The Percentage Variation Method • The Week’s Supply Method • The Stock / Sales Ratio Method
- 24. Basic Stock Method •Retailer believes that it is necessary to have a given level of inventory at all times. Min amt of inventory that needs to be maintained for a product ,category or store even during times of low sale • Basic Stock = Avg.stk for the season – Avg mthly sales for the season where, • Average Monthly Sales for the season = Total Planned Sales for the season / No. of months in the season • Avg. stock for the season = Total Planned Sales for the season/Estimated inventory turnover rate for the season. • BOM(Beginning of month) Stock = Planned Monthly Sales + Basic Stock.
- 25. The Percentage VariationMethod • Used when the stock turnover rate is more than 6 times/year • Basic premise is that inventory levels should reflect the actual sales • BOM stock = Avg stock for the season x ½ [1+planned sales for the month / Average Monthly Sales ]
- 26. Weeks Supply • Followedby grocers who follow inventories weekly, and whose sales don’t fluctuate substantially The Week’s Supply Method is calculated as under: No of weeks to be stocked = the number of weeks in the period / Stock turnover rate for the period Avg weekly sales = Estimated total sales for the period / The no. of weeks in the period BOM Stock = Avg weekly sales x no of weeks to be stocked
- 27. Stock to SalesRatio Method • This method is very easy, however requires the retailer to have a beginning of the month stock/sales ratio. This ratio tells the retailer how much inventory is needed for the month. • Stock to Sales Ratio = Value of Inventory / Actual sales • Planned BOM Inventory = Stock – Sales Ratio x Planned Sales
- 28. The Stock TurnoverRate • An effective measure at which products or merchandise moves in and out of retail store at a given period • Stock Turnover Rate = Planned Sales ( for the period) / Planned Average Inventory ( for the period)
- 29. Six month merchandiseplan • Done after a inventory plan, merchandise plan • This plan is prepared for six months • Merchandise budget should be prepared in advance of selling season • Easy to understand • economy is changing, plan for 6 months • Flexible budgets
- 30. The Six MonthMerchandise Plan Six Month Merchandise Budget M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 Total BOM Last Yr Plan Revised Actual Sales Last Yr Plan Revised Actual Reductions Last Yr Plan Revised Actual
- 31. EOM Stock LastYr Plan Revised Actual Retail Purchases Last Yr Plan Revised Actual Purchase Cost Last Yr Plan Revised Actual Initial Mark Up Last Yr Plan Revised Actual
- 32. Gross Margin % Last Yr Plan Revised Actual Onorder EOM Last Yr Plan Revised Actual
- 33. • Depends onthe sales for the month & reductions, merchandise buying can be adjusted. • Maintains relation between stock and sales • Controlling the money to buy – The Open to Buy (OTB) • Limits overbuying & under buying • Prevents loss of sales due to unavailability of required stock • Maintains purchases within the budgeted limits • Reduces markdowns which may arise due to excess buying Merchandise Control- Open to Buy
- 34. Open to Buy •OTB is always calculated for the current and future periods • Open to Buy = Planned EOM Stock – Projected EOM Stock • Projected EOM Stock = Average BOM Stock + Actual Additions to Stock + Actual on Order – Planned Monthly Sale – Planned Reductions for the month
- 35. Assortment Planning • Assortmentis the selection of merchandise a retailer carries. Includes breadth of the product categories and the variety within each category • Need to choose quality of the merchandise- expensive/moderately priced/inexpensive items • Width of assortment: number of distinct goods and services (product lines) a retailer carries • Depth of assortment: Refers to variety in any one goods /service category (product line) a retailer carries
- 36. Brands • As apart of assortment planning, retailer chooses a proper mix of manufacturer, private and generic brands. • Manufacturer brands are produced and controlled by mfgs. Well known ,presold by advts, represent max quality to consumers. Eg Coke,Sony etc • Private /dealer/store brands: Names designated by retailers, more profitable, better controlled ,not sold by competing retailers ,less expensive and may lead to loyalty • Generic brands: Form of private brands have plain packages ,secondary shelf locations etc
- 37. Factors to considerbefore planning Merchandise quality Factor Relevance for planning Target Market Match merchandise quality to wishes of the desired target market Competition Sell similar quality (as that of competition) or different quality to appeal to different target market Retailers image Relate item quality with customer perception of the retailer Store location Impact of location on image which in turn impacts competitors and in turn quality Stock Turnover High quality-high prices yield lower turnover Profitability High quality- high profit, lower quality- more turnover, more profit Mfg vs private brands Mfg brands may connote better quality than store brands for consumers
- 38. Factors to considerbefore planning Merchandise quality Factor Relevance for planning Customer services offered Know that high quality goods require more personal selling, alterations, delivery etc unlike lesser quality merchandise Personnel Employ skilled personnel for higher quality merchandise Perceived goods/service benefits Analyse consumers. Lesser quality – functional benefits. High quality- status/services Constrained decision making Franchisee/chain store managers- no control over products.
- 39.
- 40. Wide & Deep: (many product lines & large variety in each) Advantages • Broad market • Full selection of items • High level of customer traffic • Customer loyalty • One stop shopping • No disappointed customer Disadvantages • High inventory investment • General image • Many items with low turnover • Some obsolete merchandise
- 41. Wide & Shallow: (many product lines & limited variety in each) Advantages • Broad market • High level of customer traffic • Emphasis on convenience customer • One stop shopping • Less costly than wide and deep Disadvantages • Low variety within product lines • Some disappointed customers • Weak image • Many items with low turnover • Reduced customer loyalty
- 42. Narrow &Deep: (fewproduct lines & large variety in each) Advantages • Specialist image • Good customer choice in categories • Specialized personnel • Customer loyalty • No disappointed customers • Less costly than wide and deep Disadvantages • Too much emphasis on one category • No one stop shopping • More susceptible to trends and cycles • Greater effort required to increase the store size • Little/no scrambled merchandizing
- 43. Narrow &Shallow: (fewproduct lines & few variety in each) Advantages • Aimed at convenience customers • Least costly • High turnover of items Disadvantages • Little width and depth • No one stop shopping • Some disappointed customers • Weak image • Limited customer loyalty • Small trading area • Little/no scrambled merchandising
- 44. Depth & Breadthof merchandise DEPARTMENT PRODUCT LINE BREADTH DEPTH STYLES COLOURS SIZES ZODIAC VAN HEUSEN LOUIS PHILLIPPE ARROW SHIRTS TROUSERS ACCESSORIES MENSWEAR
- 45. 7/18/2013 Retailing Management- Swapna Pradhan 45 Model Stock Plan • The model stock plan gives the precise items and quantities that should be on hand for each merchandise line.A model stock plan needs to be compiled for each line of merchandise.
- 46. 7/18/2013 Retailing Management- Swapna Pradhan 46 Steps involved … • Identify the attributes that the customer would consider in buying the product. • Decide on the levels under each attribute. • Allocate the total money or the units to the respective item categories.
- 47. 7/18/2013 Retailing Management- Swapna Pradhan 47 Creating a model stock plan • A retailer has allocated Rs. 1 lakh to buying shirts. Assuming that the purchase price for the shirts is Rs.100, he will be able to stock 1,000 shirts. • Create a model stock plan.
- 48. 7/18/2013 Retailing Management- Swapna Pradhan 48 • Identify the number of levels under each attribute. Type of shirt – Dress, Casual, Formal, Sport Size – Small, Medium, Large, Extra Large Sleeve Length – Full Sleeves, Short Sleeves Collar Type – Saville, Button Down Color – White, Blue, Cream, Grey Fabric – Cotton, Cotton Blend
- 49. 7/18/2013 Retailing Management- Swapna Pradhan 49 Type Dress Casual Formal Sport % of Sales 10 40 20 30 Sizes Small Medium Large Extra Large % of Sales 25 40 25 10 Sleeve Length Full Sleeves Half Sleeves % of Sales 30 70 Allocate the total units to the respective item categories
- 50. 7/18/2013 Retailing Management- Swapna Pradhan 50 Men’s Shirts 100% (1,000) Dress 10% (100) Casual 40% (400) Formal (20%) 200 Sport 30% (300) Small 25% (100) Medium 40% (160) Large 25% (100) Extra Large 10% (40) Full Sleeves 30% (48) Half Sleeves 70% (112) Button Down 40% (45) Saville 60% (67) White 40% (18) Blue 30% (14) Cream 20% (9) Grey 10% (4) Cotton 25% (4) Cotton Blend 75% (14)
- 51.
- 52. Merchandise Category- Aplanning unit • Retail- a business responding to change. • Faces demanding customer, intense competition and pressure on costs • This combination of business condition and advances in technology – created an opportunity for new approach- Category management • A merchandise category is the basic unit of analysis for making merchandising management decisions • A merchandise category is an assortment of items that customers may see as substitutes of each other • Eg A department store- offers all brands, sizes ,colors of girls dresses. A mother before purchase decision may consider whole set. Lower price of one –increase sale of that type but decrease sale of other type. Thus a buyers decision of lowering price and promoting specific SKU may affect sales of other SKU s in that category
- 53. Category management • CategoryManagement can be defined as the distributor / supplier process of managing categories as strategic business units, producing enhanced business results by focusing on delivering consumer value • Thus, a category is an assortment of items that the customer sees as reasonable substitutes of each other.
- 54. Category Management • Afocus for better understanding the customer needs as a basis for the retailers and suppliers, strategies, goals and work processes • Technology and information- key enabler • Use this information to tailor the product according to consumer needs • Offering is aimed at providing customer satisfaction and maximizing returns for the organization • Sometimes results in reevaluation of business practices
- 55. Core Components ofCategory Management Performance Measurement Trading Partner Relationships Information Technology Organisational Capabilities Strategy and Business Process
- 56. Category Management Business Process CategoryDefinition Category Role Category Assessment Category Scorecard Category Strategies Category Tactics Plan Implementation C A T E G O R Y R E V I E w
- 57. Category Definition:Should be based on how the consumer buys. For eg : for a grocery it would be aerated drinks one category, ready to cook meals- another. Category Role: Determines the priority and importance of various categories in overall business Destination category: Main offering for the store For eg Supermarket- groceries Routine or Preferred category : customer buys from that retailer as a routine /habit: Eg toothpaste/soaps Occasional or Seasonal Category :not purchased often Eg umbrellas Convenience Category: finds convenient to purchase from a neighbourhood retailer Eg bread/eggs Category Assessment: Evaluation with respect to the turnover, profits, ROA & the consumers, the market, the retailer & the supplier. Category Performance Measures: Setting measurable targets in terms of Sales, Margins and GMROI (Gross Margin Return on Investment)
- 58. 7/18/2013 Retailing Management- Swapna Pradhan 58 Category Strategies: Traffic building, transaction building, turf defending, profit generating, excitement creating or image enhancing Category Tactics: Assortments, Pricing, Promotions and Merchandise Presentation Plan Implementation Category Review
- 59. The Category Captain •A preferred vendor works with the retailer to develop a better understanding of customer behavior, create assortments that satisfy consumer needs and improve profitability of the merchandise category • Aids the retailer in developing a category • Overall view of the category – focus and networking with different retailers • Eg Kraft foods- supermarkets give Kraft access to store information and competitor sales. Works with store managers regarding assortments, product placement on shelves, promotion, pricing for all brands in that category
- 60. Advantages • Can increaseprofits • Merchandise management easier
- 61. Disadvantages • “Letting afox into henhouse” • Eg Kraft may try to maximize its own sales at expense of competition • Can suggest an assortment plan which includes its SKUs and exclude SKU a which are more profitable to the retailer • Could block smaller brands
- 62. The Category ManagementProcess – Indian Context Deve lop initial merc handi se/ categ ory portf olio Asse ss pote ntial and refin e merc hand ise/ categ ory portf olio Deve lop merc handi se/ categ ory strat egy and tactic al plan Deve lop perfo rman ce criteri a and man age ment metri cs Location Positioning Customers Imple ment plan Review merchandise/ category performance