This ppt is all about Respiratory System in Anatomy and Physiology and to familiarize the importance of the lungs and the parts of our respiratory system
This ppt is all about Respiratory System in Anatomy and Physiology and to familiarize the importance of the lungs and the parts of our respiratory system
it explains the structure of respiratory system, organs involved, volume of air exchanges and review questions to check students knowledge after the chapter is over
Respiratory system
1. Human Respiration {Includes cellular respiration & gas exchange} - Gaurav Pandey
2. Human Respiratory System • Nasal Cavity • Pharynx • Epiglottis • Larynx • Trachea • Bronchi • Bronchioles • Alveoli • Diaphragm
3. 1. Nasal Cavity • Air enters through the nostrils. • The nasal cavity is lined with a ciliated mucus membrane • This cleans, warms, moisturizes the air
4. 2. Pharynx • Place where the oral and nasal cavities meet
5. 3. Epiglottis • A flap of tissue which covers the opening of the trachea during swallowing
6. 4. Larynx • In the top of the trachea • Also called the voice box • It contains vocal chords which allows for speec
the beautiful thing about learning is that no one can take it away from you...so study and hard .....i hope it is helpful to you and its useful for study...best of luck
1 GNM - Anatomy Unit - 6 Respiratory System.pptxthiru murugan
By:M. Thiru murugan
Unit – 6:
The structure and functions of respiratory organs
The physiology of respiration
Characteristics of normal respiration and deviation
Respiratory system
The respiratory system is the one of vital organs that involve in respiration
Play important role in the intake and exchange of O2 and CO2 .
The respiratory system performs two major tasks:
Exchanging air between the body and the outside environment known as external respiration.
Bringing O2 to the cells and removing CO2 from them referred to as internal respiration.
Parts of respiratory system
Upper respiratory tract: (outside thorax)
Nose
Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Nose:
Also called external nares.
Divided into two halves by the nasal septum.
Contains the paranasal sinuses where air is warmed.
Contains cilia which is responsible for filtering out foreign bodies.
Pharynx:
Common space used by both the respiratory and digestive systems. Commonly called the throat.
Start from the nasal and oral cavities and extends inferiorly near the level of the bifurcation of the larynx and esophagus.
There are 3 types:
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Larynx:
Voice box is a short, cylindrical airway - ends in the trachea.
Prevents swallowed materials entering into the lower respiratory tract.
It Passes air into the lower respiratory tract.
Produces sounds.
Supported by cartilage help to held in place by ligaments and muscles.
Voice is produced by vibration of the vocal folds or vocal cords. The vocal folds are a pair of pliable shelves of tissue that stretch across the top of the trachea (windpipe). They are enclosed within the thyroid cartilage. The vocal folds, together with the muscles and cartilages that support them, are known as the larynx.
Biologically, the larynx evolved as a valve to protect the airway and lungs. Thus, it is positioned where the airway and the esophagus separate. The vocal folds open to allow breathing and close during swallowing to prevent food from entering into the lungs and during voicing.
Trachea:
A flexible tube also called windpipe.
Extends through the mediastinum and lies anterior to the esophagus and inferior to the larynx.
Cartilage rings help the trachea to remains open at all times.
Bronchus:
The two large tubes that carry air from your windpipe to your lungs.
Left and right main bronchus in each lung.
Each bronchus divided into bronchioles
Lung:
Each lung has a conical shape. Its wide, concave base rests upon the muscular diaphragm.
Its superior part called the apex
Both lungs are supported anteriorly by thoracic wall, laterally, and posteriorly by the rib cage.
Mediastinum
Left lung: divided into 2 lobes by, smaller than the right lung & cardiac notch accommodates the heart
Right lung: divided into 3 lobes by, located more superiorly in the body due to liver on right side
Pleura:
The outer surface of each lung covered by a layer called pleura.
The outer - parietal pleura & the internal - visceral pleura.
it explains the structure of respiratory system, organs involved, volume of air exchanges and review questions to check students knowledge after the chapter is over
Respiratory system
1. Human Respiration {Includes cellular respiration & gas exchange} - Gaurav Pandey
2. Human Respiratory System • Nasal Cavity • Pharynx • Epiglottis • Larynx • Trachea • Bronchi • Bronchioles • Alveoli • Diaphragm
3. 1. Nasal Cavity • Air enters through the nostrils. • The nasal cavity is lined with a ciliated mucus membrane • This cleans, warms, moisturizes the air
4. 2. Pharynx • Place where the oral and nasal cavities meet
5. 3. Epiglottis • A flap of tissue which covers the opening of the trachea during swallowing
6. 4. Larynx • In the top of the trachea • Also called the voice box • It contains vocal chords which allows for speec
the beautiful thing about learning is that no one can take it away from you...so study and hard .....i hope it is helpful to you and its useful for study...best of luck
1 GNM - Anatomy Unit - 6 Respiratory System.pptxthiru murugan
By:M. Thiru murugan
Unit – 6:
The structure and functions of respiratory organs
The physiology of respiration
Characteristics of normal respiration and deviation
Respiratory system
The respiratory system is the one of vital organs that involve in respiration
Play important role in the intake and exchange of O2 and CO2 .
The respiratory system performs two major tasks:
Exchanging air between the body and the outside environment known as external respiration.
Bringing O2 to the cells and removing CO2 from them referred to as internal respiration.
Parts of respiratory system
Upper respiratory tract: (outside thorax)
Nose
Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Nose:
Also called external nares.
Divided into two halves by the nasal septum.
Contains the paranasal sinuses where air is warmed.
Contains cilia which is responsible for filtering out foreign bodies.
Pharynx:
Common space used by both the respiratory and digestive systems. Commonly called the throat.
Start from the nasal and oral cavities and extends inferiorly near the level of the bifurcation of the larynx and esophagus.
There are 3 types:
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Larynx:
Voice box is a short, cylindrical airway - ends in the trachea.
Prevents swallowed materials entering into the lower respiratory tract.
It Passes air into the lower respiratory tract.
Produces sounds.
Supported by cartilage help to held in place by ligaments and muscles.
Voice is produced by vibration of the vocal folds or vocal cords. The vocal folds are a pair of pliable shelves of tissue that stretch across the top of the trachea (windpipe). They are enclosed within the thyroid cartilage. The vocal folds, together with the muscles and cartilages that support them, are known as the larynx.
Biologically, the larynx evolved as a valve to protect the airway and lungs. Thus, it is positioned where the airway and the esophagus separate. The vocal folds open to allow breathing and close during swallowing to prevent food from entering into the lungs and during voicing.
Trachea:
A flexible tube also called windpipe.
Extends through the mediastinum and lies anterior to the esophagus and inferior to the larynx.
Cartilage rings help the trachea to remains open at all times.
Bronchus:
The two large tubes that carry air from your windpipe to your lungs.
Left and right main bronchus in each lung.
Each bronchus divided into bronchioles
Lung:
Each lung has a conical shape. Its wide, concave base rests upon the muscular diaphragm.
Its superior part called the apex
Both lungs are supported anteriorly by thoracic wall, laterally, and posteriorly by the rib cage.
Mediastinum
Left lung: divided into 2 lobes by, smaller than the right lung & cardiac notch accommodates the heart
Right lung: divided into 3 lobes by, located more superiorly in the body due to liver on right side
Pleura:
The outer surface of each lung covered by a layer called pleura.
The outer - parietal pleura & the internal - visceral pleura.
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2. Organs of the Respiratory
system
• Nose
• Pharynx
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Lungs –
alveoli
Figure 13.1
3. Function of the Respiratory
System
• Oversees gas exchanges between the
blood and external environment
• Exchange of gasses takes place within
the alveoli
• Passageways to the lungs purify, warm,
and humidify the incoming air
4. The Nose
• The only externally visible part of the
respiratory system
• Air enters the nose through the external
nares (nostrils)
• The interior of the nose consists of a nasal
cavity divided by a nasal septum
6. Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity
• Olfactory receptors are located in the
mucosa on the superior surface
• The rest of the cavity is lined with
respiratory mucosa
Moistens air
Traps incoming foreign particles
7. Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity
• Lateral walls have projections called
conchae
Increases surface area
Increases air turbulence within the nasal
cavity
• The nasal cavity is separated from the oral
cavity by the palate
Anterior hard palate (bone)
Posterior soft palate (muscle)
8. Paranasal Sinuses
• Cavities within bones surrounding the
nasal cavity
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
Maxillary bone
9. Paranasal Sinuses
• Function of the sinuses
Lighten the skull
Act as resonance chambers for speech
Produce mucus that drains into the nasal
cavity Produce mucus that drains into the
nasal cavity
10. Pharynx (Throat)
• Muscular passage from nasal cavity to
larynx
• Three regions of the pharynx
Nasopharynx – superior region behind nasal
cavity
Oropharynx – middle region behind mouth
Laryngopharynx – inferior region attached to
larynx
• The oropharynx and laryngopharynx are
common passageways for air and food
11. Structures of the Pharynx
• Auditory tubes enter the nasopharynx
• Tonsils of the pharynx
Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) in the
nasopharynx
Palatine tonsils in the oropharynx
Lingual tonsils at the base of the tongue
12. Larynx (Voice Box)
• Routes air and food into proper channels
• Plays a role in speech
• Made of eight rigid hyaline cartilages and
a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage
(epiglottis)
• Vocal cords - vibrate with expelled air to
create sound (speech)
13. Structures of the Larynx
• Thyroid cartilage
Largest hyaline cartilage
Protrudes anteriorly (Adam’s apple)
• Epiglottis
Superior opening of the larynx
Routes food to the larynx and air toward the
trachea
• Glottis – opening between vocal cords
14. Trachea (Windpipe)
• Connects larynx with bronchi
• Lined with ciliated mucosa
Beat continuously in the opposite direction of
incoming air
Expel mucus loaded with dust and other
debris away from lungs
• Walls are reinforced with C-shaped
hyaline cartilage
15. Primary Bronchi
• Formed by division of the trachea
• Enters the lung at the hilus
(medial depression)
• Right bronchus is wider, shorter,
and straighter than left
• Bronchi subdivide into smaller
and smaller branches
16. Lungs
• Ocupy most of the thoracic cavity
Apex is near the clavicle (superior
portion)
Each lung is divided into lobes by
fissures
Left lung – two lobes
Right lung – three lobes
18. Coverings of the Lungs
• Pulmonary (visceral) pleura covers the
lung surface
• Parietal pleura lines the walls of the
thoracic cavity
• Pleural fluid fills the area between layers
of pleura to allow gliding
20. Bronchioles
• Smallest
branches of the
bronchi
• All but the
smallest
branches have
reinforcing
cartilage
• Terminal
bronchioles end
in alveoli
Figure 13.5a
22. Alveoli
• Structure of alveoli
Alveolar duct
Alveolar sac
Alveolus
• Gas exchange takes place within the
alveoli in the respiratory membrane
• Squamous epithelial lining alveolar walls
• Covered with pulmonary capillaries on
external surfaces
24. Gas Exchange
• Gas crosses the respiratory membrane by
diffusion
Oxygen enters the blood
Carbon dioxide enters the alveoli
• Macrophages add protection
• Surfactant coats gas-exposed alveolar
surfaces
25. Events of Respiration
• Pulmonary ventilation – moving air in and
out of the lungs
• External respiration – gas exchange
between pulmonary blood and alveoli
26. Events of Respiration
• Respiratory gas transport – transport of
oxygen and carbon dioxide via the
bloodstream
• Internal respiration – gas exchange
between blood and tissue cells in systemic
capillaries
27. Mechanics of Breathing
(Pulmonary Ventilation)
• Mechanical process
• Depends on volume changes in the
thoracic cavity
• Volume changes lead to pressure
changes, which lead to equalize pressure
of flow of gases
• 2 phases
Inspiration – flow of air into lung
Expiration – air leaving lung
28. Inspiration
• Diaphragm and
intercostal muscles
contract
• The size of the
thoracic cavity
increases
• External air is pulled
into the lungs due to
an increase in
intrapulmonary
volume
29. Expiration
• Passive process dependent up on natural
lung elasticity
• As muscles relax, air is pushed out of the
lungs
• Forced expiration can occur mostly by
contracting internal intercostal muscles to
depress the rib cage
31. Pressure Differences in the
Thoracic Cavity
• Normal pressure within the pleural space
is always negative (intrapleural pressure)
• Differences in lung and pleural space
pressures keep lungs from collapsing
32. Nonrespiratory Air Movements
• Caused by reflexes or voluntary actions
• Examples
Cough and sneeze – clears lungs of debris
Laughing
Crying
Yawn
Hiccup
33. Respiratory Volumes and
Capacities
• Normal breathing moves about 500 ml of air with
each breath - tidal volume (TV)
• Many factors that affect respiratory capacity
A person’s size
Sex
Age
Physical condition
• Residual volume of air – after exhalation, about
1200 ml of air remains in the lungs
34. Respiratory Volumes and
Capacities
• Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Amount of air that can be taken in forcibly
over the tidal volume
Usually between 2100 and 3200 ml
• Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled
Approximately 1200 ml
• Residual volume
Air remaining in lung after expiration
About 1200 ml
35. Respiratory Volumes and
Capacities
• Functional volume
Air that actually
reaches the
respiratory zone
Usually about 350
ml
• Respiratory capacities
are measured with a
spirometer
36. Respiratory Sounds
• Sounds are monitored with a stethoscope
• Bronchial sounds – produced by air
rushing through trachea and bronchi
• Vesicular breathing sounds – soft sounds
of air filling alveoli
37. External Respiration
• Oxygen movement into the blood
The alveoli always has more oxygen than the
blood
Oxygen moves by diffusion towards the area
of lower concentration
Pulmonary capillary blood gains oxygen
38. External Respiration
• Carbon dioxide movement out of the blood
Blood returning from tissues has higher
concentrations of carbon dioxide than air in
the alveoli
Pulmonary capillary blood gives up carbon
dioxide
• Blood leaving the lungs is oxygen-rich and
carbon dioxide-poor
39. Gas Transport in the Blood
• Oxygen transport in the blood
Inside red blood cells attached to hemoglobin
(oxyhemoglobin [HbO2])
A small amount is carried dissolved in the
plasma
• Carbon dioxide transport in the blood
Most is transported in the plasma as
bicarbonate ion (HCO3–)
A small amount is carried inside red blood
cells on hemoglobin, but at different binding
sites than those of oxygen
40. Internal Respiration
• Exchange of gases between blood and
body cells
• An opposite reaction to what occurs in the
lungs
Carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissue to blood
Oxygen diffuses from blood into tissue
42. Neural Regulation of
Respiration
• Activity of respiratory muscles is transmitted to
the brain by the phrenic and intercostal nerves
• Neural centers that control rate & depth are
located in the medulla
• The pons appears to smooth out respiratory rate
• Normal respiratory rate (eupnea) is 12–15 min.
• Hypernia is increased respiratory rate often due
to extra oxygen needs
43. Factors Influencing Respiratory
Rate and Depth
• Physical factors
Increased body temperature
Exercise
Talking
Coughing
• Volition (conscious control)
• Emotional factors
44. Factors Influencing Respiratory
Rate and Depth
• Chemical factors
Carbon dioxide levels
Level of carbon dioxide in the blood is
the main regulatory chemical for respiration
Increased carbon dioxide increases
respiration
Changes in carbon dioxide act directly
on the medulla oblongata
45. Factors Influencing Respiratory
Rate and Depth
• Chemical factors (continued)
Oxygen levels
Changes in oxygen concentration in the
blood are detected by chemoreceptors in
the aorta and carotid artery
Information is sent to the medulla
oblongata
46. Respiratory Disorders:
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
(COPD)
• Exemplified by chronic bronchitis and
emphysema
• Major causes of death and disability in the
United States
• Features of these diseases
Patients have a history of smoking
Labored breathing (dyspnea)
Coughing and frequent pulmonary infections
47. Respiratory Disorders:
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
(COPD)
• Features of these diseases (cont.’)
Most victims retain carbon dioxide
Have hypoxic and respiratory acidosis
Those infected will ultimately develop
respiratory failure
48. Emphysema
• Alveoli enlarge as adjacent chambers break
through
• Chronic inflammation promotes lung fibrosis
• Airways collapse during expiration
• Patients use a large amount of energy to exhale
• Over-inflation of the lungs leads to a barrel chest
• Cyanosis appears late in the disease
49. Chronic Bronchitis
• Inflammation of the mucosa of the lower
respiratory passages
• Mucus production increases
• Pooled mucus impairs ventilation & gas
exchange
• Risk of lung infection increases
• Pneumonia is common
• Hypoxia and cyanosis occur early
50. Lung Cancer
• Accounts for 1/3 of all cancer deaths in the
United States
• Increased incidence associated with
smoking
• Three common types
Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Small cell carcinoma
51. Sudden Infant Death syndrome
(SIDS)
• Healthy infant stops breathing and dies
during sleep
• Some cases are thought to be a problem
of the neural respiratory control center
• 1/3 of cases appear to be due to heart
rhythm abnormalities
52. Asthma
• Chronic inflammation if the bronchiole
passages
• Response to irritants with dyspnea, coughing,
and wheezing
53. Developmental Aspects of the
Respiratory System
• Lungs are filled with fluid in the fetus
• Lungs are not fully inflated with air until
two weeks after birth
• Surfactant that lowers alveolar surface
tension is not present until late in fetal
development and may not be present in
premature babies
54. Developmental Aspects of the
Respiratory System
• Important birth defects
Cystic fibrosis – over-secretion of thick
mucus clogs the respiratory system
Cleft palate
55. Aging Effects
• Elasticity of lungs decreases
• Vital capacity decreases
• Blood oxygen levels decrease
• Stimulating effects of carbon dioxide
decreases
• More risks of respiratory tract infection
56. Respiratory Rate Changes
Throughout Life
Respiration rate:
• Newborns – 40 to 80 min.
• Infants – 30 min.
• Age 5 – 25 min.
• Adults – 12 to 18 min
• Rate often increases with old age