The document summarizes the human reproductive system and various assisted reproductive technologies (ART). It describes the key parts and functions of the male and female reproductive systems. It then explains the process of reproduction and discusses techniques used in ART like in vitro fertilization (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), embryo transfer, gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) and surrogacy.
The human reproductive system includes the male reproductive system which functions to produce and deposit sperms; and the female reproductive system which functions to produce egg cells, and to protect egg cells, and to protect and nourish the fetus until birth.
The female reproductive system is made up of internal organs and external structures. Its function is to enable reproduction of the species. Sexual maturation is the process that this system undergoes in order to carry out its role in the process of pregnancy and birth.
The reproductive organ in female are those which concerned with copulation, fertilization, growth and development of fetus and its subsequent exit to the outer world.
Roles of Female Reproductive System
Produce sex hormones
Estrogen, Progesterone
Produce egg (ova or oocytes)
Support & protect developing embryo
Give birth to new baby
The female reproductive organs can be subdivided into:
External genitalia or Vulva
Internal genitalia
Accessory reproductive organs.
The vulva refers to those parts that are outwardly visible.
The vulva includes:
Mons pubis
Labia majora
Labia minora
Clitoris
Urethral opening
Vaginal opening
Perineum
MONS PUBIS
The triangular mound of fatty tissue that covers the pubic bone
It protects the pubic symphysis
During adolescence sex hormones trigger the growth of pubic hair on the mons pubis
Hair varies in coarseness curliness, amount, color and thickness
LABIA MAJORA
Referred to as the outer lips
They have a darker pigmentation
The Labia Majora:
Protect the introitus and urethral openings
Are covered with hair and sebaceous glands
Tend to be smooth, moist, and hairless
The labia majora contain sweat and oil-secreting glands
Become flaccid with age and after childbirth
LABIA MINORA
Referred to as the “inner lips”
Made up of erectile, connective tissue that darkens and swells during sexual arousal
Located inside the labia majora
They are more sensitive and responsive to touch than the labia majora
The labia minora tightens during intercourse
CLITORISHighly sensitive organ composed of nerves, blood vessels, and erectile tissue
It is made up of a shaft and a glans
Becomes engorged with blood during sexual stimulation
Key to sexual pleasure for most women
Urethral opening is located directly below clitoris
VAGINAL OPENINGINTROITUSOpening may be covered by a thin sheath called the hymen
Using the presence of an intact hymen for determining virginity is erroneous
The hymen can be perforated by many different events
The female reproductive system provides several functions.
The ovaries produce the egg cells, called the ova or oocytes.
The oocytes are then transported to the fallopian tube where fertilization by a sperm may occur.
The fertilized egg then moves to the uterus, where the uterine lining has thickened in response to the normal hormones of the reproductive cycle.
Once in the uterus, the fertilized egg can implant into thickened uterine lining and continue to develop.
If implantation does not take place, the uterine lining is shed as menstrual flow.
In addition, the female reproductive system produces female sex hormones that maintain the reproductive cycle.
During menopause, the female reproductive system gradually stops making the female hormones necessary for the reproductive cycle to work. At this point, menstrual cycles can become irregular and eventually stop.
One year after menstrual cycles stop, the woman is considered to be menopausal.
The human reproductive system includes the male reproductive system which functions to produce and deposit sperms; and the female reproductive system which functions to produce egg cells, and to protect egg cells, and to protect and nourish the fetus until birth.
The female reproductive system is made up of internal organs and external structures. Its function is to enable reproduction of the species. Sexual maturation is the process that this system undergoes in order to carry out its role in the process of pregnancy and birth.
The reproductive organ in female are those which concerned with copulation, fertilization, growth and development of fetus and its subsequent exit to the outer world.
Roles of Female Reproductive System
Produce sex hormones
Estrogen, Progesterone
Produce egg (ova or oocytes)
Support & protect developing embryo
Give birth to new baby
The female reproductive organs can be subdivided into:
External genitalia or Vulva
Internal genitalia
Accessory reproductive organs.
The vulva refers to those parts that are outwardly visible.
The vulva includes:
Mons pubis
Labia majora
Labia minora
Clitoris
Urethral opening
Vaginal opening
Perineum
MONS PUBIS
The triangular mound of fatty tissue that covers the pubic bone
It protects the pubic symphysis
During adolescence sex hormones trigger the growth of pubic hair on the mons pubis
Hair varies in coarseness curliness, amount, color and thickness
LABIA MAJORA
Referred to as the outer lips
They have a darker pigmentation
The Labia Majora:
Protect the introitus and urethral openings
Are covered with hair and sebaceous glands
Tend to be smooth, moist, and hairless
The labia majora contain sweat and oil-secreting glands
Become flaccid with age and after childbirth
LABIA MINORA
Referred to as the “inner lips”
Made up of erectile, connective tissue that darkens and swells during sexual arousal
Located inside the labia majora
They are more sensitive and responsive to touch than the labia majora
The labia minora tightens during intercourse
CLITORISHighly sensitive organ composed of nerves, blood vessels, and erectile tissue
It is made up of a shaft and a glans
Becomes engorged with blood during sexual stimulation
Key to sexual pleasure for most women
Urethral opening is located directly below clitoris
VAGINAL OPENINGINTROITUSOpening may be covered by a thin sheath called the hymen
Using the presence of an intact hymen for determining virginity is erroneous
The hymen can be perforated by many different events
The female reproductive system provides several functions.
The ovaries produce the egg cells, called the ova or oocytes.
The oocytes are then transported to the fallopian tube where fertilization by a sperm may occur.
The fertilized egg then moves to the uterus, where the uterine lining has thickened in response to the normal hormones of the reproductive cycle.
Once in the uterus, the fertilized egg can implant into thickened uterine lining and continue to develop.
If implantation does not take place, the uterine lining is shed as menstrual flow.
In addition, the female reproductive system produces female sex hormones that maintain the reproductive cycle.
During menopause, the female reproductive system gradually stops making the female hormones necessary for the reproductive cycle to work. At this point, menstrual cycles can become irregular and eventually stop.
One year after menstrual cycles stop, the woman is considered to be menopausal.
Reproductive system of man
this presentation contains the content of reproductive system of male and female with picture description and sexually transmitted diseases.
prepared by - S.lavesan and s.subangan, the students of Jaffna National college of education.
The female reproductive system is made up of the internal and external sex organs that function in reproduction of new offspring. In humans, the female reproductive system is immature at birth and develops to maturity at puberty to be able to produce gametes, and to carry a fetes to full term.
he reproductive system is a collection of internal and external organs — in both males and females — that work together for the purpose of procreating, according to the Cleveland Clinic. Due to its vital role in the survival of the species, many scientists argue that the reproductive system is among the most important systems in the entire body.
Reproductive system of man
this presentation contains the content of reproductive system of male and female with picture description and sexually transmitted diseases.
prepared by - S.lavesan and s.subangan, the students of Jaffna National college of education.
The female reproductive system is made up of the internal and external sex organs that function in reproduction of new offspring. In humans, the female reproductive system is immature at birth and develops to maturity at puberty to be able to produce gametes, and to carry a fetes to full term.
he reproductive system is a collection of internal and external organs — in both males and females — that work together for the purpose of procreating, according to the Cleveland Clinic. Due to its vital role in the survival of the species, many scientists argue that the reproductive system is among the most important systems in the entire body.
Human reproduction is any form of sexual reproduction resulting in human fertilization. It typically involves sexual intercourse between a man and a woman. During sexual intercourse, the interaction between the male and female reproductive systems results in fertilization of the woman's ovum by the man's sperm.
Assistive Reproductive Techniques By Shubham KapadiaShubham Kapadia
Learn all about Assisted Reproductive Techniques by this presentation. It also contains the extra notes for the the speaker itself which would help to describe better !!
The following power point discusses about how the process of sexual reproduction takes place in Humans. In it, we discuss about the male and female reproductive systems, then we discuss about how the process of fertilisation occurs in humans. Thereafter we discuss about pregnancy. Menstrual Cycle, Ways to control Population growth, STDs etc
i. Intrauterine insemination (IUI).
ii. In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF and ET).
iii. Gamete intra-fallopian transfer (GIFT).
iv. Zygote intra-fallopian transfer (ZIPT).
v. Intra-vaginal culture (IVC).
vi. Cytoplasmic transfer (CT).
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Also excretion is the process of eliminationg waste products of metabolism and other non-useful materials.
It is an essintial process in all formes of life. It also eliminate waste products such as water, carbondioxide and nitrogenous wates formed during catabolism.
Revised guideline for research in transgenic plants (Vipin Shukla
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it is also said to be as the Invitro Technique.We have seen an photocopy machine in an office, by which we can copy several pages. So, is the PCR machine in a molecular biology laboratory.
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Dr Kary Mullis developed PCR.
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These are the complements protein or Glycoproteins or Specialized proteins.
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Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
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Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
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It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
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IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
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introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
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This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
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Track: Artificial Intelligence
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3. HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
The reproductive system enables human beings to reproduce
another human being.
The reproductive system starts the life of every human being.
The reproductive system of boys is different from that of girls.
The male reproductive system is designed for production and
transport of sperm cells.
The female reproductive system is designed for child bearing.
The male and female reproductive systems are designed to create
new life.
4. REPRODUCTION:
It is a process that makes possible the continuance of life in earth.
Males and females have structures specialized for their role in
reproduction.
The process that produces babies, young animals, or new plants.
Is made up of several organs which include the testes, ducts,
accessory glands, and penis.
It is specifically responsible for producing sperm cells and
hormones.
An average man can have about 5 000 000 sperm cells in a single
drop.
5. Parts and Functions:
Testes – sex glands located in the scrotum.
They produce sperms and the hormone testosterone.
Vas deferens– A long muscular tube that serve as passageway
of sperm cells released from the testes.
Scrotum– is a pair of pouch-like sacs. It serves as skin
covering of the testes.
Bladder– a sac in the anterior part of the pelvis for
temporary retention of urine.
Epididymis– is a narrow coiled tube that stores immature
sperm cells.
6. Contd….
Prostate Gland– is a wall-nut
sized gland located between the
bladder and the penis
Urethra– an opening for
sperm and urine passage.
Penis– is the external male
organ with a tip called glans.
8. Contd….
Designed for conception, pregnancy and childbirth.
It is made up of several organs which include the
ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina.
It is responsible for producing eggs and supporting
a developing baby inside a mother’s womb.
9. Parts and Functions:
FALLOPIAN TUBES– also called oviduct. Lies close to the
ovary waiting for the egg to enter.
OVARIES (ovary)- produces egg cells and the sex hormones
estrogen and progesterone.
Uterus– also called the womb. Shaped like an upside– down
pear. Has smooth, soft, inner lining of the uterus called uterine
lining or Endometrium.
Fimbriae– the fringe of tissue around the fallopian tube.
10. Contd….
Cervix– narrow opening between the uterus and vagina.
Enlarges to let the passage of a fetus during birth.
Vagina– also called the birth canal. Hollow muscular
tube that leads to the opening called vulva.
11. The Menstrual Cycle:
Menstrual flow happen only among girls.
Menstruation is part of a menstrual cycle.
Menstruation is the monthly discharge of blood from the uterus
through the vagina.
When a girl reaches puberty, one egg ripens or matures every 28
days.
If no sperm cell arrives from 15 to 28, no fertilization and
implantation occurs.
The egg cell will then breakdown along with the uterine lining as
blood.
This marks the beginning of another menstrual cycle.
13. Contd….
The first day of the menstruation is the first day of the menstrual
cycle.
As blood comes out of the vagina, the uterine lining breaks
down.
Most of your menstrual loss happens during the first 3 days.
During the follicular phase, an egg follicle on an ovary gets ready
to release an egg.
This process can be short or long and plays the biggest role in
how long your cycle is.
The uterus starts growing a new Endometrium to prepare for
pregnancy.
14. Contd….
This phase starts on ovulation day, the day the egg is released
from the egg follicle on the ovary.
During ovulation, some women have less than a day of red
spotting or lower pelvic pain.
These signs of ovulation are normal.
It is the phase of a female's menstrual cycle when an egg(ovule)
is released from the ovaries.
At day 14, ovulation takes place. Ovulation occurs when an egg
is released by the ovary.
The egg cells travels along the oviduct and waits for a sperm
cell.
15. ART:
Assisted Reproductive technology is defined as the technology
used to achieve pregnancy in procedures such as artificial
insemination, in vitro fertilization and surrogacy.
In Vitro Fertilization is the uniting of egg and sperm in vitro(in
the lab).Subsequently the embryos are transferred into the
uterus through the cervix and pregnancy is allowed to begin.
It is the technique of letting fertilization of male and female
gametes occur outside the female body.
16. In Vitro Fertilization:
In Vitro Fertilization is the uniting of egg and sperm in
vitro(in the lab).Subsequently the embryos are transferred
into the uterus through the cervix and pregnancy is allowed
to begin.
It is the technique of letting fertilization of male and female
gametes occur outside the female body.
17. Techniques:
Most commonly used are:
Transvaginal ovum retrieval (OCR)fallopian
Embryo Transfer
Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection
Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer
Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer
Surrogacy
18. Less commonly used are:
Cytoplasmic Transfer
Assisted Zona Hatching
Egg Donors
Sperm donation
Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis
Embryo Splitting
Cryopreservation
19. Transvaginal Oocytes Retrieval:
It is also known as Oocytes retrieval is a
technique used to remove Oocytes from the
ovary of the female enabling fertilization
outside the body.
Transvaginal Oocytes retrieval is more
properly referred to as Transvaginal ovum
retrieval when the Oocytes has matured in
the ova.
20. Process:
Under ultrasound guidance, the operator inserts a needle
through the vaginal wall and into an ovarian follicle, taking
care not to injure organs located between the vaginal wall
and the ovary.
The other end of the needle is attached to a suction device.
Then the follicular fluid and cellular material is suctioned
with the needle.
The procedure usually lasts 10-20 minutes
21. ICSI, Intra Cytoplasmic Injection:
It is an in vitro fertilization procedure in which a single
sperm is injected directly into an egg.
It is beneficial in the case of male factor infertility where
sperm counts are very low.
The first child borne from gamete micromanipulation was
a child in Singapore born in April of 1989.
The first activated embryo by ICSI was produced in1990,
but the first successful birth by ICSI took place on January
14, 1992.
23. Which are the patients who need ICSI:
Low sperm count
Poor sperm motility
Abnormally high amount of morphologically
atypical sperm
Obstruction in the Epididymis due to past
inflammation
Retrograde ejaculation
Immunological factors
24. Embryo Transfer:
It refers to a step in the process of assisted reproduction in
which embryos are placed in the uterus of the female to
establish the pregnancy
In embryo transfer the embryos are placed in a woman’s uterus.
The goal is to create a pregnancy.
The embryos can be either fresh or frozen. If they are frozen,
they can thawed right before they are transferred.
It is the last step in a type of fertility treatment.
25.
26. Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer:
It is an infertility treatment used when a blockage in the
fallopian tubes prevents the normal binding of sperm to the
egg.
Egg cells are removed from a woman’s ovaries, and in vitro
fertilized.
The resulting zygote is placed into the fallopian tube by the
use of laparoscopy.
It has the success rate of 64.8% in all the cases.
27.
28. Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer:
It is a tool of assisted reproductive technology against infertility.
Eggs are removed from a woman’s ovaries , and placed in one of
fallopian tubes , along with the man’s sperm.
The first attempt was made by Steptoe and Edwards.
It takes on average four to six weeks to complete the cycle of
GIFT.
29. Steps of GIFT:
The woman must take a fertility drug to stimulate egg production in
the ovaries.
Monitoring the growth of the ovarian follicles.
Once they are mature, the woman will be injected the hCG.
After 36 hours, the eggs will be harvested mixed with the man’s
sperm and placed back into the woman’s fallopian tubes using a
laparoscope.
30. Surrogacy:
Surrogacy is when another
woman carries and gives birth to
a baby for the couple who want
to have a child.
It is the carrying of a pregnancy
for intended parents.
In this a woman agrees to
became pregnant and deliver a
child for a contracted party.
31. Types of Surrogacy:
Traditional surrogacy: It is the simplest and least expensive
form of surrogacy and is also known as artificial insemination.
The surrogate mother uses an insemination kit to became
pregnant using an intended father’s semen.
Gestational surrogacy: It is physically more complicated and
more expensive.
Here both the eggs and sperm are taken from intended father
and mother
32. Steps involved in surrogacy:
Three Steps:
Egg Donation
Fertilization
Transfer
33. Other techniques:
Cytoplasmic transfer: It is the technique in which the
contents of a fertile egg from a donor are injected into
the infertile of the patient along with the sperm.
Assisted Zona hatching: It is performed shortly before
the embryo is transferred to the uterus .
A small opening is made in the Zona pellucida using
a micromanipulator , thereby facilitating Zona
hatching to occur
34. Contd….
Egg Donors: In egg donors eggs are retrieved from a
donors ovaries, fertilized in laboratory with the sperm
from recipients partner and resulting healthy embryos are
returned to recipients uterus.
Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis: It helps in identify
genetically abnormal embryos and improve healthy
outcomes.
Embryo Splitting: It can be used for twinning to increase