The epithelium lining the respiratory tract from the nasal fossa through the bronchi is called the respiratory mucosa and is characterized by a pseudostratified ciliated epithelium with abundant non-ciliated cells known as goblet cells. - [Source: medcell.med.yale.edu/histology/respiratory_system_lab.php]
The epithelium lining the respiratory tract from the nasal fossa through the bronchi is called the respiratory mucosa and is characterized by a pseudostratified ciliated epithelium with abundant non-ciliated cells known as goblet cells. - [Source: medcell.med.yale.edu/histology/respiratory_system_lab.php]
The above Presentation is related to the Lungs Histology for 1st year MBBS student. it covers the trachea, lungs, bronchi upto the level of Alveoli. Also, it will help students to learn that what different type of epithelium are present at which region.
The above Presentation is related to the Lungs Histology for 1st year MBBS student. it covers the trachea, lungs, bronchi upto the level of Alveoli. Also, it will help students to learn that what different type of epithelium are present at which region.
11.10.08(d): Histology of the Respiratory TractOpen.Michigan
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M1 Cardiovascular / Respiratory sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Cardio
Join live classes, download study aids, sell your documents, join or host your own classes online, get tutoring, tutor students, take practices tests and more at Examville.com
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
2. VENTILATING PORTION:
- diaphragm, intercostal muscles,
elastic tissue in lungs
- means by which air is moved in
and out of lungs continuously
CONDUCTING PORTION:
- nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea,
bronchi, bronchioles, terminal
bronchioles
- warm/cool, humidify, filter &
conduct incoming air to
respiratory passageways
- lined with respiratory epithelium
RESPIRATORY PORTION:
-respiratory bronchioles, alveolar
ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli
-site of exchange of O2 and CO2
between blood and alveoli
3 DIVISIONS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Nasal cavity
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Br
B
RB
AD
A
Lung
Diaphragm
3. NASAL CAVITY & PARANASAL AIR SINUSES
- Respiratory area is lined with pseudostratified
ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
and is highly vascularized
- Olfactory area (roof of nasal cavity and superior concha) is lined with olfactory
epithelium – specialized bipolar (sensory) neurons with sustentacular
(supporting) cells and basal cells (stem cells)
SAGITTAL VIEW CORONAL VIEW
O
R
4. CELLS OF RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM
•Ciliated cells – most abundant, tall with basal nuclei, lots of
mitochondria to provide ATP for ciliary beating of mucus
and its’ trapped particulate matter.
•Goblet cells - ~30% of cells, have narrow basal stem
containing nucleus and most organelles and apical theca
containing mucinogen which becomes hydrated to form
mucus.
•Basal cells – ~30% of cells, lie on basal lamina, do not reach
apical surface. Undifferentiated stem cells that will give rise
to other cell types.
•Brush cells - ~3% of cells, narrow columnar cells with tall
microvilli. Thought to have sensory receptors on basal
surfaces and act as sensory receptors.
•DNES cells -~3% of cells – have numerous small granules in
their basal cytoplasm whose contents act on other cells of the
respiratory epithelium
7. OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM
•Olfactory cells – bipolar neurones, apical dendrite ends in olfactory vesicle
from which non-motile cilia with receptors for odiferous substances arise. When
a threshold level of receptors are occupied an action potential is generated and
transmitted to the olfactory bulb via axon which passes through cribiform plate
to synapse in olfactory bulb.
•Sustentacular cells – tall columnar cells with microvilli. Provide physical
support, nourishment and electrical insulation for olfactory cells.
•Basal cells – stem cells to replace olfactory and sustentacular cells.
•Bowman’s glands – provide serous fluid to refresh olfactory cilia.
Basal cell
Olfactory cell
Sustentacular cell
Bowman’s gland
Dendrite
Olfactory vesicle
Olfactory cilia
9. THE PHARYNX
The NASOPHARYNX
serves only as an air
passageway. It is lined with
pseudostratified ciliated
columnar epithelium
The OROPHARYNX and
LARYNGOPHARYNX
serve as passageways for
both air and food. They are
lined with stratified
squamous epithelium (for
protection).
The muscular wall of the entire pharynx consists of skeletal muscle
13. THE
TRACHEA
•Mucosa lined with respiratory epithelium which continuously
propels mucus and debris towards the larynx
•Seromucous glands in submucosa help produce mucus ‘sheets’
•16-20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage prevent the trachea
from collapsing. Closed posteriorly by trachealis (smooth) muscle
- allows oesophagus to expand anteriorly when swallowing.
•10cm long,
2.5cm diam.
flexible tube,
divides at
carina (T4)
into right and
left primary
bronchi
16. BRONCHI
•Primary bronchi run obliquely in the mediastinum, enter lung
where they subdivide into secondary and tertiary bronchi
•Mucosa and submucosa similar to trachea. Inc. smooth muscle &
elastic fibers in lamina propria. Mixed glands in submucosa.
•Plates of hyaline cartilage encircle bronchus and prevent collapse.
18. WALL OF A BRONCHUS
Hyaline
cartilage
Respiratory epithelium
Lumen
Blood vessels and glands
19. Alveoli (surrounded
by fine elastic fibers)
Bronchus (cartilage &
smooth muscle in wall)
Bronchiole ( no
cartilage, just smooth
muscle in wall)
Terminal bronchiole
Respiratory bronchiole
(alveoli off walls)
Alveolar duct
Alveolar
capillary
network
20. CELLS LINING BRONCHIOLES
Ciliated
cell
Basal
cell
Clara
cell
Clara (bronchiolar) cells – columnar cells with domed
apices and short blunt microvilli. Apical cytoplasm filled
with secretory granules containing surfactant-like
material that reduces surface tension and faciliates
patency of bronchioles. Cells also degrade inhaled toxins.
21. BRONCHIOLE
As tubes become smaller, resp. epithelium
becomes lower with fewer goblet and
ciliated cells. Terminal bronchioles are
lined with simple cuboidal epithelium.
Proportion of smooth muscle increases
allowing for constriction (para.) and
dilation (symp.) of airways.
Lumen
Smooth
muscle
Clara
cells
25. ALVEOLI
Type II cells
Capillary
Dust cell (macrophage)
Type I cell
Capillary
Alveolus
(airspace)
~ 250 million alveoli in lungs provide 140m2
of surface area for
gaseous exchange
Interalveolar septumSurfactant
26. CELLS OF ALVEOLAR WALLS
•Type I cells (squamous alveolar cells) - highly attenuated, cover
97% of surface area of alveolus, organelles grouped around
nucleus so most cytoplasm virtually free of organelles. Joined to
other type I and type II cells by tight junctions to prevent leakage
of fluid into air space. Basement membrane fuses with that of
endothelial cell to minimise thickness of respiratory membrane.
•Type II cells (septal cells) – account for 60% of alveolar cells but
only 3% of surface area. Cytoplasm filled with lamellar bodies
which contain surfactant that lowers alveolar surface tension.
They divide to form new Type II and type I cells.
•Alveolar macrophages (dust cells) – derived from monocytes,
found in alveolar septa, migrate between type I cells to enter
lumen of alveolus, phagocytose dust and bacteria and migrate to
bronchioles where ciliary action carries them to the pharynx to be
swallowed. Over 2 million dust cells are cleared per hr.
27. ALVEOLI & INTERALVEOLAR SEPTUM
Alveolar pores connect adjacent alveoli – allow for equalization
of pressure and alternate routes for blocked passages
Type II cell Type I cell
Endothelial cell
Capillary
Dust cell
Alveolar poresAlveoli
Respiratory
membrane
28. THE BLOOD-AIR BARRIER
•Surfactant
•Type I cell
•Basement membrane
•Endothelial cell
Barrier is extremely
thin
(15 times thinner than a
piece of paper) to
facilitate gaseous
exchange
Red
blood
cell
Endothelium
Type I cell
Fused
basal
laminae
Alveolus
