Assisted hatching is a micro manipulation technique performed in a lab during IVF procedure to improve the chance of pregnancy. It is also known as Zona Hatching, Drilling or Thinning.
ART refers to methods used to achieve pregnancy by artificial or partially artificial means.
• INCLUDES- artificial insemination, In vitro fertilization (IVF) , Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) or Tubal Embryo Transfer, Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) , Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
This presentation consist brief introduction about the IVF (In-vitro fertilization) in humans.
There are more than 15 slides which gives you basic study about the history of IVF, causes of IVF, basic steps involved in IVF process, ethical issues and etc.
Hope it will help you and make you easy to understand the IVF.
Assistive Reproductive Techniques By Shubham KapadiaShubham Kapadia
Learn all about Assisted Reproductive Techniques by this presentation. It also contains the extra notes for the the speaker itself which would help to describe better !!
Assisted hatching is a micro manipulation technique performed in a lab during IVF procedure to improve the chance of pregnancy. It is also known as Zona Hatching, Drilling or Thinning.
ART refers to methods used to achieve pregnancy by artificial or partially artificial means.
• INCLUDES- artificial insemination, In vitro fertilization (IVF) , Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) or Tubal Embryo Transfer, Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) , Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
This presentation consist brief introduction about the IVF (In-vitro fertilization) in humans.
There are more than 15 slides which gives you basic study about the history of IVF, causes of IVF, basic steps involved in IVF process, ethical issues and etc.
Hope it will help you and make you easy to understand the IVF.
Assistive Reproductive Techniques By Shubham KapadiaShubham Kapadia
Learn all about Assisted Reproductive Techniques by this presentation. It also contains the extra notes for the the speaker itself which would help to describe better !!
In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a type of assistive reproductive technology (ART). It involves retrieving eggs from a woman’s ovaries and fertilizing them with sperm. This fertilized egg is known as an embryo.
Recognized as one of the best clinics in Gurgaon for Fertility treatment, Miracles Fertility & IVF Clinic is dedicated to providing the best-personalized health care tailored to individual patient needs.
IVF Treatment in India: IVF is Like a Beam of Hope for Infertile PupilMedMonks
IVF Treatment: Infertility means the inability of couple (due to male or female partner or both) to be able to conceive after having regular unprotected intercourse.
Assisted reproductive technology treats infertility and the treatment involves both a man's sperm and a woman's egg. The procedure begins by extracting eggs from a woman's body and then fusing it with the sperm to generate embryos. This embryo is then transferred back into the woman's body.
What is teaching methodology, Objectives, Parts of teaching methodologies, Types of Teaching methods, Lecture method, Basic feautres , Purpose of these methods, Advantages and Disadvantages, Limitation of teaching methods, Team teaching method, Steps of team teaching methods, Characterstics of teaching methods, TV or Video Presentations, Group discussion method, Kinds of team teaching, Discussion methods of learning, Seminar method, Advantages and Disadvntages of seminar method, Brainstorming, Advantages and Disadvantages of Brain storming, Project method, Strategy of Project based teaching strategy, Characterstics of Project method, Role of teacher, Merits and Demerits of Project method.
INTRODUCTION OF COVID-19, ORIGIN OF COVID-19, STRUCTURE OF COVID-19, CAUSES OF CORON VIRUS, SYMPTOMS OF COVID-19, TYPICAL SYMPTOMS OF COVID-19, MODE OF TRANSMISSION, PEOPLE WHI ARE AT HIGHER RISK, WHY COVID-19 IS SAID T BE AS THE PANDEMIC BY WHO?, PREVENTION, WHAT TO DO, WHAT NOT TO DO, MYTHS AND FACTS OF COVID-19 SPREADING, SOME OTHER CONSEQUENCES OF COVID-19, MOST IMPORTANT POINTS OF COVID-19, COVID-19 VACCINES INTRODUCTION, TYPES OF VACCINES , COVAXIN, COVISHIELD, COVID VACCINE REGISTERATION, WHO CAN REGISTER, WHO SHOULDNT TAKE VACCINE SHOTS, STEP BY STEP GUIDE FOR REGISTERATION, COMPARISON BETWEEN COVAXIN AND COVISHIELD,
WHAT IS PHOTOSYNTHESIS?, IMPORTANCE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS, STRUCTURAL FEATURE OF LEAF ADVANTAGE FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS,LEAVES AND LEAF STRUCTURE,CHLOROPHYLL, TYPES OF REACTIONS, LIGHT REACTION AND DARK REACTION, CYCLIC AND NON-CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPORYLATION, MECAHANISM OF ATP SYNTHESIS, SCHEMATIC PRESENTATION OF LIGHT REACTION, CRASSULACEAN ACID METABOLISM (CAM), C3 AND C4 PLANTS, FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS, INTERNAL FACTORS AND EXTERNAL FACTORS,
RECOMBINANT DNA GUIDELINES DEFINATION, RESEARCH ACTIVITIES AND ITS CATEGORIES,BIOSAFETY LEVELS, BSL-1, BSL-II, BSL-III, BSL-IV, WHAT IS BIOSAFETY GUIDELINES, AIM OF BIOSAFETY GUIDELINES, THE R-DNA BIOSAFETY GUIDELINES IN INDIA , COMMITTEES IMPANTED BY DBT, IBSC, ECGM, GEAC, CONTAINMENTS AND ITS TYPES, LEVELS OF CONTAINMENTS,PURPOSE OF THE CONTAINMENTS, ELEMENT OF CONTAINMENTS, IMPLEMENTATION OF BIOSAFETY GUIDELINES,MECHANISM OF IMPLEMENTATION, PHYSICAL CONTAINMENTS, BIOLOGICAL CONTAINMENTS, IMPLEMENTATION OF BIOSAFTEY GUIDELINES, RECOMBINANT DNA ADVISORY COMMITTEE, INSTITUTIONAL BIOSAFETY COMMITTEE,
Site directed mutgenesis, OLIGONUCLEOTIDE DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS Vipin Shukla
INTRODUCTION, HISTORY, MUTATION, DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS,BASIC MECHANISM OF SITE DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS,METHOD FOR SITE DIRECTED MUTATIONS,THE SINGLE PRIMER METHOD, CASETTEE MUTAGENESIS, PCR-SITED DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS, APPLICATION OF SITE DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS.
INTRODUCTION, DEFINATION OF ELECTROPHORESIS, ELECTROPHORESIS PRINCIPLE, TYPES OF ELECTROPHORESIS, FREE ELECTROPHORESIS, ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS,PAPER ELECTROPHORESIS, WORKING OF PAPER ELECTROPHORESIS, PROCEDURE FOR PAPER ELECTROPHORESIS, VISUALISATION, FACTORS AFFECTING SEPARATION OF MOLECULES, APPLICATIONS, working of paper electrophoresis ,procedure for paper electrophoresis ,visualisation ,factors affecting separation of molecules ,applications ,forensics ,dna fingerprinting ,molecular biology ,microbiology information about the organisms ,biochemistry mapping of cellular components ,paper electrophoresis is also used in study of sic ,hemoglobin abnormalities ,separation of blood clotting factors ,serum plasma proteins from blood sample ,used in separation and identification of alkaloids ,used for testing water samples ,toxicity of water ,drug industry to determine presence of illelgal drUGS
Introduction, Theme of the environment day, Role of teachers in environmental education, How the environment impact our health, How can we celebrate the day, Dangerous or Hazardous Waste, Seven Billion Dreams, Our planet consume with care, Examples such as Radioactivity wastes, Soil erosion
Reproductive system and its Classification Vipin Shukla
Human Reproductive system, Classificatio of Human reprodutive system, Parts and Functions male reproductive organs, Female Reproductive system, Parts and functions of female reproductive system,The Menstrual cycle, Assisted Reproductive Technology, Invitrofertilization, and its techniques, Most commonly used techniques, Les commonly used techniques, Transvaginal Oocytes Retrieval, Intra Cytoplasmic Injecection, (ICSI), Procedure of ICSI, Who are the patients required ICSI, Embryo Transfer, Zygote Intra Fallopain Transfer, Gametes Intrafallopian Transfer, Gift Technique, Surrogacy, Types of Surrogacy, Steps Involved in Surrogacy, Ither techniques,
Human excretion is the process of removing excess water, waste materail and harmful substances from human body.
Also excretion is the process of eliminationg waste products of metabolism and other non-useful materials.
It is an essintial process in all formes of life. It also eliminate waste products such as water, carbondioxide and nitrogenous wates formed during catabolism.
Revised guideline for research in transgenic plants (Vipin Shukla
In 1998, BDT brought out seperate guidelines for carriying out research in transgenic planst called the Revised Guidelines for research guidelines in Transgenic Plants.
Approaches of biotechnology in medicalVipin Shukla
Medical Biotechnology is defined as the branch of science that delas with the study of use of living cells in Research and pharmaceuticals and diagnostic products that help to treat and prevent human diseases.
Bio saftey in transgenics & its productsVipin Shukla
Transgenic plants are those plants were we insert an foreign gene in an host genome to modify its characters such as Stress tolerance, Virus resistant, Biotic and Abiotic Tolerance etc.
Polymerase Chin Reaction is a technique that takes specific sequences of DNA of small and amplifies it to be used for further testing.
it is also said to be as the Invitro Technique.We have seen an photocopy machine in an office, by which we can copy several pages. So, is the PCR machine in a molecular biology laboratory.
PCR is DNA raplication ina test tube.
Dr Kary Mullis developed PCR.
To amplify lot of double stranded DNA molecules with same size and sequence by enzymatic method and cycling condition.
Biosaftey means the needs to protect human and animal health along with the environment from the possible adverse effects of the products of modern biotechnology. Biosafety defines the containment conditions under which infectious agents can be safely manipulated. Biosafety word is used to reduce and eliminate the potential risk regulating from the modern biotechnology and its products.
HYBRIDOMA TECHNOLOGY IT IS DEFINED AS THE PROCESS WERE THERE IS A FUSION OF SPLLEN CELL AND MYELOMA CELLS IN THE PRESENCE OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL OR SENDAI VIRUS AND LEADS TO THE PRODUCTION OF MONOCLONL ANTIBODY.
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM IS DEFINED AS THE PART OF IMMUNE SYSTEM WHICH ENHANCES THE IMMUNITY OF AN INDIVIUAL. IT INCLUDES 30 SOLUBLE PROTEINS PRESENT IN PLASMA.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
2. Introduction:
In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a type of assistive reproductive
technology (ART). It involves retrieving eggs from a
woman’s ovaries and fertilizing them with sperm. This
fertilized egg is known as an embryo. The embryo can then
be frozen for storage or transferred to a woman’s uterus.
Depending on your situation, IVF can use:
your eggs and your partner’s sperm.
your eggs and donor sperm.
donor eggs and your partner’s sperm.
3. Continued….
Your doctor can also implant embryos in a
surrogate, or gestational carrier. This is a woman
who carries your baby for you.
The success rate of IVF varies. According to
the American Pregnancy Association, the live birth
rate for women under age 35 undergoing IVF is 41
to 43 percent. This rate falls to 13 to 18 percent for
women over the age of 40.
4. What Is a Test Tube Baby:
The term “test tube baby” means a child that is conceived outside
a woman’s body. A more complete definition specifies test tube
babies as being conceived in a laboratory through the scientific
process of In-Vitro Fertilization (IVF). The use of the words
“test tube” is also erroneous because, right from the beginning
decades back with Edwards and Steptoe, the lab instrument that
they used to mix the eggs and sperm in is a Petri dish.
It can be stated therefore that “test tube baby” is an
oversimplified term for a child born through IVF. Hence, there is
actually NO difference between IVF and test tube baby.
5.
6. Step involved in Test Tube baby process:
Test Tube Baby Step-by-Step Process
Ever since that successful attempt in 1978, numerous
advancements have been made to IVF but the
core procedure remains the same.
7. Step 1: Egg production stimulated by hormone therapy:
Prior to egg retrieval, the woman is prescribed injectable
hormones of GnRHa and gonadotrophins to promote the
synchronous growth and maturation of the follicles inside her
ovaries. Final maturation of the eggs is accomplished through the
injection of HCG 36 hours before egg collection.
Step 2: Eggs retrieved from ovary
The woman is given a mild sedative or anesthetic so that she
won’t feel pain or other discomforts during egg retrieval. Using
an ultrasound vaginal probe with a fine hollow needle attached to
it, the fertility specialist aspirates eggs from the woman’s
ovaries. These samples are promptly brought to the laboratory.
Step 3: Sperm Sample Provided
On the same day as the egg retrieval, the man is required to
produce a fresh semen sample.
8. Continued……
Step 4: Eggs and sperm combined to allow fertilization
The sperm and eggs are mixed together in a Petri dish and then
place inside an incubator for a few days. During this period, the
fertility specialist checks for signs of fertilization and monitors the
growth of the embryos.
Step 5: Fertilized eggs introduced into the uterus
On the day of embryo transfer, two or three embryos are transferred
into the uterus of the woman with the use of a fine catheter. To
strengthen and support the uterine lining and increase the possibility
of implantation, she is advised to administer progesterone or HCG
daily.
9. Continued……
A common question that is asked is how painful are
IVF injections? Most women experience minimal pain
and discomfort with the hormone injections, describing
them as being similar to the insulin injections for
diabetes.
Other women claim that the more painful shots are
those of progesterone because it is oil-based and
requires the use of a needle with a larger bore.
11. What is Infertility?
Infertility is a disease that affects the reproductive organs of
both men and women. It impairs one of the body’s most
basic functions, which is the ability to have offspring.
Infertility affects about 6.1 million women and men in the
United States; this is 10 percent of the reproductive-age
population.
Smoking, sexually transmitted
infections, age, and an
unhealthy body weight can
increase risks of infertility.
12. Reasons for Infertility:
Fallopian tubes are blocked or damaged.
Sperm do not swim well.
Sperm are too few in number.
The lining of womb is affected.
Ovarian do not produce eggs.
Qualities of eggs is compromised.
Hormonal Imbalances.
13. Why Is In Vitro Fertilization Performed:
IVF helps people with infertility who want to have a baby.
IVF is expensive and invasive, so couples often try other
fertility treatments first.
These may include taking fertility drugs or having
intrauterine insemination. During that procedure, a doctor
transfers sperm directly into a woman’s uterus.
Infertility issues for which IVF is mandatory it includes:
Reduced fertility in women over the age of 40
Blocked or damaged fallopian tubes
14. Continued……
Reduced ovarian function
Endometriosis
Uterine fibroids
Male infertility, such as low sperm count or
abnormalities in sperm shape
Unexplained infertility
15. Continued……
Parents may also choose IVF if they run the risk of
passing a genetic disorder on to their offspring. A
medical lab can test the embryos for genetic
abnormalities. Then, a doctor only implants
embryos without genetic defects.
16. How we prepare for In Vitro
Fertilization:
Before beginning IVF, women will first undergo ovarian reserve
testing. This involves taking a blood sample and testing it for the
level of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). The results of this
test will give your doctor information about the size and quality
of your eggs.
Your doctor will also examine your uterus. This may involve
doing an ultrasound, which uses high-frequency sound waves to
create an image of your uterus. Your doctor may also insert a
scope through your vagina and into your uterus. These tests can
reveal the health of your uterus and help the doctor determine the
best way to implant the embryos.
17. Continued……
Men will need to have sperm testing. This involves
giving a semen sample, which a lab will analyze
for the number, size, and shape of the sperm.
If the sperm are weak or damaged, a procedure
called intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) may
be necessary.
During ICSI, a technician injects sperm directly
into the egg. ICSI can be part of the IVF process.
19. Factors responsible for choosing IVF:
How many embryos do you wish to transfer? The more
embryos transferred, the higher the risk of a multiple
pregnancy. Most doctors won’t transfer more than two
embryos.
How do you feel about the possibility of having twins,
triplets, or a higher order multiple pregnancy?
What about the legal and emotional issues associated with
using donated eggs, sperm, and embryos or a surrogate?
What are the financial, physical, and emotional stresses
associated with IVF?
20. History of IVF:
1890-the very first in vitro manipulation of eggs/embryos was
performed by Walter Heape,when he transferred in vivo
fertilized from one female rabbit to another.
1959-M.C Chang successfully conducted IVF in rabbits.
February 15,1969-the journal nature published a paper
authored by R.G Edwards.
1977,the first IVF pregnancy in human and the birth of Louis
Brown.
21. Continued…..
The first successful embryo transfer was carried out in
rabbit by heap in 1890.
First lamb by ETT-1949 by berry.
First calf by-1951 by willet et al
In swine-1951 by kvansnickii
In Asian buffalo-1983by drost et al.
Steps involved in embryo transfer
22. GENERAL PROTOCOL:
Patient selection
Manipulation of menstrual cycle;superovulation
Oocytes retrieval
Preparation of semen sample
IVF treatment
Embryo transfer
Cryopreservation
24. Steps in IVF:
Initial evaluation
ovarian stimulation
Collection of Oocytes
Collection of sperm
In vitro fertilization of Oocytes
Embryo transfer
25. Female Infertility Factors:
The most common female
infertility factor is an ovulation
disorder.
Blocked fallopian tubes, which
can occur when a woman has
had pelvic inflammatory disease
or endometriosis (a sometimes
painful condition causing
adhesions and cysts).
26. Male Infertility Factors:
The most common male infertility
factors include Azoosprmia (no
sperm cells are produced) and
Oligospermia (few sperm cells are
produced).
Sometimes, sperm cells are
malformed or they die before
they can reach the egg.
Also a genetic disease such as cystic
fibrosis or a chromosomal
abnormality causes infertility in men.
27. Female Reproductive Organs:
Normal anatomy and regular menstrual cycles are key
factors in establishing female fertility.
The female reproductive system is mainly internal. The
vagina is the passage that leads from the outside of the
body to the cervix, which is the opening to the Uterus.
The uterus is a muscular organ about the size and shape of
a pear, which is lined with a rich and nourishing mucous
membrane called the Endometrium. The Uterus is where
a fertilized egg attaches itself and develops into a baby.
28.
29. Male Reproductive Organs:
The male reproductive system is
both internal and external. The
testes are located within the scrotal
sac, the pouch of skin located
below the penis.
The testes produce sperm and
testosterone, the primary male
hormone that helps maintain the
male sexual characteristics
31. In Vitro Fertilization:
In vitro fertilization:
Taking eggs from a woman,
fertilizing them in the
laboratory with a man's sperm,
and returning the resulting
embryos to her uterus several
days later.
32. Intra-Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI):
Intra-Cytoplasmic sperm
injection - is a lab
procedure to help infertile
couples undergo in vitro
fertilization due to male
factor infertility.
33. Frozen Embryos:
Frozen embryos: Specialists
may freeze additional embryos
from a woman's cycle for later
use. They may also freeze
embryos of a donor in order to
have them ready to place in a
surrogate mother's uterus at the
appropriate moment in the
surrogate's natural or hormone-
replaced cycle.
34. Prenatal Tests:
Ultrasound: An ultrasound provides
a non-invasive way to see inside the
uterus using high-frequency sound
waves to create visual images.
Ultrasound can often detect major
problems such as spina bifida and
anencephaly, and it provides a way
to measure the size of the fetus.