Research is a systematic process of exploring unanswered questions or issues through collecting and analyzing data. It aims to increase understanding and make informed decisions. There are two main types of research - basic research which develops new theories, and applied research which evaluates actions for industry or practice. Research methods can be qualitative using open-ended questions, or quantitative using measurable variables. Good research is systematic, logical, replicable, and has clearly defined objectives and appropriate methodology. Key factors for a good research topic include being novel, relevant, feasible, researchable, and ethical. A master's thesis demonstrates knowledge in the field while a PhD thesis makes an original contribution.
Research process
Meaning of research
Identify the problem
Evaluate the literature
Create hypothesis
The research design
Describe population
Data collection
Data analysis
Report writing
Research, Types and objectives of research Bindu Kshtriya
This presentation is regarding the basics of research method, about the voyage of research, steps included in research, types of research including descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative conceptual, empirical historical conclusion oriented etc
Research process
Meaning of research
Identify the problem
Evaluate the literature
Create hypothesis
The research design
Describe population
Data collection
Data analysis
Report writing
Research, Types and objectives of research Bindu Kshtriya
This presentation is regarding the basics of research method, about the voyage of research, steps included in research, types of research including descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative conceptual, empirical historical conclusion oriented etc
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
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Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
2. What is research?
- Exploring the unexplored (better solution to existing problem,
new understanding about a phenomena, theory, formula)
- Systematic process of collecting, analysing data and information
to increase our understanding of the world in general and
specific phenomenon of our interest in particular to make
informed decisions.
3. Research according to C.C. Crawdford
“Research is simply a systematic and refined technique of thinking,
employing specialized tools, instruments, and procedures in order to
obtain a more adequate solution of a problem than would be possible
under ordinary means.
It starts with a problem, collects data or facts, analyses these critically and
reaches decisions based on the actual evidence. It evolves original work
instead of mere exercise of personal. It evolves from a genuine desire to
know rather than a desire to prove something. It is quantitative, seeking to
know not only what but how much, and measurement is therefore, a
central feature for it”
4.
5. Why do we conduct research?
● Advance human knowledge (new discoveries)
● Get a degree
● Solve real-life issues
● Determining the validity and accuracy of
information through analyzing it and
identifying it as valid or weak
● To face a challenge
● To get intellectual joy
Can you think of more reasons?
7. Purpose of research
● Exploratory research: needs to know more
● Explanatory research: proper explanations are required
● Descriptive: form facts to produce knowledge
● Deterministic: evidence based outcomes are required (experimental)
10. Basic vs applied
Basic research is known as fundamental-pure research:
can develop theories or ground breaking research
Applied research
Evaluations, actions, social impact, applied in industry or practie
13. Research methods:Qualitative methods
Qualitative methods
Qualitative research is a method that collects data using conversational methods, usually
open-ended questions. The responses collected are essentially non-numerical. This method helps
a researcher understand what participants think and why they think in a particular way.
Types of qualitative methods include:
● One-to-one Interview
● Focus Groups
● Ethnographic studies
● Text Analysis
● Case Study
14. Research methods: Quantitative methods
Quantitative methods
Quantitative methods deal with numbers and measurable forms. It uses a systematic way of
investigating events or data. It answers questions to justify relationships with measurable variables
to either explain, predict, or control a phenomenon.
Types of quantitative methods include:
● Survey research
● Descriptive research
● Correlational research
15. Research methods: Quantitative methods
It is essential to ensure that your data is:
● Valid – founded, logical, rigorous, and impartial.
● Accurate – free of errors and including required details.
● Reliable – other people who investigate in the same way can produce similar
results.
● Timely – current and collected within an appropriate time frame.
● Complete – includes all the data you need to support your business decisions.
Remember, it is only valuable and useful when it is valid, accurate, and reliable.
Incorrect results can lead to customer churn and a decrease in sales.
17. Research Process
1. Identifying the research question or problem area
2. Initial review of literature
3. Distilling the question to a specific research problem 4. Continued
review of literature
5. Formulation of hypotheses
18. Research Process
6. Determining the basic research approach
7. Identifying the population and sample
8. Designing data collection plan
9. Selecting or developing specific data collection instruments or procedures
10. Choosing the method of data analysis
11. Implementing the research plan
12. Preparing the research report
20. Characteristics of good research
● Good research is systematic:
It means that research is structured with specified steps to be taken in specified
sequence in accordance with the well-defined set of rules.
Systematic characteristic of the research does not rule out creative thinking but
certainly does reject the use of guessing and intuition in arriving at conclusions.
21. Characteristics of good research
● Good research is logical:
This implies that research is guided by the rules of logical reasoning and the logical
process of induction and deduction are of great value in carrying out research.
Introduction is the process of reasoning from a part to the whole; whereas, deduction is
the process of reasoning from some premise.
In fact, logical reasoning makes research more meaningful in the context of decision
making.
22. Characteristics of good research
● Good research is replicable:
This characteristic allows research results to be verified by replicating the study
and thereby building a sound basis for decisions (Kothari, 1990).
23. Good research is:
● Systematic
● Clearly defined purposes/objectives
● Carefully planned design
● Appropriate and adequate method(s)
● Adequate analysis of data a Valid and reliable data (i.e Replicable)
● Honest, Competent, High integrity
24. Factors for good topic
● Novel:
When considering a research topic, the researcher has to focus on one which has
not been investigated before.
In the event that the problem has been studied before, he has to inject originality
in it by coming up with another research design, using a different data-gathering
tool or a different scheme for analyzing the research data
25. Factors for good topic
● Relevant:
The results of the study on a given problem should be of practical value to the
researcher and the significant others in the field. This means that once the study
had been completed, its findings, its conclusions and recommendations can be
used in improving practices or solving an identified difficulty.
• Will the results add knowledge to information already available in the field?
26. Factors for good topic
● Feasible:
This means that a problem that an investigator is going to work on can be
completed without undue amount of time, money or effort.
Feasibility of research also means that the researcher has the necessary
competence or expertise to conduct the study on the chosen problem.
• Is the topic too broad? (e.g. the effects of TV violence on children)
• Can the problem really be investigated? (e.g. availability of information)
• What costs and time are involved in the analysis?
27. Factors for good topic
● Researchable:
Data can be collected to answer the problem posed by the researcher.
• Can the data be analyzed? (Can the data be measured?)
● Ethical:
A problem is said to be ethical when it does not involve physical or psychological
harm or damage to human beings or organizations. In other words, a study on a
particular topic should not put people or institutions in a bad light.
28. Master vs PhD
A master's thesis must demonstrate that the student knows the background and
principal works of the research area, and can produce significant scholarly work. It
should contain some original contribution whenever possible.
A doctoral thesis must contain a substantial contribution of new knowledge to the
field of study. It presents the results and an analysis of original research, and should
be significant enough to be published.
29. Sources of the lecture:
- https://www.ums.edu.my/ppps/files/PostgraduateResearchMethodologySept20
16.pdf
- http://univ-biskra.dz/sites/fll/images/houadjli%20Ahmed%20Chaouki.pdf
- Esham, Mohamed. (2007). Strategies to Develop University-Industry Linkages
in Sri Lanka. Research Studies on Tertiary Education Sector Study Series. 4.
