This document outlines the key phases of the research process, including the conceptual phase, design and planning phase, empirical and analytic phase, and dissemination phase. It discusses developing a research problem, reviewing relevant literature, formulating hypotheses and theoretical/conceptual frameworks, and defining key terms. The conceptual phase focuses on identifying a research problem, reviewing related literature, developing hypotheses and frameworks to guide the study, and defining important concepts and variables.
Introduction to quantitative and qualitative researchLiz FitzGerald
This presentation, delivered in an Open University CALRG Building Knowledge session, gives a preliminary introduction to both quantitative and qualitative research approaches. There has been widespread debate when considering the relative merits of quantitative and qualitative strategies for research. Positions taken by individual researchers vary considerably, from those who see the two strategies as entirely separate, polar opposites that are based upon alternative views of the world, to those who are happy to mix these strategies within their research projects. We consider the different strengths, weaknesses and suitability of different approaches and draw upon some examples to highlight their use within educational technology.
Topics:
Quantitative research
Characteristics of Quantitative Research
Strengths of Quantitative Research
Weaknesses of Quantitative Research
Importance of Quantitative Research Across Fields
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
It is the process of transferring the research knowledge into practice, thus facilitating an innovative change in practice of protocols. Research utilization is the use of the findings from a disciplined study or a set of studies in a practical application that is unrelated to the original research.
Theoretical and Conceptual framework in ResearchIkbal Ahmed
A presentation on Theoretical framework and conceptual framework of a research.From this presentation you can know -
1) About theory and 4 types of theory
2) How to choose a suitable theoretical framework for your research
3) How to make a good conceptual framework for your research
4) Find out Independent variable and dependent variable of your problem statement
5) Relation between TF & CF relative to Quantitative and Qualitative methodology
An effective writing should be clear, concise and direct. Thoughts should be complete, attention should be given to details such as grammar, spelling and the flow of thoughts. Learn how to present your research findings.
Definition
A procedure used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data.
This is done due to the fact that it is believed that both types of studies will provided a clearer understanding of what is being studied.
“It consists of merging ,integrating ,linking ,or embedding the two “strands””(Ceswell,2012).
Introduction to quantitative and qualitative researchLiz FitzGerald
This presentation, delivered in an Open University CALRG Building Knowledge session, gives a preliminary introduction to both quantitative and qualitative research approaches. There has been widespread debate when considering the relative merits of quantitative and qualitative strategies for research. Positions taken by individual researchers vary considerably, from those who see the two strategies as entirely separate, polar opposites that are based upon alternative views of the world, to those who are happy to mix these strategies within their research projects. We consider the different strengths, weaknesses and suitability of different approaches and draw upon some examples to highlight their use within educational technology.
Topics:
Quantitative research
Characteristics of Quantitative Research
Strengths of Quantitative Research
Weaknesses of Quantitative Research
Importance of Quantitative Research Across Fields
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
It is the process of transferring the research knowledge into practice, thus facilitating an innovative change in practice of protocols. Research utilization is the use of the findings from a disciplined study or a set of studies in a practical application that is unrelated to the original research.
Theoretical and Conceptual framework in ResearchIkbal Ahmed
A presentation on Theoretical framework and conceptual framework of a research.From this presentation you can know -
1) About theory and 4 types of theory
2) How to choose a suitable theoretical framework for your research
3) How to make a good conceptual framework for your research
4) Find out Independent variable and dependent variable of your problem statement
5) Relation between TF & CF relative to Quantitative and Qualitative methodology
An effective writing should be clear, concise and direct. Thoughts should be complete, attention should be given to details such as grammar, spelling and the flow of thoughts. Learn how to present your research findings.
Definition
A procedure used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data.
This is done due to the fact that it is believed that both types of studies will provided a clearer understanding of what is being studied.
“It consists of merging ,integrating ,linking ,or embedding the two “strands””(Ceswell,2012).
Research Skills and Information Literacyrpslibrary
Presentation given to Yr 12 students on research skills and establishing PLNS. Sorry, it's fairly sparse from the slides alone, please let me know if you'd like more info on the content of the lesson!
steps in nursing research include several points
1) terminologies related to nursing research
2) phases of nursing research
3) conceptual phase
4) planning phase
5) analytic phase
6) communication phase
Nursing research is research that provides evidence used to support nursing practices. Nursing, as an evidence-based area of practice, has been developing since the time of Florence Nightingale to the present day, where many nurses now work as researchers based in universities as well as in the health care setting.
Critiquing research studies and articles is one of the method to improve the quality of research projects and it is also a method to learn research methodology for beginners.
Use the Capella library to locate two psychology research articles.docxdickonsondorris
Use the Capella library to locate two psychology research articles: a quantitative methods article and a qualitative methods article. These do not need to be on the same topic, but if you have a research topic in mind for your proposal (see Assessment 5), you may wish to pick something similar for this assessment. Read each article carefully.
Then, in a 2–3-page assessment, address the following elements:
1 Summarize the research question and hypothesis, the research methods, and the overall findings.
2 Compare the research methodologies used in each study. In what ways are the methodologies similar? In what ways are they different? (Be sure to use the technical psychological terms we are studying.)
3 Describe the sample and sample size for each study. Which one used a larger sample and why? How were participants selected?
4 Describe the data collection process for each study. What methods were used to collect the data? Surveys? Observations? Interviews? Be specific and discuss the instruments or measures fully—what do they measure? How is the test designed?
5 Summarize the data analysis process for each study. How was the data analyzed? Were statistics used? Were interviews coded?
6 In conclusion, craft 1–2 paragraphs explaining how these two articles illustrate the main differences between quantitative and qualitative research.
Additional Requirements
· Written communication: Written communication should be free of errors that detract from the overall message.
· APA formatting: Your assessment should be formatted according to APA (6th ed.) style and formatting.
· Length: A typical response will be 2–3 typed and double-spaced pages.
Font and font size: Times New Roman, 12 point.
Research Methods
There are many different types of research studies, and the type of study that is done depends very much on the research question. Some studies demand strictly numerical data, such as a comparison of GPA among different college majors or weight loss among different types of eating programs. Others require more in-depth data, like interview responses. Such studies might include the lived experience of people that have been through a terrorist attack or understanding the experience of being physically disabled on a college campus. While there are a number of different types of studies that can be done, all of them fall under two basic categories: quantitative and qualitative.
Quantitative Research
Quantitative research deals with numerical data. This means that any topic you study in a quantitative study must be quantifiable—grades, weight, height, depression, and intelligence are all things that can be quantified on some scale of measurement. Quantitative data is often considered hard data—numbers are seen as concrete, irrefutable evidence, but we have to take into account a number of factors that could impact such data. Errors in measurement and recording of such data, as well as the influence of other factors outside those in the study, make for ...
For this assignment you willwrite a paper using TOPIC 1 QUANTITAT.docxtemplestewart19
For this assignment you willwrite a paper using TOPIC 1: QUANTITATIVERESEARCH &TOPIC 2:QUALITATIVE RESEARCH. Do not worry about the word count as this is not part of the grading criteria for this assignment. Below is a template of how the paper should be setup. This paper will be in APA format. In the template below I am providing a sample of the headers that should be used in APA format to organize your paper. I would highly recommend using them in your paper.
The introduction should introduce the paper. The intro would also include your thesis statement. The thesis tells the reader what will be discussed in the rest of the paper. This section should be in first paragraphs.
PICOT Statement
Revise the PICOT statement you wrote - PICOT Statements: (1). Changes in leisure time physical activity preference and development of hypertension were significantly correlated, especially among urban Chinese. Hypertension prevention programs may identify the groups at elevated risk by examining levels and changes of LTPA preferences. (2). Hypertension is a major health concern that leads to many complications besides the heart attack, heart failure and other related issues. Therefore, this study will help in studying the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT) so as to arrive at the solutions. The study will aim at answering the question, how to treat to lower systolic blood pressure. (3). There are several reasons that contributed to non-adherence to treatment in hypertensive patients. Diversity of these reasons is an indication that design and implementation of different kinds of interventions are required in order to increase the patients' awareness, empower them and encourage self-efficacy.” Based on these provide justification of the problem and supporting evidence from multiple resources to justify why this is a problem. This section should be 1-2 paragraphs.
Research Critiques
Use the research critiques to complete this assignment that has both qualitative and quantitative.
Qualitative Studies
Background of the study. Answer the following questions in narrative form regarding the qualitative studies in this section.
· Identify the clinical problem and research problem that led to the study. What was not known about the clinical problem that, if understood, could be used to improve health care delivery or patient outcomes? This gap in knowledge is the research problem.
· How did the author establish the significance of the study? In other words, why should the reader care about this study? Look for statements about human suffering, costs of treatment, or the number of people affected by the clinical problem.
· Identify the purpose of the study. An author may clearly state the purpose of the study or may describe the purpose as the study goals, objectives, or aims.
· List research questions that the study was designed to answer. If the author does not explicitly provide the questions, attempt to infer the questions from the answers.
.
Research problem is a question that a researcher wants to answer or a problem that a researcher wants to solve. Identification and formulation of a research problem is the first step of the research process.
However, it is considered as one of the most challenging and difficult phases of any research project. It is believed that selection of a good research problem is a discovery in itself.
Selection of a research problem depends on several factors, such as researcher's knowledge, skills, interest, expertise, motivation, and creativity with respect to the subject of inquiry.
In addition, a researcher needs to ensure that a selected problem has high significance and implication for his or her profession as well as it should be a suitable, feasible, testable, and solvable research problem.
It is believed that most of the good research studies need lots of time for selection of a research problem. Initially, every researcher faces the predicament of identifying, selecting, and formulating a good research problem. This chapter will answer these pertinent questions.
(1) Critique Template for a Qualitative StudyNURS 6052Week.docxkatherncarlyle
(1): Critique Template for a Qualitative Study
NURS 6052
Week 6 Assignment: Application: Critiquing Quantitative, Qualitative, or Mixed Methods Studies (due by Day 7 of Week 7)
Date:
Your name:
Article reference (in APA style):
URL:
What is a critique? Simply stated, a critique is a critical analysis undertaken for some purpose. Nurses critique research for three main reasons: to improve their practice, to broaden their understanding, and to provide a base for the conduct of a study.
When the purpose is to improve practice, nurses must give special consideration to questions such as these:
· Are the research findings appropriate to my practice setting and situation?
· What further research or pilot studies need to be done, if any, before incorporating findings into practice to assure both safety and effectiveness?
· How might a proposed change in practice trigger changes in other aspects of practice?
To help you synthesize your learning throughout this course and prepare you to utilize research in your practice, you will be critiquing a qualitative, quantitative, or mixed-methods research study of your choice.
If the article is unavailable in a full-text version through the Walden University Library, you must e-mail the article as a PDF or Word attachment to your Instructor.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH CRITIQUE
1. Research Issue and Purpose
What is the research question or issue of the referenced study? What is its purpose? (Sometimes ONLY the purpose is stated clearly and the question must be inferred from the introductory discussion of the purpose.)
2. Researcher Pre-understandings
Does the article include a discussion of the researcher’s pre-understandings? What does the article disclose about the researcher’s professional and personal perspectives on the research problem?
3. Literature Review
What is the quality of the literature review? Is the literature review current, relevant? Is there evidence that the author critiqued the literature or merely reported it without critique? Is there an integrated summary of the current knowledge base regarding the research problem, or does the literature review contain opinion or anecdotal articles without any synthesis or summary of the whole? (Sometimes the literature review is incorporated into the introductory section without being explicitly identified.)
4. Theoretical or Conceptual Framework
Is a theoretical or conceptual framework identified? If so, what is it? Is it a nursing framework or one drawn from another discipline? (Sometimes there is no explicitly identified theoretical or conceptual framework; in addition, many “nursing” research studies draw on a “borrowed” framework, e.g., stress, medical pathology, etc.)
5. Participants
Who were the participants? Is the setting or study group adequately described? Is the setting appropriate for the research question? What type of sampling strategy was used? Was it appropriate? Was the sample size adequate? Did t ...
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
3. Research begins with a problem:
an unanswered question in the
mind of the researcher
Research is a
Cyclical Process
Research looks for facts directed by the
hypotheses and guided by the problem. The
facts are collected and organized.
Research sees the goal in a
clear statement of the problem
Research subdivides the problem into appropriate
sub-problems. Each sub-problem seeks guidance
through an appropriate hypothesis
Research interprets the meaning of the facts
which leads to a resolution of the problem,
thus confirming or rejecting the hypotheses
and providing an answer to the question which
began the research cycle
Research posts tentative solutions to the
problem(s) through appropriate hypotheses. These
hypotheses direct the researcher to the facts
4. WHAT?
INTRODUCTION
Background &
Rationale
Statement of the
Problem
Significance of the
Study
Scope and
Delimitations
LITERATURE
REVIEW
Review of Related
Literature
Review of Related
Studies
Theoretical/Conceptual
Framework
Assumptions/
Hypotheses
The Variables and
5. CONCEPTUAL PHASE
The Research Problem
Is a question concerning the
relationship existing between sets of
events/variables
Is based on any situation that needs
answering
Developing a researchable project
implies that not just any problem is
researchable, and that it must be
developed
6. Researchable vs.
Non-researchable Problem
Is God good?
Are children happier when taught by a
teacher of the same gender?
Does high school achievement influence
the academic achievement of university
students?
What is the best way to teach grammar?
What would schools be like today if World
War II had not occurred?
7. Sources of Problems
Experience
These are the problems identified in your
surroundings
Nursing Literature
Ideas for research projects often come
from reading the nursing literature
especially reports of the results of nursing
studies
8. Sources of Problems
Theory
Like the middle range theories that remains
to be proven
Ideas from External Sources
Like some priority areas for development
(the program thrust of the government –
DOH – for research to improve the health
care delivery system)
9. Characteristics of a Research
Problem
MANAGEABLE
OBJECTIVE
FEASIBLE
SIGNIFICANT
GENERALIZES
USEFUL
10. Guidelines for Asking
Questions
Simplicity – there are two components
to every question. The stem & the topic
Action-oriented – this demands some
activity on the researcher to provide the
answer. The type of question you ask
about the topic is the basis for the
design of the research plan
11. Guidelines for Asking
Questions
Ask an active question – this will
provide the direction of the study
Example:
Mastectomy has an effect on women.
What are the reactions of women to
mastectomy?
12. Statement of the Problem
The problem statement should identify
the key study variables which should be
amenable to observation or
measurement, and the nature of the
population of interest
13. Forms of Problem Statement
Declarative
Example: The purpose of the study is to
investigate the relationship between the
dependency level of renal transplant
patients and their rate of recovery.
Interrogative
Example: What is the relationship between
the dependency level of renal transplant
patients and their nature of recovery?
14. Exercises
Age has an effect on convalescence.
What is the relationship between age and
convalescence?
How does age affect convalescence?
Black women have smaller babies than
white women.
What is the difference in the birth size of
babies of black and white women?
What is the association between ethnicity
and the birth size of their babies?
15. Exercises
Ice water increases heart rate.
Smoking increases the probability of
lung cancer.
Note:
Questions that begin with “should”, “could”, or “do” are stoppers. They elicit
opinions not facts.
Rule of Thumb:
The problem should not be so narrow that it would only allow a single
question be asked, nor so broad that it becomes unmanageable.1
16. Problem Set
The study aims to determine the difference
between men and women in functional
disability and psycho-social adjustment to
burn injury.
This study seeks to determine the
preferences of reproductive mothers on the
different artificial family planning methods.
The primary objective of the study is to
identify the factors leading to the smoking
behaviors of adolescents.
17. Matching Research Purpose and
Level of Research Questions
PURPOS
E
LEVEL
OF
INQUIRY
EXAMPLE
Stem Topic
Description
I What is or
What are
● the eating problems of
retarded children?
● the characteristics of suicidal
parents?
● the spiritual needs of
patients?
Exploration
II
What is the
● between relaxation and pain
in post-op patients?
18. Matching Research Purpose and
Level of Research Questions
PURPOS
E
LEVEL
OF
INQUIRY
EXAMPLE
Stem Topic
Explanation
III
Why
● does patient satisfaction
increases with positive
attitudes toward self-care?
● is a decrease in dietary
iodine associated with goiter
development?
Prediction &
IV
● does relaxation control pain
sensation in post-op patients?
● does prenatal nutrition affect
19. Criteria for Evaluating /
Prioritizing a Research Problem
CRITERIA INDICATORS
Relevance 1 = not relevant
2 = relevant
3 = very relevant
Avoidance of
Duplication
1 = sufficient information already available
2 = some information available but major issues not covered
3 = no sound info available on which to base problem-solving
Feasibility 1 = study not feasible considering available resources
2 = study feasible considering available resources
3 = study very feasible considering available resources
Political Acceptability 1 = topic not acceptable to high level policy makers
2 = topic more or less acceptable to policy makers
3 = topic fully acceptable to policy makers
20. Criteria for Evaluating /
Prioritizing a Research Problem
CRITERIA INDICATORS
Applicability 1 = no chance of recommendations being implemented
2 = some chance of recommendations being implemented
3 = good chance of recommendations being implemented
Urgency 1 = information not urgently needed
2 = information could be used immediately but a delay of some
months would be acceptable
3 = data very urgently needed for decision-making
Ethical Acceptability 1 = major ethical problems
2 = minor ethical problems
3 = no ethical problems
21. CONCEPTUAL PHASE
Literature Review
Purpose of Literature Review
Sources of Research Ideas
Orientation to what is already known
Provision of Conceptual Concept
Information on Research Approach
22. Types of Information for
Review
Research Findings
Theory
Methodological Information
Opinions and Viewpoints
Anecdotes and Clinical Descriptions
23. Sources of Literature Review
Primary Source
Is a description of an investigation written
by the person who conducted it
Secondary Source
Is a description of a study prepared by
someone other than the original researcher
24. Sources
Bibliographical aids for Nursing
Research Problems
Indexes; abstracts
Electronic databases
CINAHL – Cumulative Index to Nursing &
Allied Health Literature
MEDLINE – Medical Literature Online
HERDIN – Health Research Database
Information Network
26. Preparing & Writing A
Literature Review
Identify potential references
Locate/Retrieve references
Screen references for relevance
Discard irrelevant references
Read relevant references & take notes
Identify new references
Organize references
Analyze & Integrate
Write review
Steps:
1. Abstracting & Recording notes
2. Organizing the review
3. Content of the written review
27. Criteria of a Good Review of
Related Literature
Does the review seem thorough – does it include all
or most of the major studies on the topic? Does it
include recent research? Are studies from other
related disciplines included, if appropriate?
Does the review rely on appropriate materials (e.g.
mainly on research reports, using primary sources)?
Is the review merely a summary of existing work, or
does it critically appraise and compare key studies?
Does the review identify important gaps in the
literature?
Is the review well-organized? Is the development of
ideas clear?
28. Criteria of a Good Review of
Related Literature
Does the review use appropriate language,
suggesting the tentativeness of prior findings? Is the
review objective? Does the author paraphrase, or is
there an over-reliance on quotes from original
sources?
If the review is part of the research report for a new
study does the review support the need for the
study? If it is a critical integrative review designed to
summarize evidence for clinical practice, does the
review draw appropriate conclusions about practice
implications?
29. CONCEPTUAL PHASE
Theoretical & Conceptual
Frameworks
The Framework for a study is simply an
explanation based on the review of
literature, of how variables are expected
to relate to each other and why.
30. CONCEPTUAL PHASE
Theoretical & Conceptual
Frameworks
The CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK is an
explanation based on literature and
research about the variables or when the
literature does not contain a particular
theory that explains the relationship
among variables.
31. CONCEPTUAL PHASE
Theoretical & Conceptual
Frameworks
The THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK is a
framework where the variables have been
studied before and have been found to be
related to one another. It provides
explanation for the action of variables, or a
proposed explanation given by another
author to explain the findings of his or her
study of the same variables.
33. CONCEPTUAL PHASE
The Hypothesis &
Assumptions
Hypothesis is
Considered the most specific statement of
a problem or objective
An educated or intelligent guess or
prediction about the existence, attribute or
relationship between variables
(characteristics or phenomena) covered by
a study
34. Types of Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis is a denial of an existence,
an attribute, a relationship, a difference or an
effect.
Alternate Hypothesis tentatively affirms the
existence of a phenomenon that the group of
people has such and such characteristics,
that there is a relationship between variables
or a significant difference between variables.
35. Uses of Hypothesis
They provide guide and direction to the
research
They indicate the major independent
and dependent variables being
considered
They suggest the type of data that must
be collected
36. Uses of Hypothesis
They also suggest the type of analysis
that must be made
They indicate the type of statistical
measures appropriate to various tests
to be conducted
37. Assumptions
Are statements of facts related to the
research problem which are presumed
to be true on the basis of observations
and experience although not actually
verified
Provides foundation from which the
study will proceed
Provides basis for validation of
variables of interest of study
Do not require testing nor confirmation
38. Statement of Research
Hypothesis
Directional – one direction or one-tailed
test
Example 1. There is a significant
relationship between the amount of
nutritional intake and the degree of
complications among pregnant women.
Example 2. Children raised in vegetarian
diet have better growth patterns than those
children who are not raised in vegetarian
diet.
39. Statement of Research
Hypothesis
Non-directional – two directions or two-
tailed test
Example 1. There is a significant
relationship between the skills competency
of nursing students and the amount of
practice and supervision provided.
Example 2. There is a significant
relationship between the type of
preoperative support given to surgical
patients and their perception of pain and
requests for analgesics.
40. Type of Statement Hypothesis
Simple Hypothesis expressed an
expected relationship between one
independent variable & one dependent
variable.
Example 1: Older nurses are less likely to
express approval of the expanded role of
nurses than younger nurses.
Example 2: The greater the sleep
deprivation, the higher the anxiety level of
intensive care patients
41. Type of Statement Hypothesis
Complex Hypothesis refers to the
prediction of a relationship between two
or more independent variables and/or
two or more dependent variables.
Sometimes referred to as Multivariate
Hypothesis because they involve
multiple variables
Example: There is a relationship between
tactile & auditory stimulation and heart rate
response in premature infants.
42. Relationship of Variables
Direct Relationship – there is a positive
relationship. As A increases B
increases
Example: The more intelligent the person
is, the more adaptable he is to new
situations.
43. Relationship of Variables
Inverse Relationship – as A increases
B decreases
Example: The more intelligent the person
is, the lesser time he takes to comprehend.
44. Relationship of Variables
Unrelated – A and B are not related.
Example: The taller the person, the more
intelligent he is.
47. CONCEPTUAL PHASE
Definition of Terms
Two Major Types
Conceptual Definition is what the term
variables means in relation to the
purpose of the study.
Operational Definition is how you intend to
study that definition or how you intend to
measure the variable.
48. Conceptual Definition
Example: The purpose of the study is to
explore and describe successful dieting
programs.
Dieting Programs A fee-for-service
regimen established to assist person to
lose weight.
Successful A dieting program that has a
high percentage of clients who were able
to achieve their goal weight and keep that
weight off for one year or more.
49. Operational Definition
Example: The purpose of the study is to
explore and describe successful dieting
programs.
Dieting Programs A fee-for-service regimen
established to assist persons in losing weight, as
listed in the Yellow Pages of the Pacific Telephone
Directory of the Northwestern San Fernando
Valley.
Successful A dieting program that has a high
percentage of clients who were able to achieve
their goal weight and keep that weight off for one
year or more as measured by the successful
dieters questionnaire sent to all program
participants in th previous year.
50. Operational Definition
Successful Dieting Programs A fee-for-service
regimen, established to assist persons in losing
weight, that has a high percentage of clients who
were able to achieve their goal weight and keep
that weight off for one year or more as measured
by the successful dieters questionnaire sent to all
program participants from programs listed in the
Yellow Pages of the Pacific Telephone Directory of
the Northwestern San Fernando Valley.