The document discusses research design, defining it as a conceptual blueprint for conducting research that outlines data collection, measurement, and analysis. It categorizes research designs into exploratory, descriptive, and experimental types, each with distinct characteristics, advantages, and limitations. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of selecting an appropriate research design to effectively address research questions and objectives.

1. RESEARCH DESIGN
DR. VEDAVATI
1st year MD, Department of Kayachikitsa
D G M AYURVEDIC MEDICAL AND HOSPITAL GADAG

2. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Research Design Definition
• Need for the Research Design
• Types of Research Design
• How to select Research Design
• Conclusion
• References
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3. INTRODUCTION
• The Research design is the conceptual structure within which research is
conducted; it constitutes the blue print for the collection, measurement and
analysis of data.
• The research design provides the back bone structure of the study, it supports the
study and holds it together.
• The research design refers to the researcher overall plan for answering the
research question or testing the research hypothesis.
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4. RESEARCH DESIGN
• According to William Zikmund “Research design is defined as a master plan
specifying the methods and procedures for collection and analysing the needed
information.”
• Research design refers to the overall strategy utilized to carry out research that
defines a succinct and logical plan to tackle established research question through
the collection, interpretation, analysis and discussion of data.
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5. RESEARCH DESIGN Contains …….
• It contains information regarding …..
 What is the study about ?
 Why is the study being made ?
 Where will the study being carried out ?
 What type of data is required ?
 Where can the required data be found ?
What periods of time will the study include ?
 What will be the sample design ?
 What techniques of data collection will be done ?
 How will the data be analysed ?
 In what style will the report be prepared ?

6. Need of Research Design
• It facilitates the smooth sailing of the various research operations, thereby making
research as efficient as possible yielding maximal information with minimal expenditure
of effort, time and money.
• It stands for advance planning of the methods to be adopted for collecting the relevant
data and techniques to be used in their analysis, keeping in view the objective of the
research and the availability of staff, time and money.
• Research design helps the researcher to organize his ideas in a form whereby it will be
possible for him to look for flaws and inadequencies.
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7. Characteristics of Good Design
• Objectivity
• Flexible
• Appropriate
• Accurate
• Efficient
• Economical
• Minimise the biasness
• Reliability
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8. Different types of Research Designs
1. Exploratory type Research Design.
2. Descriptive and Diagnostic type Research Design (Hypothesis generating studies)
3. Experimental type Research Design (Hypothesis Testing Research Studies)
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9. Exploratory type Research Design
• Exploratory research studies are also termed as Formulative Research Studies.
• Exploratory research, as the name implies merely to explore the research questions and does not
intend to offer final and conclusive solutions to existing problems.
• This type of research is usually conducted to study a problem that has not been clearly defined yet.
• Exploratory research “ tends to tackle new problems on whivh little or no previous research has been
done”.
• Conducted in order to determine the nature of the problem, exploratory research is not intended to
provide conclusive evidence, but helps us to have a better understanding of the problem.
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10. • Examples of Exploratory Research Design :
 A study into implications of Covid – 19 pandemic into global economy.
 The clinical study to evaluate Rasayana effect of Bharangi Guda in Post Covid Subjects.

11. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Lower costs of conducting the study.
Inclusive nature of research findings.
Flexibility and adaptability to change.
Exploratory studies generate qualitative
information and interpretation of such type of
information in subject to bias.
Exploratory research is effective in laying the
groundwork that will lead to future studies.
These types of studies usually make use of a
modest number of samples that may not
adequately represent the target population.
Accordingly, findings of exploratory research
can not be generalized to a wider population.
Exploratory studies can potentially save time by
determining at the earlier stages the types of
research that are worth pursuing.
Findings of such type of studies are not usually
useful in decision making in a practical level.

12. Descriptive and Diagnostic type Research Design
• Descriptive Research studies are those research studies which are concerned with describing the
characteristics of a particular individual or a group, whereas diagnostic research studies determine the
frequency with which something occurs or its association with something else.
• The Descriptive Research design is used when the purpose of the study is to learn Who, What. Where
and How of variable.
• It is most widely used research design.
• Its common means of obtaining information include the use of the questionnaire, personal interviews
with the aid of study guide/ interview schedule and observation either participatory or not.
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13. • The design in such studies must focus attention on the following :
 Formulating the objective of the study (what the study is about and why is it being made ?)
 Designing the methods of data collection (what techniques of gathering data will be adopted?)
 Selecting the sample (how much material will be needed? )
 Collecting the data (where can the required data be found and with what time period should the
data be related? )
 Processing and analysing the data.
 Reporting the findings.
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14. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Effective to analyse non-quantified topivs and
issues.
Descriptive studies can not test or verify the
research problem statistically.
The possibility to observe the phenomenon in a
completely natural and unchanged natural
environment.
Research results may reflect certain level of bias
due to the absence of statistical tests.
The opportunity to integrate the qualitative and
quantitative methods of data collection.
Accordingly, research finfings can be
comprehensive.
The majority of descriptive studies are not
‘repeatable‘ due to their observational nature.
Less time consuming than quantitative
experiments.
Descriptive studies are not helpful in identifying
cause behind described phenomena.

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RESEARCH DESIGN
TYPE OF STUDY
EXPLORATORY DESCRIPTIVE
Overall design
Flexible design (design must
provide opportunity for
considering different aspects of the
problem).
Rigid design (design must make
enough provision for protection
against bias and must maximise
reliability).
i. Sampling design
ii. Statistical design
iii. Observational design
iv. Operational design
Non-probability sampling design
(purposive or judgement
sampling).
No pre-planned design for analysis.
Unstructured instruments for
collection of data.
No fixed decisions about the
operational procedures.
Probability sampling design
(random sampling).
Pre-planned design for analysis.
Structured or well thought out
instruments for collection of data.
Advanced decisions about
operational procedures.

16. Experimental type Research Design
 Professor R.A.Fisher’s name is associated with experimental designs.
 It is also know as Hypothesis-testing research studies.
 It is a type of research design where the researcher tests the hypothesis of casual relationships
between variables.
 Experimental design refers to the framework or structure of an experiment and as such there are
several experimental designs.
• Basic Principles of Experimental Designs :
1. Principle of Replication.
2. Principle of Randomization.
3. Principle of Local Control.
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Experimental Designs
Informal experimental designs Formal experimental designs
Before- and- after without
control design.
After-only with control design.
Before-and-after with control
design.
Completely Randomized
Design.
Randomized block design.
Latin square design.
Factorial designs.

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ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Most powerful design to demonstrate cause and
effect relationships between the independent and
dependent variable.
• Some variables can’t be manipulated.
• Ethical constraints for experimenting on
humans.

19. HOW TO SELECT RESEARCH DESIGN ?
• A research design is a stratergy for answering your research question using empirical data. Creating
a research design means making decisions about :
 Your overall research objectives and approach.
 The type of research design you’ll use.
 Your sampling methods or certain for selecting subjects.
 Your data collection methods.
 The procedures you’ll follow to collect data.
 Your data analysis methods.

20. • A well planned research design helps ensure that your methods match your research objectives and that
you use the right kind of analysis for your data.
• You should carefully consider which methods are most appropriate and feasible for answering your
question.
 Consider your aims and approach.
 Choose a type of research design.
 Identify your population and sampling method.
 Choose your data collection methods.
 Plan your data collection procedures.
 Decide on your data analysis stratergies.
 Frequently asked questions about research design.

21. CONCLUSION
• There are several research designs and the researcher must decide in advance of collection and
analysis of data as to which design would prove to be more appropriate for his research project.
• He must give due preference to various points such as …
a. The type of universe and its nature, the objective of his study.
b. The resource list or the sampling frame.
c. Desired standard of accuracy when taking a decision in respect of the design for his research
project.
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22. REFERENCES
• C. R. Kothari, Research Methodology, 2004, Second Revised Edition, Published by New Age
International.
• https://research-methodology.net/research-methodology/research-process/

23. THANK
YOU
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