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Respiratory system
The document summarizes the key parts and functions of the human respiratory system including the nasal cavity, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and diaphragm. It also describes gas exchange that occurs in the lungs where oxygen diffuses into blood cells and carbon dioxide diffuses out. The process of breathing is explained including how inhalation and exhalation are controlled by the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to expand and contract the chest cavity.
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Respiratory system
- 1. Human Respiration {Includes cellularrespiration & gas exchange} - Gaurav Pandey
- 2. Human Respiratory System •Nasal Cavity • Pharynx • Epiglottis • Larynx • Trachea • Bronchi • Bronchioles • Alveoli • Diaphragm
- 4. 1. Nasal Cavity •Air enters through the nostrils. • The nasal cavity is lined with a ciliated mucus membrane • This cleans, warms, moisturizes the air
- 5. 2. Pharynx • Placewhere the oral and nasal cavities meet
- 6. 3. Epiglottis • Aflap of tissue which covers the opening of the trachea during swallowing
- 7. 4. Larynx • Inthe top of the trachea • Also called the voice box • It contains vocal chords which allows for speech • Bigger in males; a deeper voice requires longer chords, and a bigger housing to keep them in
- 8. 5. Trachea • Calledthe windpipe • Tube in which air travels from the pharynx to the lungs • Lined with a ciliated mucus membrane • Ringed with cartilage; keeps tube open during breathing
- 9. 6. Bronchi • Singular:Bronchus • A branching of the trachea • Lined with a mucus membrane and ringed with cartilage • There are two of these in the body
- 10. 7. Bronchioles • Abranching of the bronchi • Lined with a mucus membrane • Ends in alveoli
- 11. 8. Alveoli • Singular:Alveolus • Lungs contain millions of these • Grape-shaped structures • The walls of these are thin and moist • Surrounded by capillaries • 1 cell layer thick • Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into capillaries • Carbon dioxide and water diffuse from capillaries and are exhaled
- 12. 6-8. LUNG • Eachbronchus with it’s bronchioles and alveoli make up a lung
- 13. 9. Diaphragm • Amuscle at the bottom of the chest cavity • It changes the pressure in the chest, causes breathing
- 14. Figure 42.23ab Themammalian respiratory system
- 15. Gas Exchange • Oxygendiffuses from alveolicapillaries • It loosely bonds to hemoglobin, forming oxyhemoglobin • The oxygen separates from the blood in the body tissues • Carbon Dioxide and water diffuse from cells into capillaries • Carbon dioxide is carried in the form of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) • In lungs, these wastes diffuse from the capillaries into alveoli
- 16. Breathing • Air movesinto and out of lungs • Lungs contain no muscles, but are elastic, so how do you breathe? • By pressure changes in the chest caused by: • Changes in the diaphragm and intercostal muscles: muscles between ribs which causes the rib cage to get bigger and smaller
- 17. Inhalation • Ribs pushup and out • The diaphragm moves down • Makes the chest cavity bigger, which reduces pressure around the lungs • Air rushes in from the outside to fill the lungs
- 18. Exhalation • Ribs movein and down • Diaphragm moves up • These make the chest cavity smaller, increasing the pressure, air leaves the lungs
- 19.
- 20. Breathing Rate • Controlledby medulla in brain • Breathing center in brain senses CO2 levels in blood • When CO2 is high, impulses are sent to diaphragm which increases breathing rate • As CO2 levels drop, breathing slows • This is called a negative feedback mechanism
- 21. Disorders of theRespiratory System • Asthma: Allergic reaction where bronchial tubes narrow and make breathing difficult • Bronchitis: Inflammation of bronchial tube linings. Swelling causes air passages to become narrowed and mucus filled. Coughing and difficulty breathing is a result • Emphysema: Walls of the alveoli break down. This decreases surface area. Shortness of breath, difficulty in breathing, decreased lung capacity is a result
- 22. RESPIRATION The manufacture ofATP from glucose
- 23. Cellular Respiration A seriesof enzyme-controlled reactions in which the chemical bond energy released by the breakdown of glucose is transferred to the bonds of ATP. • This happens in the mitochondria for aerobic cellular respiration • It happens in the cytoplasm for anaerobic cellular respiration
- 24. Adenosine Triphosphate(ATP) • Theonly useable form of energy for living cells
- 25. ATPADP + PConversions • When ATP is hydrolyzed, Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) and a phosphate (P) is produced, and ENERGY is released. This energy is used for the reactions of cell metabolism
- 26. Anaerobic Respiration Anaerobic: WithoutAir • Also called fermentation • Lactic Acid Fermentation: In bacteria and animal muscle cells: Glucose2 lactic acid + 2ATP • Alcoholic Fermentation:In yeast: Glucose2 Alcohol + 2CO2 + 2ATP
- 27. Products of Fermentation LacticAcid: • Cheese • Buttermilk • Yogurt • Dill pickles Alcoholic: • Baking • Wine/ Beer/ Liquor
- 28. Aerobic Respiration • HappensWITH oxygen • Here’s the Reaction: C6H12O6+6O26H2O+6CO2+36ATP How much more efficient is this than anaerobic respiration as far as ATP production is concerned? Why is this?
- 29.