This document defines key vocabulary related to machines and their operation. It describes six simple machines - the lever, inclined plane, wheel and axle, pulley, wedge, and screw. Each simple machine is defined and examples are provided of how it multiplies force or changes the direction of force. The document also explains how machines transfer energy and do work, noting that their efficiency is always less than 100% due to energy lost to friction and other forces. It provides the formulas for calculating mechanical advantage and defines compound machines.

2. Vocabulary
 Machine: any device that makes doing
work easier
 Mechanical advantage: the # of times a
machine multiplies the input force;
 MA= output force/ input force
 Efficiency: the percentage of the input
work done on a machine that the machine
can return in output work;
 E=output work/input work ● 100

3. Vocabulary
 Simple machine: one of the basic
machines that makes doing work easier
1. lever
2. Inclined plane
3. Wheel and axle
4. Pulley
5. Wedge
6. Screw

4. Vocabulary
 Compound Machine: a machine that is made up
of two or more simple machines
 Nanotechnology: the science and technology of
building electronic circuits and devices from
single atoms and molecules
 Robot: a machine that works automatically or by
remote control
 Fulcrum: a fixed point around which a lever
rotates

5. Lever
 A solid bar that
rotates, or turns,
around a fixed point
(fulcrum);

6. First Class Lever
 Fulcrum is
between the effort
force and load
 See Saw

7. Second Class Lever
 The load is in
between the effort
and fulcrum
 Wheel barrow

8. Third Class Lever
 Fulcrum is near the
effort force and
load is at the other
end
 Fishing pole

9. Inclined Plane
 A simple machine
that is a sloping
surface

10. Wheel and axle
 A simple machine that
is a wheel attached to
a shaft, or axle

11. Pulley
 A wheel with a
grooved rim that turns
on an axle

12. Wedge
 A simple machine that has a thick end and
a thin end; used to cut, split, or pierce
objects, or hold objects together

13. Screw
 A simple machine that
is an inclined plane
wrapped around a
cylinder; used to raise
and lower weights as
well as to fasten
objects

14. Machines help people do work
1. Machines change the way a force is
applied
a. If a machine decreases the amount of
force needed to do the work, the
distance over which that force must be
applied increases.
b. A machine can change the direction of
an applied force

15.  Input force (effort): the force exerted on a
machine.
 Output force: the force exerted on an
object by a machine
 The number of times the machine
multiplies the input force is the machine’s
mechanical advantage

16. 2. Work transfers energy
a. A machine increases the potential or
kinetic energy of an object by doing work on
it.
b. For a certain amount of work, if distance
increases, force decreases.

17. 3. Output work is always less than input
work
a. Efficiency
(output work/input work ● 100)
b. No real machine is 100 % efficient.
c. Machines lose energy due to friction
d. Machines lose energy due to air
resistance (car design, helmet design,
airplane design)

18. 4. The mechanical advantage (MA) of a machine
can be calculated
(MA= Output force/Input force)
5. Modern technology uses compound machines
(machines made up of two or more simple
machines)
6. Modern technology creates new uses for
machines
a. nanotechnology (building with atoms and
molecules)
b. robots

19. Simple Machine 2 examples of where these
machines can be found
Lever 1.
2.
Inclined Plane 1.
2.
Wheel & Axle 1.
2.
Pulley 1.
2.
Wedge 1.
2.
Screw 1.
2.