1. RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2OcGgJbiUk&feature=related
Air-conducting system Respiratory portion
-nasal cavity Functions Functions
-Transport of air Lungs Respiratory - Exchange
-pharynx
-Air conditioning between air and blood
-larynx
-trachea
Nonrespiratory:
-bronchi (see bellow)
-terminal bronchiola

2. RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
Air-conducting system General characteristics:
1. Type of structure - hollow tube with
layered wall
2. Wall includes 4 layers
- Mucosa
- Submucosa – LCT+glands+vascular
plexus
- Cartilageneous layer – Hyaline or
elastic cartilage
- Adventitia – LCT
3. Mucosa contains 3 layers:
- Epithelium
- Lamina propria
- Muscularis mucosae (present only
in bronchial tree)

3. RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
Mucosa characteristics:
1. Epithelium – Simple pseudostratified
ciliated
2. Lamina propria – LCT + Microvessels
3. Muscularis mucosae – Smooth muscle
tissue
(in bronchial tree)
Lamina propria includes:
- Capillaries Structural determinantes of:
- Mast cells (histamine, serotonin, - air filtering – mucociliary barrier
leucotrienes) (epithelium)
- Plasma cells (IgAs) - moistening – mucus of SM glands
- Macrophages (cytokines) - warming – blood in numerous vessels
- APC (induce immune reaction) of mucosa and submucosa
- lymphocytes (regulators and effector
cells)

4. RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
Pseudostratified ciliaced epitheium
cells:
1. Ciliated cell (columnar shape, ciliae,
mitochondriae)
2. Goblet cell (un-stained mucous granules,
pressed nucleus)
3. Basal cell (short, high NC-index, immature)
4. Dendritic cells (APC, processes, MHC II)
5. Endocrine cell (short, with basal granules)
6. Exocrine (Clar`s) cell
7. Brush cell (apical microvilli, afferenr nerve in
basal pole)
8. Intraepithelial lymphocytes

5. RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
Upper airways Small bronchi and
bronchiols
1-2 rows of cells
Clara`s cells
Dendritic cells
Neuroendocrine bodies
Brush cells
Many rows
Many ciliated and goblet cells

6. RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM

7. Mechanisms of air
filtration
Mucociliary apparatus
-Ciliated cells
-Goblet cell
- SM-glands
Mucus – adsorbtion of particles
Ciliae – movement of mucous
layer up

8. Mechanisms of air
filtration
Factors affecting MCA
-Temperature (>40, <-10)
- biologically active substances
- cytokines
- mitocondriae dysfunction
- mictotubules assembling
+dynein
- mucus viscosity
Cistic fibrosis
Abnomality of exocrine
Kartagener syndrome glands secretion
Primary ciliary dyskinesia Mutation of PM-protein

9. Regulation of MCA

10. Regulation of MCA
Neurotransmitters Epithelial cells
-Norepinephrine produce:
-Acethylcholine -Growth factors
-Cytokines
Hormones -Chemokines
-Glucocorticoids
- Serotonin To regulate:
- Epinephrine - Blood flow
- permeability of
Diffuse endocrine system vascular endothelium
-Histamin - leukocytes recritment
-Bombesin - inflammation
- regeneration
Mediators of inflammation
-Prostaglandines
-Leucotrienes
- Cytokines

11. Nasal cavity Clinical points
Sinusitis
Nasal cavity
Lined by stratified squamous and pseudostratified epithelium,
Superior third of nasal septum, superior turbinate and
cribriform plate are covered with thinner olfactory mucosa,
Seromucinous glands are present in submucosa,
may undergo oncocytic metaplasia with increasing age
paranasal sinuses
Normally no lymphoid tissue
Paranasal sinuses
Mucosa is continuous with nasal cavity and identical
(respiratory type epithelium), but thinner and with fewer goblet
cells and seromucinous glands
Normally no lymphoid tissue

12. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
defence

13. Bronchial spasm
Muscularis mucosae
Formed by smooth myocytes
Increase along bronchial tree
Secitive to neurotransmitters, hormones
and cytokines
Factors which induce contraction of
bronchial smooth myocytes
-Acethylcholine
-Histamine
-Serotonine (5-HT)
-Leucotrienes

14. RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
LUNGS
1. Type of structure – parenchymal
lobulated
2. Stroma – thin sheats of LCT + Pleura
- Peculiarities of blood supply:
2 systems
- Bronchial arteries
- Pulmonary arteries
- Peculiarities of Matrix
abundant elastic fibres
3. Parenchyme - specialised epithelium
4. Structural unit is acinus.

15. RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
Acinus is the system of
alveoles in:
1. Respiratory bronchiole
2. Alveolar duct
3. Alveolar sack
Each alveola is surrounded by
capillaries and elactic fibres

16. RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
Train your skills in DIAGNOSTICS

17. RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
Alveola is lined with simple
squamous epithelium
Alveoli of neighboring acini are
connected by Cone`s pores
Between alveoli – interalveolar septae

18. RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
Cells of Alveoli:
1. Type I alveolocyte - ABB
2. Type II alveolocyte –
surfactant production
3. Brush cell -
chemoreception
4. Alveolar Macrophage -
defence

19. RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
Cells of Alveoli
Type I Ac Type II Ac
- Central part - Round shape
- Peripheral - Lamellar bodies
cytoplasm - Produces
- Tight Jun Surfactant
- Flattened shape - source of
of Nucleus
regeneration

20. RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
Air-Blood Barrier:
1. Surfactant (apophase and
hypophase)
2. Peripheral part of Type I
alveolocyte
3. Basal lamina (3 layers)
4. Peripheral part of endothelial
cell

21. RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
Train your skills in DIAGNOSTICS

22. Clinical point - emphysema
Alveoli number
Square / Volume
Alveoli/Vessels
Reasons???

23. RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
Elastic fibres!!!

24. RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
Interstitial and alveolar macrophages
Points for comparison:
1. Location
2. Structure
3. Fiхation
4. Secretory products
5. Functions

25. RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
Interstitial and alveolar macrophages

26. Regulation of breathing
Integration between respiratory, circulatory and nervous
systems

27. RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM

28. Диагностика
THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION