CHARACTERISTICS OF A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
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Qualitative research is an inductive approach used to discover or expand knowledge about social and cultural phenomena. It involves the researcher identifying meanings and relevance through intense involvement. Some key characteristics include emerging design, flexibility, holistic perspective, and ongoing data analysis. The phases of qualitative research include an orientation overview phase, focused exploration of the phenomenon, and confirmation and closure to establish trustworthy findings. Data collection methods commonly used are interactive interviewing, written descriptions, and observation.
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Chapter 4
This chapter discusses the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data in a research paper. It explains that data should be presented in chronological order through statistical tables and graphs, textual presentation, and interpretation or inferences. The chapter focuses on guidelines for tabular presentation, including constructing tables with titles, numbers, headings, bodies, and notes. It also discusses graphical presentation of data through common graphs like bar graphs, line graphs, circle graphs, pictograms, and map graphs. The chapter notes that textual presentation involves using statements with numbers to describe data and supplement tables and graphs. It concludes that interpretation should follow each table and include conditions, possible causes, possible effects, and comparisons to previous studies.
Chapter 2
This chapter reviews related literature and studies on how the internet impacts communication skills. Foreign literature discusses how the internet allows children to socialize and develop communication through email, chat rooms and messaging. Local literature examines how Filipinos are active online communicators on websites like Facebook and Twitter. A foreign study found the internet improved students' writing skills. A local study validated online learning modules for teaching English and found success depends on schedule compliance and teacher interaction.
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 Modular Approach
This document provides an overview of quantitative research methods. It defines quantitative research as investigating relationships between variables through collection and analysis of numerical data. Key characteristics include using structured instruments to gather data from large, representative samples in a way that can be replicated. Quantitative research aims to classify features, count them, and statistically explain observations. Strengths include generalizability and ability to predict outcomes, while weaknesses include lack of contextual understanding. The document also introduces key quantitative research concepts like variables, types of variables, and research design.
Qualitative Research Chapter 3 g11 Research Method and Procedures
This document outlines the key parts of chapter 3 in a research paper, which focuses on the research methodology. It discusses the importance of research design, identifying the qualitative designs of historical study, ethnography, phenomenology, case study and grounded theory. It also covers selecting a research locale, population and sampling techniques, methods of data gathering such as questionnaires, interviews and observations. The document concludes with discussing statistical treatment of data and approaches to qualitative data analysis.
Qualitative Research: Importance in Daily Life
Here are brief explanations for the test questions:
1. Qualitative research is a form of social inquiry that focuses on understanding and interpreting how people make sense of their experiences and the world in which they live. It involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data to understand concepts, perceptions and experiences.
2. The three basic types of research approaches are:
- Scientific approach - deals with empirical data and allows control of variables. Uses quantitative methods.
- Naturalistic approach - people-oriented and focuses on understanding real meanings and social relations. Uses qualitative methods.
- Triangulation/mixed method - combines research designs, data collection and analysis techniques to enhance validity.
The naturalistic approach is people-oriented and focuses on
An Overview of Chapter 3 - Research Methodology
This powerpoint presentation contains a brief overview of the contents of Chapter 3 or Research Methodology. You can also find a sample that shows the different components of Chapter 3.
Kindly hit the like and subscribe buttons, thank you.
Writing chapter 2
This chapter discusses the related literature, related studies, and the relationship between previous studies and the present study. The related literature section reviews articles from various sources that support the research problem's variables and strong points. The related studies section examines published and unpublished theses and research on the topic. The final section notes the similarities and differences between reviewed studies and the present study in terms of framework, methodology, and statistical analysis to strengthen the importance of the current work.
Chapter 3 research methodology
This chapter outlines the research methodology used in the study. It will discuss the research design, subjects, sampling technique, research instruments, data gathering procedures, and statistical analysis. A simple random sample will be taken from the population. Questionnaires will be used to collect data, which will then be statistically analyzed to interpret the results.
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Chapter 4
This chapter discusses the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data in a research paper. It explains that data should be presented in chronological order through statistical tables and graphs, textual presentation, and interpretation or inferences. The chapter focuses on guidelines for tabular presentation, including constructing tables with titles, numbers, headings, bodies, and notes. It also discusses graphical presentation of data through common graphs like bar graphs, line graphs, circle graphs, pictograms, and map graphs. The chapter notes that textual presentation involves using statements with numbers to describe data and supplement tables and graphs. It concludes that interpretation should follow each table and include conditions, possible causes, possible effects, and comparisons to previous studies.
Chapter 2
This chapter reviews related literature and studies on how the internet impacts communication skills. Foreign literature discusses how the internet allows children to socialize and develop communication through email, chat rooms and messaging. Local literature examines how Filipinos are active online communicators on websites like Facebook and Twitter. A foreign study found the internet improved students' writing skills. A local study validated online learning modules for teaching English and found success depends on schedule compliance and teacher interaction.
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 Modular Approach
This document provides an overview of quantitative research methods. It defines quantitative research as investigating relationships between variables through collection and analysis of numerical data. Key characteristics include using structured instruments to gather data from large, representative samples in a way that can be replicated. Quantitative research aims to classify features, count them, and statistically explain observations. Strengths include generalizability and ability to predict outcomes, while weaknesses include lack of contextual understanding. The document also introduces key quantitative research concepts like variables, types of variables, and research design.
Qualitative Research Chapter 3 g11 Research Method and Procedures
This document outlines the key parts of chapter 3 in a research paper, which focuses on the research methodology. It discusses the importance of research design, identifying the qualitative designs of historical study, ethnography, phenomenology, case study and grounded theory. It also covers selecting a research locale, population and sampling techniques, methods of data gathering such as questionnaires, interviews and observations. The document concludes with discussing statistical treatment of data and approaches to qualitative data analysis.
Qualitative Research: Importance in Daily Life
Here are brief explanations for the test questions:
1. Qualitative research is a form of social inquiry that focuses on understanding and interpreting how people make sense of their experiences and the world in which they live. It involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data to understand concepts, perceptions and experiences.
2. The three basic types of research approaches are:
- Scientific approach - deals with empirical data and allows control of variables. Uses quantitative methods.
- Naturalistic approach - people-oriented and focuses on understanding real meanings and social relations. Uses qualitative methods.
- Triangulation/mixed method - combines research designs, data collection and analysis techniques to enhance validity.
The naturalistic approach is people-oriented and focuses on
An Overview of Chapter 3 - Research Methodology
This powerpoint presentation contains a brief overview of the contents of Chapter 3 or Research Methodology. You can also find a sample that shows the different components of Chapter 3.
Kindly hit the like and subscribe buttons, thank you.
Writing chapter 2
This chapter discusses the related literature, related studies, and the relationship between previous studies and the present study. The related literature section reviews articles from various sources that support the research problem's variables and strong points. The related studies section examines published and unpublished theses and research on the topic. The final section notes the similarities and differences between reviewed studies and the present study in terms of framework, methodology, and statistical analysis to strengthen the importance of the current work.
Chapter 3 research methodology
This chapter outlines the research methodology used in the study. It will discuss the research design, subjects, sampling technique, research instruments, data gathering procedures, and statistical analysis. A simple random sample will be taken from the population. Questionnaires will be used to collect data, which will then be statistically analyzed to interpret the results.
Disenyo at Pamamaraan ng Pananaliksik
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Parts of a research paper
The document outlines the typical structure and components of a research paper, including an introduction with background and statement of the problem, literature review, methodology, results and data analysis, conclusions and recommendations. It describes the purpose and content that should be included in each chapter and section, such as defining terms, describing the research method and subjects, presenting and interpreting findings, and summarizing conclusions. Proper formatting of references, tables, figures and appendices is also addressed.
Chapter I - The Problem and Its Background
This document provides guidance on writing the first chapter of a research paper, which focuses on describing the problem and its background. The first chapter should include an introduction, background of the study, statement of the problem, significance of the study, and scope and delimitation of the study. It gives examples and considerations for writing each section to clearly define the research problem and explain its importance and limitations.
Lesson 9 citing benefits and beneficiaries of research study
This study on the effects of task-based language teaching on second language acquisition in college freshman students has several potential benefits and beneficiaries. The study could make language teachers more aware of task-based language teaching and how tasks can be used as pedagogical tools. It may also help students recognize the usefulness of English for communication and understanding course content. Additionally, the administration may be encouraged to include faculty development on improving teaching competence. Textbook writers and curriculum developers could also benefit by incorporating task-based approaches.
Research Proposal 6 - How to Write the Definitions of Terms
This document provides instructions for writing a definition of terms paragraph. It outlines six steps: 1) select the key terms from the thesis statement, 2) write the format for defining each term, 3) define each term in list or paragraph format, 4) complete research notes for each term using a dictionary, 5) write the definitions paragraph copying the research notes, and 6) add in-text citations for the definitions. Key points are to locate the paragraph between the introduction and first body paragraph, define terms before researching definitions, and alternate in-text citation placement.
Examples of quantitative research titles
This document contains titles for potential research projects. The research titles cover a wide range of topics related to the impacts of COVID-19, such as the pandemic's effect on small businesses, students' self-learning skills, and family relationships during community quarantine. Other topics include the influence of packaging and branding on consumer behavior, the relationship between chess and math skills, and feasibility studies for various sustainable energy and agriculture projects.
Chapter iii
This chapter outlines the research methodology used in the study. It describes the descriptive survey research design used to assess the socio-demographic profiles and career choices of senior high school students. It also describes the population and sample, which consisted of senior high school students from a particular school. A researcher-developed questionnaire was used to collect data on student profiles and career preferences. Data gathering procedures and the statistical analysis of the data collected, including frequencies, percentages, means, and correlations, are also described.
Review of Related Literature-Thesis Guide
This document provides guidance on conducting a review of related literature. It discusses the purpose of an RRL from the perspectives of the researcher and reader. Key points include helping shape the research, justifying the approach and methods, demonstrating what is new, and providing context for readers. The document offers tips for gathering sources, evaluating online sources, delimiting the scope, outlining approaches, and writing the review. It emphasizes relating all discussed literature to the research topic.
Chapter 3
This study used a descriptive correlational survey method to examine the impact of social networking sites as information dissemination tools of government agencies as perceived by second year Foreign Service students at Lyceum of the Philippines University Cavite Campus. Questionnaires were administered to 82 second year Foreign Service students to collect data on the role and impact of social networking sites, and their potential benefits as public information tools. A Likert scale was used to analyze the data and determine student perceptions.
Chapter 1 Nature of Inquiry and Research
This document discusses quantitative research methods. It defines quantitative research as objective, systematic empirical investigations using computational techniques. It lists the key characteristics of quantitative research as being objective, having clearly defined research questions, using structured research instruments, collecting numerical data, having large sample sizes, being replicable, and allowing predictions about future outcomes. The document also discusses the strengths, weaknesses, and types of quantitative research as well as the importance and variables used in quantitative research.
Conceptual framework
The document provides information about conceptual frameworks including:
- It defines a conceptual framework as a graphical presentation showing the key components and relationships in a research study.
- It discusses different purposes of conceptual frameworks such as showing the organization of a study and clarifying relationships between variables.
- It provides examples of common conceptual framework models including input-process-output, independent-dependent variable, and criterion-predictor models.
10. review-of-related-literature (1)
The document discusses the review of related literature (RRL) process. It defines an RRL and explains that it evaluates information from sources related to the selected research area. The purposes of an RRL include obtaining background knowledge, relating the study to current situations, and expanding on prior research. The document outlines including background information, theories, data, findings and recommendations in an RRL. It also discusses primary, secondary and tertiary sources and citing sources to avoid plagiarism.
Related Literature and Related Studies
This document discusses the importance of reviewing related literature and studies when conducting research. It states that a review of existing materials provides the foundation for a proposed study by guiding the researcher and helping to identify a research problem or topic, understand the topic better, avoid duplicating other studies, locate additional sources of information, and design the research methodology. The document also outlines the characteristics, sources, and locations of related literature and studies that should be surveyed.
Practical Research 1
This document contains the outline of typical sections in a research study chapter. It includes sections like the introduction, background of the study, statement of the problem, theoretical framework, conceptual framework, assumptions and hypotheses, scope and delimitations, limitations, variables, significance of the study, and definition of terms. Each section is briefly described in 1-2 sentences about what they typically contain.
The research synthesis example g-lv_2003
The document provides guidance for conducting a research synthesis. It discusses the purpose of a research synthesis, which is to gain in-depth knowledge of studies in one's area of interest. It also lists several questions researchers should aim to answer when reviewing a research article, such as the problem investigated, debates in the field, research questions, methods used, findings, and how the article can contribute to one's own thesis. The document uses an example research article by García & López-Velásquez (2003) to illustrate how to extract these details and demonstrate understanding of the key elements of a research study.
Writing chapter 3
This chapter outlines the methodology used in the study. It will use a descriptive and experimental research method to compare student performance between those receiving blended instruction and traditional textbook instruction. The subjects will be 375 first year students divided into a control group of 185 students receiving traditional instruction and an experimental group of 190 receiving blended instruction across 10 class sections. Data will be collected using pre-tests, post-tests, and a questionnaire to measure student performance and perceptions. Statistical analysis including ANOVA, t-tests, percentages and means will be used to analyze the data.
Lesson 5 writing a research title
A research title captures the research problem concisely. It should clearly reflect the topic being investigated and be original, clear, and concise. Broad topics can be narrowed into specific research questions by examining literature in the area, discussing ideas with others, applying the topic to a specific context, and defining the aim of the study. When choosing a research topic, it is important to select something that interests and motivates the researcher, is doable given available resources and time, and is focused and well-defined.
1. Introduction to qualitative research by Elmusharaf
1. Introduction to qualitative research by ElmusharafReproductive & Child Health Research Unit (RCRU)
By the end of this presentation you should be able to:
Describe what is qualitative research
Demonstrate the differences between Qualitative & Quantitative research
Understand the basic concepts of Qualitative studies:
Characteristics of qualitative research
Bias
Triangulation
TrustworthinessQualitative research design
1. The document discusses several qualitative research designs including ethnography, phenomenology, grounded theory, historical research, case study, feminist research, and action research.
2. Qualitative research aims to explore phenomena through words rather than numbers to gain an understanding from the participant's perspective.
3. The key types of qualitative research designs discussed are ethnography which studies culture, phenomenology which describes the meaning of lived experiences, and grounded theory which develops theories grounded in data.
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Disenyo at Pamamaraan ng Pananaliksik
Pagbasa at Pagsusuri ng Iba't Ibang Teksto Tungo sa Pananaliksik
Parts of a research paper
The document outlines the typical structure and components of a research paper, including an introduction with background and statement of the problem, literature review, methodology, results and data analysis, conclusions and recommendations. It describes the purpose and content that should be included in each chapter and section, such as defining terms, describing the research method and subjects, presenting and interpreting findings, and summarizing conclusions. Proper formatting of references, tables, figures and appendices is also addressed.
Chapter I - The Problem and Its Background
This document provides guidance on writing the first chapter of a research paper, which focuses on describing the problem and its background. The first chapter should include an introduction, background of the study, statement of the problem, significance of the study, and scope and delimitation of the study. It gives examples and considerations for writing each section to clearly define the research problem and explain its importance and limitations.
Lesson 9 citing benefits and beneficiaries of research study
This study on the effects of task-based language teaching on second language acquisition in college freshman students has several potential benefits and beneficiaries. The study could make language teachers more aware of task-based language teaching and how tasks can be used as pedagogical tools. It may also help students recognize the usefulness of English for communication and understanding course content. Additionally, the administration may be encouraged to include faculty development on improving teaching competence. Textbook writers and curriculum developers could also benefit by incorporating task-based approaches.
Research Proposal 6 - How to Write the Definitions of Terms
This document provides instructions for writing a definition of terms paragraph. It outlines six steps: 1) select the key terms from the thesis statement, 2) write the format for defining each term, 3) define each term in list or paragraph format, 4) complete research notes for each term using a dictionary, 5) write the definitions paragraph copying the research notes, and 6) add in-text citations for the definitions. Key points are to locate the paragraph between the introduction and first body paragraph, define terms before researching definitions, and alternate in-text citation placement.
Examples of quantitative research titles
This document contains titles for potential research projects. The research titles cover a wide range of topics related to the impacts of COVID-19, such as the pandemic's effect on small businesses, students' self-learning skills, and family relationships during community quarantine. Other topics include the influence of packaging and branding on consumer behavior, the relationship between chess and math skills, and feasibility studies for various sustainable energy and agriculture projects.
Chapter iii
This chapter outlines the research methodology used in the study. It describes the descriptive survey research design used to assess the socio-demographic profiles and career choices of senior high school students. It also describes the population and sample, which consisted of senior high school students from a particular school. A researcher-developed questionnaire was used to collect data on student profiles and career preferences. Data gathering procedures and the statistical analysis of the data collected, including frequencies, percentages, means, and correlations, are also described.
Review of Related Literature-Thesis Guide
This document provides guidance on conducting a review of related literature. It discusses the purpose of an RRL from the perspectives of the researcher and reader. Key points include helping shape the research, justifying the approach and methods, demonstrating what is new, and providing context for readers. The document offers tips for gathering sources, evaluating online sources, delimiting the scope, outlining approaches, and writing the review. It emphasizes relating all discussed literature to the research topic.
Chapter 3
This study used a descriptive correlational survey method to examine the impact of social networking sites as information dissemination tools of government agencies as perceived by second year Foreign Service students at Lyceum of the Philippines University Cavite Campus. Questionnaires were administered to 82 second year Foreign Service students to collect data on the role and impact of social networking sites, and their potential benefits as public information tools. A Likert scale was used to analyze the data and determine student perceptions.
Chapter 1 Nature of Inquiry and Research
This document discusses quantitative research methods. It defines quantitative research as objective, systematic empirical investigations using computational techniques. It lists the key characteristics of quantitative research as being objective, having clearly defined research questions, using structured research instruments, collecting numerical data, having large sample sizes, being replicable, and allowing predictions about future outcomes. The document also discusses the strengths, weaknesses, and types of quantitative research as well as the importance and variables used in quantitative research.
Conceptual framework
The document provides information about conceptual frameworks including:
- It defines a conceptual framework as a graphical presentation showing the key components and relationships in a research study.
- It discusses different purposes of conceptual frameworks such as showing the organization of a study and clarifying relationships between variables.
- It provides examples of common conceptual framework models including input-process-output, independent-dependent variable, and criterion-predictor models.
10. review-of-related-literature (1)
The document discusses the review of related literature (RRL) process. It defines an RRL and explains that it evaluates information from sources related to the selected research area. The purposes of an RRL include obtaining background knowledge, relating the study to current situations, and expanding on prior research. The document outlines including background information, theories, data, findings and recommendations in an RRL. It also discusses primary, secondary and tertiary sources and citing sources to avoid plagiarism.
Related Literature and Related Studies
This document discusses the importance of reviewing related literature and studies when conducting research. It states that a review of existing materials provides the foundation for a proposed study by guiding the researcher and helping to identify a research problem or topic, understand the topic better, avoid duplicating other studies, locate additional sources of information, and design the research methodology. The document also outlines the characteristics, sources, and locations of related literature and studies that should be surveyed.
Practical Research 1
This document contains the outline of typical sections in a research study chapter. It includes sections like the introduction, background of the study, statement of the problem, theoretical framework, conceptual framework, assumptions and hypotheses, scope and delimitations, limitations, variables, significance of the study, and definition of terms. Each section is briefly described in 1-2 sentences about what they typically contain.
The research synthesis example g-lv_2003
The document provides guidance for conducting a research synthesis. It discusses the purpose of a research synthesis, which is to gain in-depth knowledge of studies in one's area of interest. It also lists several questions researchers should aim to answer when reviewing a research article, such as the problem investigated, debates in the field, research questions, methods used, findings, and how the article can contribute to one's own thesis. The document uses an example research article by García & López-Velásquez (2003) to illustrate how to extract these details and demonstrate understanding of the key elements of a research study.
Writing chapter 3
This chapter outlines the methodology used in the study. It will use a descriptive and experimental research method to compare student performance between those receiving blended instruction and traditional textbook instruction. The subjects will be 375 first year students divided into a control group of 185 students receiving traditional instruction and an experimental group of 190 receiving blended instruction across 10 class sections. Data will be collected using pre-tests, post-tests, and a questionnaire to measure student performance and perceptions. Statistical analysis including ANOVA, t-tests, percentages and means will be used to analyze the data.
Lesson 5 writing a research title
A research title captures the research problem concisely. It should clearly reflect the topic being investigated and be original, clear, and concise. Broad topics can be narrowed into specific research questions by examining literature in the area, discussing ideas with others, applying the topic to a specific context, and defining the aim of the study. When choosing a research topic, it is important to select something that interests and motivates the researcher, is doable given available resources and time, and is focused and well-defined.
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Lesson 9 citing benefits and beneficiaries of research study
Lesson 9 citing benefits and beneficiaries of research study
Research Proposal 6 - How to Write the Definitions of Terms
Research Proposal 6 - How to Write the Definitions of Terms
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1. Introduction to qualitative research by Elmusharaf
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By the end of this presentation you should be able to:
Describe what is qualitative research
Demonstrate the differences between Qualitative & Quantitative research
Understand the basic concepts of Qualitative studies:
Characteristics of qualitative research
Bias
Triangulation
TrustworthinessQualitative research design
1. The document discusses several qualitative research designs including ethnography, phenomenology, grounded theory, historical research, case study, feminist research, and action research.
2. Qualitative research aims to explore phenomena through words rather than numbers to gain an understanding from the participant's perspective.
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This document discusses key aspects of conducting research, including:
1) Research is defined as a careful, systematic investigation or experimentation aimed at discovering facts or interpreting theories. Basic research skills are important but are often overlooked in many educational systems.
2) Characteristics of good research include being empirical, logical, cyclical, analytical, replicable, critical, universal, and systematic. Ethical guidelines for researchers include honesty, objectivity, integrity, and respecting intellectual property.
3) The typical steps in conducting research are identifying a problem, formulating objectives, developing a framework, designing methodology, analyzing data, presenting conclusions, and taking action. Research can be qualitative or quantitative.
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This document provides an overview of research methodology and key concepts in conducting research. It discusses:
1) The meaning and definitions of research, including that it is a systematic process of discovering new knowledge through fact-finding.
2) The major steps in the research process, including formulating the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings.
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This document provides an overview of research including its nature, importance, characteristics, processes, and ethics. It discusses that research is a systematic process of inquiry and investigation conducted to gather information and establish facts. The document outlines the key stages of research including defining the problem, reviewing literature, formulating hypotheses, designing and conducting the study, analyzing and interpreting data. It emphasizes that research should be empirical, systematic, and objective. The document also highlights the importance of research in expanding knowledge and contributing to improvements in various aspects of life. Ethical considerations like informed consent and protecting participants are also discussed.
Qualitative research methods for student
- Qualitative research is a method of inquiry that aims to gather in-depth understanding of human behavior through methods such as interviews, observations and documents. It seeks to explore the why and how rather than just what, where, when.
- Some key features of qualitative research include that it collects primarily textual and visual data, uses exploratory research questions, employs inductive reasoning, and focuses on human subjectivity. Researchers must also be reflexive and sensitive to their own role in data collection.
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Qualitative research
Inshallah after watching these complete slides you will get sufficient knowledge about Qualitative Research
Lecture 1 - Qualitative - Introduction.pdf
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Here are the answers to the multiple choice questions:
1. D
2. B
3. C
4. B
5. D
6. C
7. B
8. D
9. B
10. B
11. C
12. B
13. A
14. C
15. B
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HEPATITIS "B"
Hepatitis B is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and causes liver infection and inflammation. It is transmitted through contact with infected blood or bodily fluids. HBV can cause both acute and chronic infection. Chronic infection may lead to serious complications like cirrhosis and liver cancer. Hepatitis B is preventable through vaccination, which induces protective antibody levels in over 95% of people vaccinated.
PLASMA THERAPY
Plasma therapy uses antibodies from the blood plasma of recovered COVID-19 patients to treat those currently infected. The antibodies are extracted from donated blood and can target and help eliminate the virus. The concept is that the antibodies developed in the recovered patient can be transferred to others currently sick through plasma transfusion. However, there are some risks like potentially transferring other infections, enhancing the current infection, or suppressing the recipient's immune system.
INFUSION PUMPS
This document discusses infusion pumps, which are external medical devices that deliver fluids like nutrients and medications into a patient's body in controlled amounts. It describes different types of infusion pumps based on their size, portability, and mechanism of delivery. The key types discussed are gravity infusion devices, volumetric pumps, patient-controlled analgesia pumps, and syringe pumps. The document also outlines important safety factors, components, and functions of infusion pumps.
BLOOD PLASMA
Plasma is the liquid component of blood that holds the blood cells in suspension. It makes up 55% of the blood's total volume and is mostly composed of water (92%) and dissolved proteins (8%). Plasma carries nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, and oxygen to tissues and transports waste products away from tissues. It plays a vital role in maintaining electrolyte balance and protects the body from infection. Plasma is separated from blood cells when a tube of blood is spun in a centrifuge.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TUBERCULOSIS
- Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and primarily affects the lungs. It spreads through airborne droplets from the lungs of infected individuals.
- Case finding through sputum smear microscopy is the main method for tuberculosis control. Patients with at least 10 bacilli per 100 oil immersion fields in their sputum are considered positive and most infectious.
- The standard WHO recommended treatment regimen for new sputum-positive pulmonary TB cases is 2 months of isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol, followed by 4 months of isoniazid and rifampicin. Effective treatment reduces infectivity by 90% within 48 hours.
PULSE OXIMETRY
Pulse oximetry is a noninvasive test that uses light to measure the oxygen saturation level in a person's blood. A clip-like probe is placed on the finger or earlobe and uses red and infrared light wavelengths absorbed differently by oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin to calculate the oxygen saturation percentage. This information helps healthcare providers determine if a patient needs supplemental oxygen or how well treatment is working. However, pulse oximetry has limitations as it does not measure other blood gas levels, ventilation, or oxygen metabolism and can be affected by factors like carbon monoxide, anemia, blood flow, and skin pigmentation.
CAPNOGRAPHY
This document discusses capnography, which is the monitoring of carbon dioxide levels in exhaled breath. It can be used to assess ventilation, circulation, and metabolism during anesthesia and intensive care. The document defines capnography and describes the capnogram waveform and how it reflects respiratory parameters. Abnormal waveforms can indicate various lung diseases. Capnography is useful for confirming endotracheal tube placement and detecting malpositions. It provides advantages over pulse oximetry during procedures done under sedation. The principles of mainstream and sidestream capnography devices are outlined, as well as clinical applications in emergency medical services and indications for diagnostic usage.
OPERATION ROOM HAZARDS
This document discusses various hazards that can be present in an operating room, including fires/explosions, static electricity, electrical hazards, radiation injury, air pollution, and power failure. It provides details on the causes and risks of each hazard, as well as precautions that can be taken to reduce risks, such as ensuring proper electrical maintenance and inspection, minimizing static electricity through flooring/clothing choices, and having adequate ventilation and fire safety equipment. The document emphasizes that operating rooms involve technologically complex environments with many potential hazards that require close monitoring and safety protocols.
SAFETY FEATURES OF ANAESTHESIA MACHINE
The anaesthesia machine has several safety features in its pneumatic components and gas delivery systems to prevent errors and ensure patient safety. These include color coding of gas lines and controls, pin indexing systems to prevent incorrect gas cylinder attachment, pressure regulators, and linkages or proportional valves to maintain minimum oxygen concentrations. Alarms activate if oxygen pressure or flow drops below safe levels. Unidirectional valves and pressure relief devices also protect the machine from excess pressure from the patient circuit.
TYPES OF THEORY & MODELS IN NURSING
This presentation provides an overview of nursing theories and models. It discusses how theories and models can be categorized according to the four concepts of the nursing metaparadigm: person, health, environment, and nursing. Theories are explained as sets of concepts used to describe, explain, and predict phenomena, while models are symbolic representations of relationships among concepts. Developmental, systems, and interaction theories are highlighted. Characteristics and levels of theory development are also summarized.
HILDEGARD PEPLAU THEORY IN NURSING
Hildegard Peplau was an American nurse who developed the theory of interpersonal relations in nursing. She received her BA in interpersonal psychology in 1943 and her MA in psychiatric nursing in 1947. Peplau's conceptual model incorporated concepts from Freud, Maslow, and Miller and integrated psychoanalytical, social learning, human motivational, and personality development theories. Her model included four components: orientation, identification, exploitation, and resolution.
NIGHTINGALE - ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY
Florence Nightingale developed an environmental theory of nursing in the 1850s based on her experiences as a nurse in the Crimean War. She believed the environment, including factors like ventilation, light, noise, and cleanliness, was a major influence on health and the healing process. According to Nightingale's theory, nurses should manipulate the physical, psychological, and social environment to support a patient's natural healing abilities. By optimizing all aspects of the environment, the nurse facilitates recovery and helps the patient regain their health. Nightingale's theory emphasized the role of environment in nursing and laid the foundation for modern holistic nursing practice.
HENDERSON THEORY IN NURSING
Virginia Henderson graduated from nursing school in 1921 and received her BS and MA in nursing education. She published the first definition of nursing in 1955 as assisting patients with activities to maintain health or achieve a peaceful death. Henderson identified 14 basic human needs including breathing, eating, eliminating waste, and worship. She viewed nursing as helping patients achieve independence by meeting these needs through a scientific problem-solving approach while considering the person's biological, psychological, social, and spiritual characteristics as well as their environment and health status.
ABDELLAH THEORY - IN NURSING
Faye Abdellah developed a typology of 21 nursing problems in 1960 to promote professionalism in nursing. The problems cover areas like hygiene, activity, nutrition, elimination, and communication. Abdellah viewed nursing as a problem-solving process where the nurse identifies issues and takes action. She believed this typology could be used as a framework to guide nursing care. Abdellah later refined her views and linked the typology to four nursing concepts - the person receiving care, their environment, their health needs, and the role of the nurse.
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE
Resistance is defined as the ratio of voltage to current in a circuit. Ohm's law states that voltage is directly proportional to current and resistance. The resistance of an object depends on the material it is made of, with insulators having high resistance and conductors having low resistance. Resistance also depends on size and shape, with resistance increasing as length increases or cross-sectional area decreases. Resistance is measured in ohms and resistance can be calculated using the resistance equation.
CAPACITANCE
This document defines and explains capacitance and capacitors. It discusses that capacitance is the ability of a system to store electric charge, and is measured in Farads. A capacitor is made of two conductive plates separated by a dielectric material. The capacitance of a capacitor depends on the plate area, distance between plates, and dielectric material. Capacitors are used to temporarily store electric energy and have various applications in electronics.
MEDICAL GASES
Medical gases are gases used in medical procedures for treatment, anesthesia, and driving medical devices. The main gases used are oxygen, nitrogen, nitrous oxide, argon, helium, carbon dioxide, compressed air, and medical vacuum. They are delivered through specialized medical gas pipeline systems and used in areas like operating rooms and ICUs. Key purposes for the different gases include oxygen supplementation, anesthesia, pneumatic pressure, and insufflation during surgery. Safety measures like color coding and emergency shut-off valves are important components of medical gas systems.
DIALYZER / ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY
A dialyzer is a mechanical device that acts as an artificial kidney by removing waste and excess fluid from the blood. It contains semi-permeable membranes made of thin fibers with microscopic pores that allow small molecules like toxins and water to pass through but keep larger molecules like blood cells and protein inside the blood. Modern dialyzers consist of hollow fiber membranes encased in a rigid cylindrical casing and can filter the equivalent area of 1-2 square meters. Dialyzers come in external, implantable, and wearable forms to provide hemodialysis treatment for kidney failure patients.
THE DIALYSIS TEAM
The dialysis team is comprised of qualified healthcare professionals who provide quality dialysis treatment to eligible patients. The core members of the team include nephrologists, nurses, dietitians, social workers, technicians, surgeons, and coordinators. Each member has specialized training and responsibilities to ensure patients receive proper medical care, support, and monitoring before, during and after dialysis treatments. The overall goal of the multi-disciplinary team is to help patients effectively manage their kidney disease and maintain quality of life.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
- 1. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DR. MAHESWARI JAIKUMAR
- 2. IMPORTANCE 1.Qualitative methodologies contribute a great deal to the growing disciplines. 2.Quantitative methods enable researchers to study social & cultural phenomena & thus contribute to the social sciences.
- 3. • 3.Qualitative research is an inductive approach for discovering or expanding knowledge. It includes researcher’s involvement in the identification of meaning or relevance of a particular phenomenon to the individual. • 4.Qualitative strategies are useful for exploring facts & developing concepts about an area of interest that has received little research attention.
- 4. CHARACTERISTICS 1.EMERGE AS STUDY ADVANCES. 2.FLEXIBLE & ELASTIC. 3.MULTIPLE STRATEGIES OF DATA COLLECTION.
- 5. 4.HOLISTIC. 5.INTENSE RESEARCHER’S INVOLVEMENT. 6.ON GOING DATA ANALYSIS.
- 6. PHASES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH • 1.ORIENTATION & OVER VIEW PHASE. • 2.FOCUSED EXPLORATION. • 3.CONFIRMATION & CLOSURE.
- 7. ORIENTATION & OVERVIEW • At this stage the researcher only presume the type of knowledge that is expected to be obtained by conducting this particular qualitative study. • The over view & orientation phase enables the researcher to plan further for the research study.
- 8. FOCUSED EXPLORATION • The salient aspect of phenomenon are more focused in this phase & an in depth exploration of the chosen phenomenon is carried out in this phase. • A variety of people related to the field are invited to participate in the study. Questions are asked based on the understanding developed during the first phase of the design
- 9. CONFIRMATION & CLOSURE • Efforts are undertaken to establish that the findings are gathered are trustworthy. The qualitative researchers re group & discuss their understanding with the participants of the study. • The study closes with participant’s contribution about the authenticity & correctness of findings.
- 10. DATA COLLECTION INTERACTIVE INTERVIEWING People asked to verbally describe their experiences of the phenomenon WRITTEN DESCRIPTION BY PARTIPANTS People asked to write descriptions of their experiences of phenomenon. OBSERVATION Descriptive observations of verbal & non verbal behaviour