Research Methodology

1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
-AN INTRODUCTION
BY M.NITHYA
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2. Agenda
 Overview of Research Methodology.
 What is Research?
 Meaning of Research.
 Objective
 Motivation
 Characteristics
 Types of research
 Structure of research
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3. Overview of Research Methodology
Research
methodology
Meaning of
research
Types of
research
Research
problem
Research
design
Sampling
Measureme
nt and
scaling
technique
Data
collection
Analysis of
Data
Hypotheses
Tools
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4. What is Science, the Scientific
Method, and Research?
 Science…
 a body of established knowledge
 the observation, identification, investigation, and
theoretical explanation of natural phenomenon
usually the ultimate goal is theory
generation and verification
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5. What is Science, the Scientific
Method, and Research?
 Scientific Method…
 involves the principles and processes regarded as
characteristic of or necessary for scientific
investigation
 process or approach to generating valid and
trustworthy knowledge
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6. What is Science, the Scientific
Method, and Research?
 Research…
 the application of the scientific method
 a systematic process of collecting and logically
analyzing information (data)
 Research Methods (Methodology)…
 the ways one collects and analyzes data
 methods developed for acquiring trustworthy
knowledge via reliable and valid procedures
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7. MEANING OF RESEARCH
 Re ---------------- Search
 Re means (once more, afresh, anew) OR (back;
with return to a previous state)
 Search means (look thorough or go over
thoroughly to look something) OR (examine to find
anything concealed)
 The quest for knowledge is a never ending process
and its simplest form this process has been called as
Research. Research in common parlance refers to a
search for knowledge. Once can also define
research as a scientific and systematic search for
knowledge.
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8. DEFINITIONS OF RESEARCH
 Research may be defined as the systematic and
objective analysis and recording of controlled
observations that may lead to the development of
generalizations, principles, or theories, resulting in
prediction and possible control of events (Best and
Kahn, 1998).
 Research is a systematic way of asking questions, a
systematic method of inquiry (Drew, Hardman, and
Hart, 1996).

9. OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
Research comprises
 Defining and redefining the problems
 Formulating the hypotheses or suggested solutions.
 Collecting, organizing and evaluating data.
 Making deductions and reading conclusions
 And at last carefully testing the conclusions to
determine whether they fit the formulating
hypotheses.
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10. MOTIVATION IN RESEARCH
 Desire to get research degree
 Desire to face challenges in solving the unsolved
problems
 Desire to get intellectual joy doing some creative
work
 Desire to be of service to the society
 Desire to get responsibility
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11. CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
 Controlled
 Rigorous
 Verifiable
 Valid
 Empirical
 Systematic
 Critical
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12. CRITERIA OF A GOOD RESEARCH
∆ Purpose clearly defined.
∆ Research process detailed.
∆ Research design thoroughly planned.
∆ High ethical standards applied.
∆ Adequate analysis for decision maker’s needs
∆ Conclusions justified.
∆ Researcher’s experience reflected.
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13. TYPES OF RESEARCH
Types of research
Application
Applied
Pure
objective
Descriptive
Exploratory
Correlational
Explanatory
Inquiry mode
Quantitative
Qualitative
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14. TYPES OF RESEARCH
 Applied Research:- Aims at finding solution for an
immediate problem facing a society or an industry/
business organizations.
 Fundamental Research:-Mainly concerned with
generalizations and with the formulation of a theory.
 Descriptive Research:-Means description of the state of
affairs as it exists at present. Researcher only reports
only what has happened or what is happening.
 Correlational research:- To discover or establish the
existence of relational, association, interdependence
between two or more aspect of a situation.
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15.  Explanatory Research:- Attempts to clarify why and
how there is a relationship between two aspects of a
situation or phenomenon.
 Quantitative Research:-Based on the measurement of
quantity or amount. Applicable to phenomena that can be
expressed in terms of quantity.
 Qualitative Research: - Concerned with qualitative
phenomenon, i.e. phenomenon relating to or involving
quality or kind.
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16. SOME OTHER RESEARCH TYPES
 Longitudinal or one time research
 Laboratory research
 Historical research
 Conclusion oriented
 Decision oriented
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17. RESEARCH APPROACHES
Approaches
Quantitative
Experimental
Simulation
Inferential
Qualitative
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18. STRUCTURE OF RESEARCH
begin with broad questions
narrow down, focus in
operationalize
OBSERVE
analyze data
reach conclusions
generalize back to questions
The "hourglass" notion of research
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19. APPLICATION OF RESEARCH
Application
of research
Service
provider
Planner Consumer professional
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20. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH
 Throws light on risks and uncertainty
 Identify alternative courses of action
 Helps in economic use of resources
 Helps in project identification
 Solves investment problems
 Solves pricing problems
 Solves allocation problems
 Solves various operational and planning problems of
business and industry
 Provides the basis for all government policies in our
economic system.
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21.  For students, research means a careerism or a way
to attain a high position in the social structure.
 For professionals in research, it may mean a source
of livelihood.
 For philosophers and thinkers, research means the
outlet for new ideas and insights.
 For literary men and women, research means
development of new styles and creative work.
 For analysts and intellectuals, research means
generalizations of new theories.
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22. IMPORTANCE OF HOW RESEARCH
DONE
 It helps to develop disciplined thinking.
 Knowledge of how to research will inculcate the
ability to evaluate and use research result with
reasonable confidence.
 Satisfaction of acquiring a new intellectual tool.
 The knowledge of research methodology helps the
consumer of research result to evaluate them and
enables him to take rational decisions.
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23. CONCLUSION
 Thus, research is the fountain of knowledge for the
sake of knowledge and an important source of
providing guidelines for solving different business,
governmental and social problems. It is a sort of
formal training which enables one to understand the
new development in one’s field in a better way.
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24. REFERENCES
 C.R.Kothari, Research Methodology, 2nd revised edition, New
age international publishers, 2004, 1-6.
 Ranjit Kumar, Research Methodology ,A step by step guide
for beginners, 2nd revised edition,pearson.
 Research methods,
http://www.docstoc.com/docs/10076142/Research-Methods
www.slideshare.net
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