The document discusses the significance of research design and planning, outlining its importance in providing a structured approach to research that minimizes bias and enhances data accuracy. It covers various research methodologies, including quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods, and emphasizes the relationship between literature reviews and research design. The document also introduces a research design matrix as a tool for organizing and planning the different components of a research project.

1. RESEARCH DESIGN
AND PLANNING
Presented by. Muhammad Fauzan
Fauziyah Riyan Putri
Novi Dyah Arisanti

2. Research Design and Planning
01
02
What is research design & planning?
What is the importance of research design?
What is the main point of research design and methodology?
03
What are the steps of research design ?04
What are the types of research design?05
What should include in research design?06
What is the relationship of Literature Review and Research Design?07
Where do you find a Literature Review from Internet Database?08
09 What is matrix in research design?

3. What is Research Design and Planning?
Whatis
research design
and planning?
Research design is a plan or
strategy that is drawn up for
organizing the research and
making it practicable
Research questions
can be answered
based on evidences
Creating a research design means making decision about the
purpose of the research and also the methodology that is
appropriate to apply

4. What is the Importance of Research Design?
Research design provides a researcher with a well-structured and
objective plan study. An impactful research design usually
creates a minimum bias in data and increase trust in the
accuracy of collected data
Research design also plays the important role to;
 Reduce inaccuracy
 Help in getting maximum efficiency and reliability
 Eliminate bias and possible errors
 Minimize the wastage of time, and
 Guide the research in the right direction

5. Main Point of Research Design and Methodology
In designing and planning a
research, the researcher
should start with the overall
purposes of the research
and then constructs a
research design to address
the purposes.
It also identifies the evidence
needed to address the
researcher purposes,
objectives, and questions.
Data Warrant
Evidence
Prediction
Confirmation
Explanation
Conclusion
Research
Questions

6. What is the main metho
dology of the research?
How many methodologi
es are necessary?
Are several methodologi
es compatible with each
other?
Will a single research que
stion require more than o
ne methodology?
Are several methodologi
es compatible with each
other?
How many methodologi
es are necessary?
Will a single research que
stion require more than o
ne methodology?
Decide what methodology
to gain answers to specific
research questions.
What are Research Design Step?
Divergent phases
Dealing with planned possibilities,
opening up the research to all facets
and interpretations
Convergent Phases
Where planned possibilities become visible
and will be selected as optimal solution

7.  Research purposes
 Research questions
 The problems to be addressed and the focus of the research
 The kind of research to be undertaken (methodology)
 Timing and duration
 The research content
 People, groups, or cases are involved
 Addressing ethical issues in the research
 The organization of the research
What are steps of Research Design ?

8.  A FRAMEWORK FOR PLANNING RESEARCH
HOW DO WE PLAN
THE RESEARCH? Quantitative
(Experiment )
Qualitative
Mixed methods
01
02
03
It based on the design of the research we design, it covers
The basic questions such as :
(a) the kind of questions being asked or investigated
(b) the purposes of the research
(c) the research principles informing how one is working,
and the philosophies, ontologies and epistemologies which
support them.
Note: Planning the research is important. There will be different
designs for different types of research.
we will give three examples here

9. Quantitative research that seeks to test a hypothesis
could proceed thus:
• Literature review
• Generate and formulate the hypothesis/ the theory to
be tested or the research questions to be addressed
• Design the research to test the hypothesis/ theory
(e.g. an experiment a survey)
• Conduct the research, analyse results
• Consider alternative explanations for the findings
• Report whether the hypothesis or theory is support
ed or not supported, and or answer the research
questions
• Consider the generalizability of the findings
One can see in the examples
that for one method, the
hypothesis drives the research,
whilst for another the Research
design hypothesis (if, in fact,
there is one) emerges from the
research at the end of the study
(some qualitative research does
not proceed to this hypothesis
raising stage)
Did
you know

10. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
• Experimental research
answers the question “What if?”
• The researcher manipulates independent variables (e.g., type of treatment,
teaching method, communication strategy) and measures dependent variables
(anxiety level, English comprehension, satisfaction) in order to establish cause and-
effect relationships between them.
• The independent variable is controlled or set by the researcher.
• The dependent variable is measured by the researcher.
• An “experiment” is a prescribed set of conditions which permit
measurement of the effects of a particular Treatment.

12. Qualitative Research Designs:
Ethnography
Definitions and Observations
• Ethnography (from the Greek ethnos = nation and graphein = writing) refers to the qualitative
description of human social phenomena, based on fieldwork. Ethnography is a holistic research
method founded in the idea that a system's properties cannot necessarily be accurately
understood independently of each other.
• Focuses on entire group that shares a common culture where the group is studied in its natural
setting for an extended period of time, months to years
• Focus of the investigation is on the everyday behaviors (e.g. interactions, language, rituals) of
the people in the group, with an intent to identify cultural norms, social structures, and other cultural patterns
Requires a lot of patience and considerable tolerance
Beware of “going native”
Was first used in cultural anthropology, and now seen in sociology, psychology, and education
Good to have a grounding in cultural anthropology before venturing into Ethnography

13. Method
• Gain access to a site appropriate for answering the research question
Ideally, the researcher should be a stranger with no vested interest in
the outcome of the study
The researcher may have to go through a gatekeeper, a person who
can provide a smooth entrance into the site
• Establish rapport with people being studied and gain their trust and be
open about reason of study
• Gather Information
Intermingle with everyone and get an overall sense of the cultural
context (big net approach)
Identify sources of information, i.e. key informants
Observe, interview, listen, and take extensive field notes

14. Data Analysis Steps
Description
Describe events in chronological order
Describe a typical day in the life of the group or of an individual within the group
Focus on a critical event for the group
Develop a story, complete with plot and characters
Analysis
Categorize data according to their meanings.
Identify patterns, regularities, and critical events
Interpretation
General nature of the culture is inferred from the Analysis step outcomes
Existing theoretical frameworks in the field may lend structure and support
during the interpretation process
Interpret with “rigorous subjectivity” since objectivity is hard to attain

15. Research Report Content
Rarely written in impersonal style. Often personal and literary narrative designed to engage the reader’s
attention and interest.
Introduction that provides a rational and context for the study
Present the research question and the rationale
Describe why the study was important for you to conduct and for others to read about
Describe the setting and the method
Describe the group you studied and the methods you used to study it
Make it real for readers through considerable details about everything
Analyze the studied culture
Describe the patterns and themes you observed
Present evidence – use participant’s actual words
Provide a conclusion
Relate your findings to the research question and to concepts and theories in your discipline
Avoid making judgments
Convey the voice of the people

16. Mixed methods
Mixed methods research is an approach to inquiry involving collecti
ng both quantitative and qualitative data, integrating the two forms
of data, and using distinct designs that may involve philosophical
assumptions and theoretical frameworks.
The core assumption of this form of inquiry the combination of
qualitative and quantitative approaches provides a more complete
understanding of a research problem than either approach alone.

17. Mixed methods mapping research

18. A mixed methods research might proceed thus:
• Identify the problem or issue that you wish to investigate
• Identify your research questions
• Identify the several kinds of data and the methods
• Collecting them which, together and/or separately, will yield answers to the research
questions
• Plan the mixed methods design (e.g. parallel mixed design, fully integrated mixed
design, sequential mixed design
• Conduct the research
• Analyse results
• Consider alternative
• Explanations for the findings
• Answer the research questions
• Report the results.
Planning the research early on will enable the researcher to identify
the boundaries within which the research must operate and what are
the constraints on it.!

19. According to Creswell (2008), a review of the literatu
re “is a written summary of journal articles, books, a
nd
other documents that describes the past and current
state of information, organizes the literature into topi
cs and documents a need for a proposed study.”
A Literature Review

20. A Literature Review
Literature Review
Research Design
Relationship
 It describes how the proposed research is related
to prior research in statistics
 It shows the originality and relevance of your
problem
 It justifies your proposed methodology
 It demonstrates your preparedness to complete
the research
A good Literature Review will provide description, summary,
and critical evaluation in research problem investigated.

21. Conducting and Reporting A Literature Review
• Pay attention when conducting, researching, and writing a
literature review, based on Cresswell (2012), Wellington (2015);
1. Defines the field of the research
2. Identifies the relevant key concept, topics, theories, issues, research
and ideas in the field under the study
3. Sets out the context, temporal, spatial, political of the research
4. Identifies seminal and landmark ideas and research in the field
5. Establishes and justifies the need of the research to be conducted,
and establishes its significance and originality
6. Sets out the rationale for direction in which study will go
7. Establishes and justifies the methodology to be adopted in the
research
8. Establishes and justifies the focus of the research
9. Sets out and justifies the warrants to be used in the research design.

22. Conducting A Literature Review
Conducting a Literature Review, based on
Creswell (2012),
Identify
Key terms
Identify key terms and
and locating the
literature
Evaluate
Select sources
Critical examination
of the sources found
Organize
Chosen Sources
Organization the
literature
Write
Academically
Subsequent writing of
the literature review
Describes
Explores
Investigates
Synthesizes
Critiques
Concludes

23. A Literature Review Qualitative Study
Quantitative Study
What is the
difference?

24. Resources of A Literature Review
Government and corporate
reports
Conference proceedings
Journals, Thesis, Research
Reports
Electronic Databases
Books, Magazines, & Newspapers article

25.  Sources in Literature Review
 Literature review sources divide into three types:
The author’s original work or
research reported by the
researcher that conducted the
study . Example: Document,
personal journal, raw-
research data, etc.
Primary
Source
Tertiary
Source
Secondary
Source
Work cited by another author
or research taht summarizes
or reports findings that come
from primary sources.
Example: research review,
commentaries.
Distillations, collections of
primary and secondary
sources. Example:
chronologies, catalogues, fact
books, etc.

26. Where do you find a Literature Review from Internet Database?
Some useful databases to find a literature review or data

27. Here the Links:
Internet Database Sources
Finding a Literature Review
on the Internet
https://scholar.google.co.id/
Add Contents Title
https://scihub.wikicn.top/
https://eric.ed.gov/
https://www.iea.nl/studies/iea/pirls
https://berajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley
.com/journal/14693518
https://www.eera-set.eu/
https://www.nfer.ac.uk/
https://www.acer.org/au

28. RECOMMENDATIONS:
 You need to develop efficient time management a
nd note-taking skills because writing literature revi
ew is not a simple task
 Be focused on assesing what is relevant to your p
lanning research
 You should write notes regarding what you are re
ading as you read it
 In journal article, the important results are briefly
summarized in the Abstract

29. Portfolio Designed
What is a Research Design Matrix ?
The research design matrix is a system of rows and columns into which components of a research project
fit, including the goal, objectives, definitions, hypothesis, variables, methods of analysis and anticipated
conclusions. It encapsulates the research design, or what the researcher intends to do in the investigation.
It gives the arrangement of the various concepts involved, also a logic is imposed on the project from the
beginning of the planning process.

30. The Research Design Matrix Questions
In planning a piece of research, the range of question to be addressed can be set into a matrix.
There are four main areas of questions set out so far:
Third
Fourth
Add Contents Title
First
Second
Data analysis
Presenting and reporting the results
Orienting decisions
Research design and methodology

31. A PLANNING MATRIX OF RESEARCH:
Questions + Sub Questions + Decisions

33. Making Decisions
There are four factors in making decisions
A B
C D
not contradict each other
Coherent
Mutually supporting each other
Must be practicable when
taken separately
Must be predictable when
taken together
After making research design matrix, it will enable research planners to see
at a glance the coverage of the sample of research planning and design.

34. Thank you
That’s all. Thank you for your attention.