The document summarizes the key parts and functions of the human respiratory system including the nasal cavity, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and diaphragm. It also describes gas exchange that occurs in the lungs where oxygen diffuses into blood cells and carbon dioxide diffuses out. The process of breathing is explained including how inhalation and exhalation are controlled by the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to expand and contract the chest cavity.

1. Human Respiration
{Includes cellular respiration & gas exchange}
- Gaurav Pandey

2. Human Respiratory System
• Nasal Cavity
• Pharynx
• Epiglottis
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Bronchioles
• Alveoli
• Diaphragm

4. 1. Nasal Cavity
• Air enters through the nostrils.
• The nasal cavity is lined with a ciliated mucus
membrane
• This cleans, warms, moisturizes the air

5. 2. Pharynx
• Place where the oral and nasal cavities meet

6. 3. Epiglottis
• A flap of tissue which covers the opening of the
trachea during swallowing

7. 4. Larynx
• In the top of the trachea
• Also called the voice box
• It contains vocal chords which allows for speech
• Bigger in males; a deeper voice requires longer
chords, and a bigger housing to keep them in

8. 5. Trachea
• Called the windpipe
• Tube in which air travels from the pharynx to the
lungs
• Lined with a ciliated mucus membrane
• Ringed with cartilage; keeps tube open during
breathing

9. 6. Bronchi
• Singular: Bronchus
• A branching of the trachea
• Lined with a mucus membrane and ringed with
cartilage
• There are two of these in the body

10. 7. Bronchioles
• A branching of the bronchi
• Lined with a mucus membrane
• Ends in alveoli

11. 8. Alveoli
• Singular: Alveolus
• Lungs contain millions of these
• Grape-shaped structures
• The walls of these are thin and moist
• Surrounded by capillaries
• 1 cell layer thick
• Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into capillaries
• Carbon dioxide and water diffuse from capillaries and are
exhaled

12. 6-8. LUNG
• Each bronchus with it’s bronchioles and alveoli make
up a lung

13. 9. Diaphragm
• A muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity
• It changes the pressure in the chest, causes breathing

14. Figure 42.23ab The mammalian respiratory system

15. Gas Exchange
• Oxygen diffuses from alveolicapillaries
• It loosely bonds to hemoglobin, forming oxyhemoglobin
• The oxygen separates from the blood in the body tissues
• Carbon Dioxide and water diffuse from cells into capillaries
• Carbon dioxide is carried in the form of bicarbonate ions
(HCO3-)
• In lungs, these wastes diffuse from the capillaries into alveoli

16. Breathing
• Air moves into and out of lungs
• Lungs contain no muscles, but are elastic, so how do you
breathe?
• By pressure changes in the chest caused by:
• Changes in the diaphragm and intercostal muscles: muscles
between ribs which causes the rib cage to get bigger and
smaller

17. Inhalation
• Ribs push up and out
• The diaphragm moves down
• Makes the chest cavity bigger, which reduces pressure
around the lungs
• Air rushes in from the outside to fill the lungs

18. Exhalation
• Ribs move in and down
• Diaphragm moves up
• These make the chest cavity smaller, increasing the
pressure, air leaves the lungs

19. Breathing

20. Breathing Rate
• Controlled by medulla in brain
• Breathing center in brain senses CO2 levels in blood
• When CO2 is high, impulses are sent to diaphragm
which increases breathing rate
• As CO2 levels drop, breathing slows
• This is called a negative feedback mechanism

21. Disorders of the Respiratory System
• Asthma: Allergic reaction where bronchial tubes narrow and
make breathing difficult
• Bronchitis: Inflammation of bronchial tube linings. Swelling
causes air passages to become narrowed and mucus filled.
Coughing and difficulty breathing is a result
• Emphysema: Walls of the alveoli break down. This decreases
surface area. Shortness of breath, difficulty in breathing,
decreased lung capacity is a result

22. RESPIRATION
The manufacture of ATP from glucose

23. Cellular Respiration
A series of enzyme-controlled reactions in which the
chemical bond energy released by the breakdown of
glucose is transferred to the bonds of ATP.
• This happens in the mitochondria for aerobic cellular
respiration
• It happens in the cytoplasm for anaerobic cellular
respiration

24. Adenosine Triphosphate(ATP)
• The only useable form of energy for living cells

25. ATPADP + P Conversions
• When ATP is hydrolyzed, Adenosine Diphosphate
(ADP) and a phosphate (P) is produced, and
ENERGY is released. This energy is used for the
reactions of cell metabolism

26. Anaerobic Respiration
Anaerobic: Without Air
• Also called fermentation
• Lactic Acid Fermentation: In bacteria and animal
muscle cells: Glucose2 lactic acid + 2ATP
• Alcoholic Fermentation:In yeast: Glucose2
Alcohol + 2CO2 + 2ATP

27. Products of Fermentation
Lactic Acid:
• Cheese
• Buttermilk
• Yogurt
• Dill pickles
Alcoholic:
• Baking
• Wine/ Beer/ Liquor

28. Aerobic Respiration
• Happens WITH oxygen
• Here’s the Reaction:
C6H12O6+6O26H2O+6CO2+36ATP
How much more efficient is this than anaerobic
respiration as far as ATP production is concerned?
Why is this?

29. THANKS