Research Methodology Introduction ch1
MEANING OF RESEARCH, OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH,TYPES OF RESEARCH,Research Approaches ,Research Methods versus Methodology,research process guideline:
Research Methodology Introduction ch1
MEANING OF RESEARCH, OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH,TYPES OF RESEARCH,Research Approaches ,Research Methods versus Methodology,research process guideline:
Types of research designs, Descriptive, exploratory, Causal designs. The differences and situation where these studies are being employed.. What should be the appropriate study in a given business situations.
Legal research - getting started with Westlaw & LexisEmily Allbon
Slides for session with LLB1 students - learn about the problems of researching via google as well as getting familiar with the many different ways of searching in databases.
Types of research designs, Descriptive, exploratory, Causal designs. The differences and situation where these studies are being employed.. What should be the appropriate study in a given business situations.
Legal research - getting started with Westlaw & LexisEmily Allbon
Slides for session with LLB1 students - learn about the problems of researching via google as well as getting familiar with the many different ways of searching in databases.
Research Design -Definitions -Features - Steps in Planning Research Design - Types of Research Design - Exploratory, Descriptive, and Causal Research Designs
Research and experimental development (R&D)
Creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications
Research Design constitute blue print for the collection, measurement and analysis of data.
Types of Research Designs and How to select good Research Design.
RESEARCH APPROACHES AND DESIGNS
A Research design is the framework or guide used for the planning, implementation and analysis of a study. It is a systematic plan of what is to be done, how it will be done and how the data will be analyzed.
ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH DESIGN
Research design is also known as a blueprint thatresearchers select to carry out their research study,sometimes research design is used interchangeably withthe term methodology. Research design includes majorelements like:
The Approach
The Population, Sample and Sampling Technique
The Time, Place and Sources of Data collection
Tools and methods of data collection
Methods of data analysis
The field of Research Methodology pertains to the scientific study of the methods employed in research. It involves a systematic approach to resolving research problems through the logical adoption of various steps. Methodology serves to facilitate comprehension not only of the outcomes of scientific inquiry, but also of the process itself. The primary objective of Research Methodology is to describe and analyze research methods, elucidate their limitations and resources, and clarify their presuppositions and consequences. Additionally, it aims to relate their potentialities to the ambiguous realm at the forefront of knowledge.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. Overview : “Research Design”
DEFINITION:
‘A research design is a plan, structure and strategy of investigation so conceived as to obtain
answers to research questions or problems. The plan is the complete scheme or programme
of the research. It includes an outline of what the investigator will do from writing the
hypotheses and their operational implications to the final analysis of data.’ (Kerlinger)
‘A traditional research design is a blueprint or detailed plan for how a research study is to be
completed—operationalizing variables so they can be measured, selecting a sample of
interest to study, collecting data to be used as a basis for testing hypotheses, and analysing
the results.’ (Thyer)
‘A research design is the arrangement of the conditions for collection and analysis of data in a
manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure.’
(Selltiz, Deutsch and Cook)
3. Functions of Research Design
•The identification and/ or development of procedures and logistical
arrangements required to undertake a study.
•Ensuring that the procedures are adequate in quality to obtain valid,
objective and accurate answers to the research questions.
•Conceptualize an operational plan to undertake the various procedures and
tasks required to complete your study;
•Ensure that these procedures are adequate to obtain valid, objective and
accurate answers to the research questions.
Kerlinger calls this function: control of variance
4. IDENTIFICATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF
PROCEDURES
What procedures to follow and how to follow them?
Name the design per se e.g. ‘cross sectional’, ‘before -and- after’, ‘comparative’, ‘control experiment’
or ‘random control’.
Provide detailed information about the following aspects of the study:
• Who will constitute the study population?
• How will the study population be identified?
• Will a sample or the whole population be selected?
• If a sample is selected, how will it be contacted??
• How will consent be sought?
5. Cont….
• What method of data collection will be used and why?
• In the case of a questionnaire, where will the responses be returned?
• How should respondents contact you if they have queries?
• In the case of interviews, where will they be conducted?
• How will ethical issues be taken care of?
6. CRITERIA FOR GOOD RESEARCH DESIGN
Does the design give specific answer to the research question?
Does the design adequately test the hypothesis?
Does the design present the appropriate question problem?
Does the design adequately control the extraneous independent variable?
Can we generalize the results of a study to other subjects?
Does the design give the internal and external validity?
7. Split The Research Design Into The
Following Parts:
The Sampling
Design
The
Observational
Design
The Statistical
Design
The
Operational
Design
8. FEATURES OF GOOD RESEARCH DESIGN
Means of obtaining information.
Availability and skills of the researcher and his staff if any.
Objective of the problem to be studied.
Nature of the problem to be studied.
Availability of time and money for the research work.
Good research design is the “ first rule of the good research”.
9. Approaches of research
Qualitative Research
•Case study
•Ethnography
•Historical
•Grounded
•Phenomenology
Quantitative Research
•Descriptive
•Correlation
•Casual-Comparative
•Experimental
10. DIFFERENT TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN
Exploratory
Research Design
Descriptive
Research Design
Experimental
research design
11. OVERVIEW: EXPLORATORY DESIGN
Also known as Formulative Research:
Exploratory Research, as the name implies, intends merely to explore the research questions
and does not intend to offer final and conclusive solutions to existing problems.
Main purposes – is that of formulating of problem for investigation and or developing
hypotheses from an operational point of view.
Major purposes - discoveries new ideas and insights.
“Exploratory research is the initial research, which forms the basis of more conclusive
research. It can even help in determining the research design, sampling methodology and
data collection method.”
12. EXPLORATORY DESIGN (Formulating
Research Design)
Conducted for gaining better insight into the problem.
It gather information for clarifying concepts, ideas and insights into a phenomenon.
Evaluate the feasibility of a research project.
Usually conducted when the researcher does not know much about the problem.
Provide theoretical basis of the problem.
Establish possibilities for further research.
To help define a problem and formulation of a statement.
Gain familiarity with a problem and back ground information.
It usually takes the form of a pilot study.
13. Cont……..
Suitable for those cases, where no prior studies or background knowledge is available for reference.
Basically, this research is the initial stage of future in depth investigations.
Sometimes exploratory research is conducted to know the suitable methodology for certain research
problem.
This designs often help create qualitative data, which derived from, events, behavioural patterns,
interpretations and other such descriptive matter rather than numbers, and text and visuals.
The focus is on gaining insights and familiarities for the investigation.
This research often used to establish an understanding of how best to proceed in studying an issues or
what methodology would effectively apply to gathering information about the issues.
Generations of new ideas and assumptions.
Determination about whether a study is feasible in the future.
14. STEPS / METHODS
Selltiz and others have suggested the following steps or methods for the exploratory research:
a) Review/Survey of concerning literature:
• review of preview studies & articles
• Internal and external sources should be consulted
• Guidelines for research
b) Experience Survey
• Attempts to tap the knowledge and experience of those familiar with the subject being
investigated
c) Analysis of Insight-Stimulating Cases
• An extensive study of selected cases of the phenomenon under investigation
• Seek possible explanations rather than testing explanations
• Seek many possibilities
• Intensely analyse possibilities
16. SURVEYS/POLLS
Experience survey:
Key informant technique- gathering information from those thought to be knowledgeable on the
issues relevant to the research problem.
Lead user survey- used to acquire information from lead users of a new technology.
To gather information from predefined group of respondents.
Attempts to tap the knowledge and experience of those familiar with the subject being
investigated.
Hypothesis is taken from earlier workers and their usefulness is evaluated as a basis for further
research.
Review available material for deriving the reverent hypotheses from it.
17. INTERVIEWS
◦ Depth interviews- unstructured extensive interview in which the
researcher probes for in depth answer to questions.
◦ An interview can give in depth with a subject matter expert can give us
meaningful insights that a generalized public source won’t be able to
provide.
◦ Requires a skilled interviewer and sometimes multi-media equipment.
18. Focus groups Observations
In such method a group of people is chosen
and are allowed to express their insights on
the topic that is being studied.
Keys to focus groups success
Moderator
Purposive sample
Objective – ideas not answers
Group composition –6-10 Homogenous
members
Environment- professional with ability to have
researchers observe.
Such research is done to observe a person and
draw and the findings from their reaction to
certain parameters.
No direct interaction with the subject.
19. Literature Research
Most extensive methods used for discovering
a hypothesis.
Sources included like:
•Newspapers
•Magazines
•Books from library
•Research paper related articles
•Government documents
•Annual report
•Commercial sources
•Political agendas
•Demographics
•Financial information
•Market information and trends
20. Case Study Research
A review of available information about a former situations that has some
similarities to the current research problem.
Help a researcher with finding more information through carefully analysing
existing cases which have gone through a similar problem.
It is very commonly used by business organizations or social sciences sector
or even in the health sector.