research process in nursing

1. RESEARCH - PROCESS

2. What are the Objectives of Research?
 to discover new facts
 to verify and test important facts
 to analyze an event or process or phenomenon
 to identify the cause and effect relationship
 to develop new scientific tools, concepts and theories to solve
and understand scientific and nonscientific problems
 to find solutions to scientific, nonscientific and social problems
 to overcome or solve the problems occurring in our every day
life.

3. Research projects aren’t really that tough if you
know the research process.
I have to write a
Thesis protocol.
Where do I even
begin?

4. Exploration
 This phase includes exploring and selecting research
questions for further investigation, examining the
published literature in the area of inquiry to understand the
current state of knowledge in that area, and identifying
theories that may help answer the research questions of
interest.

5. literature review
 The purpose of a literature review is three-fold:
(1) to survey the current state of knowledge in the area of inquiry,
(2) to identify key authors, articles, theories, & findings in that area,
(3) to identify gaps in knowledge in that research area.
 The review can also provide some intuitions or potential
answers to the questions of interest and/or help identify theories
that have previously been used to address similar questions.

6. Research design
 The next phase in the research process is research design.
 This process is concerned with creating a blueprint of the
activities to take in order to satisfactorily answer the research.
 This includes selecting a research method, operational zing
constructs of interest, and devising an appropriate sampling
strategy.
** Operationalization is the process of designing precise
measures for abstract theoretical constructs

7. Execution phase
 Having decided who to study (subjects), what to measure
(concepts), & how to collect data (research method), the
researcher is now ready to proceed to the research execution
phase.
 This includes pilot testing the measurement instruments, data
collection, and data analysis.
***Pilot testing is an often overlooked but extremely important
part of the research process.

8.  It helps detect potential problems in your research design
and/or instrumentation, and to ensure that the measurement
instruments used in the study are reliable and valid measures
of the constructs of interest.
 After a successful pilot testing, the researcher may then
proceed with data collection using the sampled population.
 Following data collection, the data is analyzed and interpreted
for the purpose of drawing conclusions regarding the research
questions of interest

9. The research process is a set of steps that help you
look for and use information about a topic that you
choose.

10. Research Process
Phase I : deciding what to research
 Step I formulating a research problem
Phase II: planning a research study
 Step II conceptualizing a research design
 Step III constructing an instrument for data collection
 Step IV selecting a sample
 StepV writing a research proposal
Phase III: conducting a research study
 StepVI collecting data
 StepVII processing and displaying data
 StepVIII writing a research report

11. 1. Identify and formulate the
research topic or problem
 Select, narrow and formulate the topic or problem to
be studied and conduct preliminary literature search.

12. Why ??
* Form basis of Hypothesis and objectives
* Guides us in making decision about study design and
population.
* Tells us what relevant data will be collected ?
&
* How data will be analyzed ?

13. Identification of Research Topic /
Question
A broad topic of interest is selected
Narrowed down
Specific one /two sentence
statement

14. Stepsintheformulationof research
problem
Selection of a research area
Reviewing literature
Narrow down research area
Evaluating research problem
Formulating the statement of the
research problem

15. FINER Criteria for development of a
good Research Question
 F = Feasible
 I = Interesting
 N = Novel
 E = Ethical
 R = Relevant

16. PICOT Criteria
 P- Population(What specific population are you interested in? )
 I - Intervention(What is your investigational intervention?)
 C- Comparison group
 O- Outcome(What you intend to measure?)
 T –Time( Over what time framework study will take place?)

17. Criteria for Evaluating Research
Problems
1. Significance of the problems
2. Researchability of the problem
3. Feasibility of the problem
 Time
 Availability of subjects
 Cooperation of others
 Facility and equipment
 Money
 Experience of the researcher
 Ethical considerations

18. Research Question should be stated at the end of
introduction of protocol .
It should specify the population to be studied,
intervention to be implemented, variables to be studied

19. Sources of Research Problem
Appraisal of
Literature
Previous
Research
Existing
Theories
Brainstorming

20. Creating Research Design
 Research design: the plan to be followed to
answer the research objectives.
 There is no single best design. Instead, different
designs offer array of choices, with certain
advantages and disadvantages.
 First, the researchers need to decide whether the
research will be descriptive or causal.

21. Choosing a Basic Method of
Research
1. Survey research: research in which an interviewer interacts
with respondents to obtain facts, opinion, and attitudes.
2. Observation research: descriptive research that monitors
respondents’ actions without direct interaction.
3. Experiment research: research to measure causality, in
which the researcher changes one or more variables and
observes the effect of the changes on another variable.

22. Selecting the Sampling Procedure
 A sample is subset from a larger population.
 Several questions must be answered before a sampling
procedure is selected.
1. The population/universe of interest must be defined
2. Whether to use a probability sample or non
probability sample……

23. Collecting & Analyzing the Data
 The purpose of this analysis is to interpret and draw
conclusions from mass of collected data.

24. Writing and Presenting
the Report
 The researcher must prepare the report, it should include
the conclusions of the study , the limitations and
recommendations for areas for further study in the
light of the findings .

25. Following Up
 It is important that the research finding be
used.

26. Purpose of Dissertation
Primary purpose :
 Developing a scientific approach
 Stimulating a critical appraisal of data
 Familiarizing with important statistical concepts
 Developing an ability to collect, analyze,record &
compare data.
 Improving written scientific communication

27. Secondary offshoots
 Improving verbal communication with peers when the
dissertation work is presented to a peer audience or in a
conference
 Creating an ability to defend one’s work when faced with
a critique as in a deptt presentation
 Enabiling publication
 Generating data for future research by raising unsolved
questions
 Providing an opportunity to develop new concepts, ideas
or procedures based on one’s work

28. Section of
dissertation
Question to be asked
Abstract /
summary
How can I convey the gist of my work
Introduction What is the problem? why was this study done?
ROL What have others said about the issue?
Aims &
Objectives
In view of the lacunae in already known work,
what exactly am I planning to do?
Methods What have I actually done?
Results What did I find “

29. Discussion
limitation
Conclusion
Suggestions for
future work
* What does it mean in view of already
existing knowledge?
* Is there any deficiency in my work?
* What does my work imply as regards the
topic?
* What new areas emerge for further study?
References What are the sources of information I
referred to?
Acknowledgement Who helped me in this study?
Appendix What extra information should I give that
will make the work more meaningful?

30. Planning the Research process

31. 1-6
mths.
Review of various study options.
Discussion with guides
Selection & finalization of the topic
Consulting a statistician & finalizing methodology
Preparation of questionnaires for collection of data
Conducting a pilot study, if required ,to see feasibility
Preparation & submission of protocol
Obtaining appropriate ethical clearance
Next
18
mths.
Conducting the study , Collection of data
Recording & maintenance of data
Collection & maintenance of relevant ROL
Midcourse correction if required ( can change the topic,
questionnaire , study design etc.)
3mont
hs
Completion of the master chart
Analysis of data
Preparation of tables & figures
Write up & Submission