My Report in Science that is about Properties of Matter. Here You May Learn about some thing that you may not know. (Includes: Meanings, Examples, DYK? Q&A, Animated Stuff, Etc.)
This presentation deals with the usage of Nanocomposites in food packaging and different types of Nanocomposites used for coating to manufacturing of films.
This document discusses various material properties including mechanical properties. It lists 11 categories of material properties and provides definitions and explanations for several important mechanical properties. These include fatigue strength, endurance limit, tensile strength, compressive strength, elasticity, plasticity, ductility, brittleness, malleability, toughness, stiffness, resilience, hardness, and creep. The document serves to define and explain key terms related to the mechanical properties of materials.
The document discusses glass and clay products and processing. It provides information on standard glass additives and how they affect structure and properties. It describes how specific volume and viscosity of glass vary with temperature. It discusses the steps for processing glass sheets and containers, as well as the importance of annealing and tempering glass. It then outlines the steps for processing clays, including slip casting and hydroplasticity.
The document discusses various characteristics of materials including:
1. Density, which is the relationship between mass and volume of a material. Materials like cork have lower density than lead.
2. Hygroscopic materials, which absorb water, like cellulose and silica gel. Less hygroscopic materials are used to make waterproof tests.
3. Thermal conductivity, with metals being good conductors and plastics, ceramics, wood, and cork being good insulators.
Learn about the nine primary physical properties of a rubber compound: hardness, tensile strength, modulus, elongation, tear resistance, abrasion resistance, compression set resistance, resilience and specific gravity. This presentations offers detailed information on each property, why it is important and how it is measured.
Degradation of an object occurs as a result of the interaction between the environment or with the materials that form the object however, in the case of ceramics, environmental factors are the major cause. There are several ways in which ceramics break down physically and chemically.
The document provides information about different hardness tests for materials, including Brinell hardness test, Rockwell hardness test, and Vickers hardness test. It explains how each test is conducted, the equipment used, factors that influence the measurements, advantages and disadvantages of the tests. Correlations between hardness values and properties like tensile strength are also discussed. Various hardness scales are compared. Microhardness testing and applications are outlined as well.
This document provides an introduction to composite materials. It defines composites as materials made of two or more inherently different materials that when combined produce properties exceeding the individual components. The matrix holds the reinforcement and transfers load, while the reinforcement provides properties like strength and stiffness. Common matrix materials include epoxies, metals, and ceramics. Fiber reinforcements include glass, carbon, and aramid fibers. The document discusses different types of composites and their applications, advantages like high strength and design flexibility, and disadvantages like anisotropic properties and difficulties in inspection.
This presentation deals with the usage of Nanocomposites in food packaging and different types of Nanocomposites used for coating to manufacturing of films.
This document discusses various material properties including mechanical properties. It lists 11 categories of material properties and provides definitions and explanations for several important mechanical properties. These include fatigue strength, endurance limit, tensile strength, compressive strength, elasticity, plasticity, ductility, brittleness, malleability, toughness, stiffness, resilience, hardness, and creep. The document serves to define and explain key terms related to the mechanical properties of materials.
The document discusses glass and clay products and processing. It provides information on standard glass additives and how they affect structure and properties. It describes how specific volume and viscosity of glass vary with temperature. It discusses the steps for processing glass sheets and containers, as well as the importance of annealing and tempering glass. It then outlines the steps for processing clays, including slip casting and hydroplasticity.
The document discusses various characteristics of materials including:
1. Density, which is the relationship between mass and volume of a material. Materials like cork have lower density than lead.
2. Hygroscopic materials, which absorb water, like cellulose and silica gel. Less hygroscopic materials are used to make waterproof tests.
3. Thermal conductivity, with metals being good conductors and plastics, ceramics, wood, and cork being good insulators.
Learn about the nine primary physical properties of a rubber compound: hardness, tensile strength, modulus, elongation, tear resistance, abrasion resistance, compression set resistance, resilience and specific gravity. This presentations offers detailed information on each property, why it is important and how it is measured.
Degradation of an object occurs as a result of the interaction between the environment or with the materials that form the object however, in the case of ceramics, environmental factors are the major cause. There are several ways in which ceramics break down physically and chemically.
The document provides information about different hardness tests for materials, including Brinell hardness test, Rockwell hardness test, and Vickers hardness test. It explains how each test is conducted, the equipment used, factors that influence the measurements, advantages and disadvantages of the tests. Correlations between hardness values and properties like tensile strength are also discussed. Various hardness scales are compared. Microhardness testing and applications are outlined as well.
This document provides an introduction to composite materials. It defines composites as materials made of two or more inherently different materials that when combined produce properties exceeding the individual components. The matrix holds the reinforcement and transfers load, while the reinforcement provides properties like strength and stiffness. Common matrix materials include epoxies, metals, and ceramics. Fiber reinforcements include glass, carbon, and aramid fibers. The document discusses different types of composites and their applications, advantages like high strength and design flexibility, and disadvantages like anisotropic properties and difficulties in inspection.
nano whiskers r thread like structure compared to the nano rods and nano wires but still controversy is there that they can be put under springs too.......... check to know more abt the whiskers
This document provides an overview of thermoforming and other plastic processing techniques. It discusses the history and development of thermoforming from World War II to today. It then describes different types of thermoforming like vacuum, pressure, and mechanical thermoforming. The document also discusses extrusion, injection molding, and blow molding processes. It provides details on the history, process, materials used, advantages and disadvantages, and applications of each technique. Finally, it mentions some Pakistani industries that utilize these plastic processing methods.
Capillarity is the ability of liquids to rise in small fine tubes due to cohesive forces between liquid molecules. Fluidity is the ability of liquids to flow, while viscosity is the ability of liquids to resist flowing. Cohesive forces between liquid molecules are responsible for capillarity and other liquid properties.
Composites are materials formed from two or more constituent materials that remain separate and distinct within a composite. Composites consist of a continuous matrix phase that surrounds and binds together a dispersed reinforcement phase. This gives composites properties that are superior to the individual components, such as high strength and stiffness. Composites can be classified based on the type of reinforcement, such as particle, structural, or fiber reinforcement composites which use particles, sheets, or fibers respectively to enhance the properties of the matrix material.
Here we will see the classifications, Collection, Handling & Sorting, different methods of sorting of plastics
About Biodegradable polymers, how to use it and reuse it
2011-2014 pass out batch from CIPET Lucknow . project work on portable pipe system ,which included pipe types , compounding , processing method , trouble shooting , and testing , .Thank you for watching.
The document discusses ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), including the materials and processing methods used to produce them. It describes common matrix materials like Al2O3 and SiC and reinforcements like fibers and whiskers. Popular fabrication techniques are outlined, such as chemical vapor infiltration, polymer infiltration and pyrolysis, melt infiltration, and slurry infiltration. The mechanical properties of CMCs are summarized, focusing on fracture toughness which is improved through mechanisms like crack deflection and fiber pull-out. Specific CMC systems analyzed include SiC-SiC, ZrB2-SiC, TiB2-SiC, and Al2O3-SiC composites.
Glasses structures, properties and applicationsRushikesh Raval
This document defines glass and describes its structure, history, production process, types, properties and applications. Specifically, it states that glass is an inorganic, amorphous solid formed by rapid cooling of molten materials. It has no long-range crystal structure and is actually a very viscous liquid at high temperatures. The document outlines the key raw materials used to produce different types of glass, including silica, soda ash, limestone and lead oxide. It then describes common glass types like silica glass, borosilicate glass, lead glass and sodalime glass. The document concludes by listing some key properties and applications of glass in areas like solar cells, optics and construction materials.
Flammability Testing Of Plastics Jinish DoshiJinish Doshi
This document summarizes various standards and tests for measuring the flammability of plastics, including UL 94 ratings, glow wire tests, and oxygen index tests. It describes the sample preparation and pass/fail criteria for horizontal and vertical burning tests per UL 94, as well as ratings like V0, V1, V2. Common flame retardants and their mechanisms of action are also outlined. Standards from ISO, IEC, and other groups are referenced for electrotechnical and automotive applications.
The document discusses engineering materials and their properties. It defines engineering materials as substances useful in engineering fields. Material selection considers properties like mechanical, physical and chemical properties, as well as cost, availability, durability and appearance. Mechanical properties discussed include strength, stiffness, elasticity, plasticity, ductility, malleability, toughness and hardness. Common types of strength are tensile, compressive and shear strengths.
Science V- special properties of materialsApple Sanchez
This document discusses a group activity where students observe and record the special properties of various materials, including chalk, a sponge, a rubber band, a nail near a magnet, and an electric wire. The special properties observed include porosity, ductility, brittleness, elasticity, malleability, flexibility, luster, magnetism, and electrical conductivity. The document explains that special properties pertain to the unique characteristics of specific materials and phases of matter. It lists several examples of special properties and has students identify special properties from descriptions.
The document discusses several physical properties of matter including thermal conductivity, state, malleability, ductility, solubility, density, and how density relates to whether an object will float or sink in water. It provides definitions and examples for each property. Density is defined as mass per unit volume and most substances have a unique density value expressed in grams per milliliter or grams per cubic centimeter.
Advanced Optical Materials was issued as a section of Advanced Materials in 2012 and launched as an individual journal under the same name in 2013. Publishing formats for the section of Advanced Materials were three or four page (short) communications, detailed full papers, and reviews. The stated purpose of this section was to communicate significant discoveries which advance the fields of photonics, plasmonics, and metamaterials. Fundamental research is also covered.....
This document discusses the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of materials. It describes key physical properties like density, specific heat, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity. It also outlines important mechanical properties such as tensile strength, ductility, malleability, brittleness, elasticity, plasticity, toughness, and hardness. Finally, it briefly touches on relevant chemical properties including corrosion resistance and erosion resistance.
Composites consist of a combination of two or more materials, with a matrix and fiber reinforcement. The matrix holds the fibers together and typically transfers stress between fibers. Common matrix materials include polymers and metals. Fibers provide strength and stiffness and can be made of materials like glass, carbon, and Kevlar. Composites offer advantages over traditional materials like high strength to weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and anisotropic properties that allow for tailored designs. However, they also have disadvantages like higher costs and more complex manufacturing compared to metals.
Graphite is a highly scalable real-time graphing system. As a user, you write an application that collects numeric timeseries data that you are interested in graphing, and send it to Graphite’s processing backend, carbon, which stores the data in Graphite’s specialized database. The data can then be visualized through graphite’s web Interfaces.
This document discusses polymers classified by their applications, focusing on elastomers. It defines elastomers as polymers with both elasticity and viscosity, and provides examples such as natural rubber, synthetic rubbers like polybutadiene and butyl rubber, and silicone rubber. The document explains the processes of obtaining natural rubber from trees and vulcanization. It discusses key elastomer properties like glass transition temperature and applications in industries and products like tires, hoses and coatings.
This document discusses natural rubber, including its monomer (isoprene), polymerization, properties, and uses. It explains how natural rubber latex is prevented from coagulating through the addition of hydroxide ions. The key process of vulcanization is described, which cross-links rubber molecules with sulfur atoms to improve elasticity, strength, and heat and chemical resistance compared to unvulcanized rubber. Common uses of natural rubber are mentioned like tires, footwear, and vibration absorption applications due to its elastic properties.
This document provides an overview of composite materials. Composites are materials composed of two or more physically distinct phases whose combination produces properties that are different from the constituent materials. The document discusses the different types of composites including metal matrix composites, ceramic matrix composites, and polymer matrix composites. It describes the components that make up each type of composite including the matrix and reinforcing materials. Various applications of composites are also mentioned.
Synthesis and characterisation of pvc pipeBADAL PANCHAL
This document summarizes a student project to modify the formulation of PVC pipes to reduce noise produced when water flows through them. The students visited a pipe manufacturing plant to obtain raw materials for their modified recipe. Their formulation adds calcium carbonate filler and wax to the standard PVC pipe ingredients. They tested the reference pipe and will test their new formulation. The goal is to reduce noise by increasing density and decreasing friction between the water and pipe walls.
Dart flight school - Dart and Polymer Introductionworktrail
Introduction to Dart and Polymer.dart and how we used the technologie to (re)launch WorkTrail.net - Presentation for the Vienna Dart Flight School at 2014-02-01
Full Version with a few Speaker Notes available at: https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1inu9oxRumbxXJo7RqoI9zUd2RJM86po1hAlylLF5g7I/edit?usp=sharing
Feel free to share, use and remaster/edit or give feedback for improvements ;-)
The presentation was for science teachers at a conference. It introduces some philosophy of science showing the philosophical origins of key ideas. It raises the issue of truth in science teaching.
nano whiskers r thread like structure compared to the nano rods and nano wires but still controversy is there that they can be put under springs too.......... check to know more abt the whiskers
This document provides an overview of thermoforming and other plastic processing techniques. It discusses the history and development of thermoforming from World War II to today. It then describes different types of thermoforming like vacuum, pressure, and mechanical thermoforming. The document also discusses extrusion, injection molding, and blow molding processes. It provides details on the history, process, materials used, advantages and disadvantages, and applications of each technique. Finally, it mentions some Pakistani industries that utilize these plastic processing methods.
Capillarity is the ability of liquids to rise in small fine tubes due to cohesive forces between liquid molecules. Fluidity is the ability of liquids to flow, while viscosity is the ability of liquids to resist flowing. Cohesive forces between liquid molecules are responsible for capillarity and other liquid properties.
Composites are materials formed from two or more constituent materials that remain separate and distinct within a composite. Composites consist of a continuous matrix phase that surrounds and binds together a dispersed reinforcement phase. This gives composites properties that are superior to the individual components, such as high strength and stiffness. Composites can be classified based on the type of reinforcement, such as particle, structural, or fiber reinforcement composites which use particles, sheets, or fibers respectively to enhance the properties of the matrix material.
Here we will see the classifications, Collection, Handling & Sorting, different methods of sorting of plastics
About Biodegradable polymers, how to use it and reuse it
2011-2014 pass out batch from CIPET Lucknow . project work on portable pipe system ,which included pipe types , compounding , processing method , trouble shooting , and testing , .Thank you for watching.
The document discusses ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), including the materials and processing methods used to produce them. It describes common matrix materials like Al2O3 and SiC and reinforcements like fibers and whiskers. Popular fabrication techniques are outlined, such as chemical vapor infiltration, polymer infiltration and pyrolysis, melt infiltration, and slurry infiltration. The mechanical properties of CMCs are summarized, focusing on fracture toughness which is improved through mechanisms like crack deflection and fiber pull-out. Specific CMC systems analyzed include SiC-SiC, ZrB2-SiC, TiB2-SiC, and Al2O3-SiC composites.
Glasses structures, properties and applicationsRushikesh Raval
This document defines glass and describes its structure, history, production process, types, properties and applications. Specifically, it states that glass is an inorganic, amorphous solid formed by rapid cooling of molten materials. It has no long-range crystal structure and is actually a very viscous liquid at high temperatures. The document outlines the key raw materials used to produce different types of glass, including silica, soda ash, limestone and lead oxide. It then describes common glass types like silica glass, borosilicate glass, lead glass and sodalime glass. The document concludes by listing some key properties and applications of glass in areas like solar cells, optics and construction materials.
Flammability Testing Of Plastics Jinish DoshiJinish Doshi
This document summarizes various standards and tests for measuring the flammability of plastics, including UL 94 ratings, glow wire tests, and oxygen index tests. It describes the sample preparation and pass/fail criteria for horizontal and vertical burning tests per UL 94, as well as ratings like V0, V1, V2. Common flame retardants and their mechanisms of action are also outlined. Standards from ISO, IEC, and other groups are referenced for electrotechnical and automotive applications.
The document discusses engineering materials and their properties. It defines engineering materials as substances useful in engineering fields. Material selection considers properties like mechanical, physical and chemical properties, as well as cost, availability, durability and appearance. Mechanical properties discussed include strength, stiffness, elasticity, plasticity, ductility, malleability, toughness and hardness. Common types of strength are tensile, compressive and shear strengths.
Science V- special properties of materialsApple Sanchez
This document discusses a group activity where students observe and record the special properties of various materials, including chalk, a sponge, a rubber band, a nail near a magnet, and an electric wire. The special properties observed include porosity, ductility, brittleness, elasticity, malleability, flexibility, luster, magnetism, and electrical conductivity. The document explains that special properties pertain to the unique characteristics of specific materials and phases of matter. It lists several examples of special properties and has students identify special properties from descriptions.
The document discusses several physical properties of matter including thermal conductivity, state, malleability, ductility, solubility, density, and how density relates to whether an object will float or sink in water. It provides definitions and examples for each property. Density is defined as mass per unit volume and most substances have a unique density value expressed in grams per milliliter or grams per cubic centimeter.
Advanced Optical Materials was issued as a section of Advanced Materials in 2012 and launched as an individual journal under the same name in 2013. Publishing formats for the section of Advanced Materials were three or four page (short) communications, detailed full papers, and reviews. The stated purpose of this section was to communicate significant discoveries which advance the fields of photonics, plasmonics, and metamaterials. Fundamental research is also covered.....
This document discusses the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of materials. It describes key physical properties like density, specific heat, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity. It also outlines important mechanical properties such as tensile strength, ductility, malleability, brittleness, elasticity, plasticity, toughness, and hardness. Finally, it briefly touches on relevant chemical properties including corrosion resistance and erosion resistance.
Composites consist of a combination of two or more materials, with a matrix and fiber reinforcement. The matrix holds the fibers together and typically transfers stress between fibers. Common matrix materials include polymers and metals. Fibers provide strength and stiffness and can be made of materials like glass, carbon, and Kevlar. Composites offer advantages over traditional materials like high strength to weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and anisotropic properties that allow for tailored designs. However, they also have disadvantages like higher costs and more complex manufacturing compared to metals.
Graphite is a highly scalable real-time graphing system. As a user, you write an application that collects numeric timeseries data that you are interested in graphing, and send it to Graphite’s processing backend, carbon, which stores the data in Graphite’s specialized database. The data can then be visualized through graphite’s web Interfaces.
This document discusses polymers classified by their applications, focusing on elastomers. It defines elastomers as polymers with both elasticity and viscosity, and provides examples such as natural rubber, synthetic rubbers like polybutadiene and butyl rubber, and silicone rubber. The document explains the processes of obtaining natural rubber from trees and vulcanization. It discusses key elastomer properties like glass transition temperature and applications in industries and products like tires, hoses and coatings.
This document discusses natural rubber, including its monomer (isoprene), polymerization, properties, and uses. It explains how natural rubber latex is prevented from coagulating through the addition of hydroxide ions. The key process of vulcanization is described, which cross-links rubber molecules with sulfur atoms to improve elasticity, strength, and heat and chemical resistance compared to unvulcanized rubber. Common uses of natural rubber are mentioned like tires, footwear, and vibration absorption applications due to its elastic properties.
This document provides an overview of composite materials. Composites are materials composed of two or more physically distinct phases whose combination produces properties that are different from the constituent materials. The document discusses the different types of composites including metal matrix composites, ceramic matrix composites, and polymer matrix composites. It describes the components that make up each type of composite including the matrix and reinforcing materials. Various applications of composites are also mentioned.
Synthesis and characterisation of pvc pipeBADAL PANCHAL
This document summarizes a student project to modify the formulation of PVC pipes to reduce noise produced when water flows through them. The students visited a pipe manufacturing plant to obtain raw materials for their modified recipe. Their formulation adds calcium carbonate filler and wax to the standard PVC pipe ingredients. They tested the reference pipe and will test their new formulation. The goal is to reduce noise by increasing density and decreasing friction between the water and pipe walls.
Dart flight school - Dart and Polymer Introductionworktrail
Introduction to Dart and Polymer.dart and how we used the technologie to (re)launch WorkTrail.net - Presentation for the Vienna Dart Flight School at 2014-02-01
Full Version with a few Speaker Notes available at: https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1inu9oxRumbxXJo7RqoI9zUd2RJM86po1hAlylLF5g7I/edit?usp=sharing
Feel free to share, use and remaster/edit or give feedback for improvements ;-)
The presentation was for science teachers at a conference. It introduces some philosophy of science showing the philosophical origins of key ideas. It raises the issue of truth in science teaching.
The document discusses the nature of science, defining it as the discovery of nature through following scientific methods like making hypotheses, conducting experiments and observations, and using reason and evidence to organize facts into theories. It contrasts science with pseudoscience, noting that pseudoscience lacks supporting evidence. The document also outlines what teachers should understand about science, such as its historical and cultural development and distinguishing characteristics compared to other ways of thinking.
The document describes the scientific method, which involves 7 key steps: 1) making observations and asking questions, 2) developing hypotheses, 3) experimentation, 4) analyzing results, 5) drawing conclusions, 6) communicating results, and 7) making further observations. It then provides more details on each step, including defining independent and dependent variables, the purpose of a control group, and keeping other factors constant. An example is given of an experiment testing the effect of sugar amounts on bread size.
The document discusses the nature of science. It describes science as understandable, following consistent basic rules everywhere, and producing durable yet changing knowledge. Scientific inquiry uses evidence and facts to develop hypotheses and theories, which are continually tested through experimentation and observation. Well-established scientific theories represent our best current explanations but are still subject to revision. The scientific process aims to identify and avoid bias while building knowledge through self-correction.
The document discusses the nature of science by addressing three main questions and outlining how science works in four specific ways. It explores the principles, processes, characteristics, and cultural context of science. The key aspects covered are that science aims to explain the natural world through evidence-based testing of explanations, follows a process of reasoning, testing and replication of claims, and reaches tentative conclusions within a non-dogmatic cultural endeavor.
Science involves making observations and conducting carefully designed experiments to study natural phenomena. The results are tested and shared transparently. There are two types of data: quantitative data expressed numerically and qualitative data described descriptively without numbers. A scientific law is a statement of an observed phenomenon without explanation, while a scientific theory provides an explanation that can be tested and used to make predictions. The three branches of science are biological sciences studying living things, physical sciences studying matter and energy, and earth sciences studying our planet.
This document discusses the nature of science. It defines science as the study of the natural world through systematic analysis and laws/theories obtained from phenomena. Technology is defined as the application of scientific principles to solve problems. Examples are given of how principles in chemistry, physics and biology lead to technologies like perfume making, bridge building and fruit tree cultivation. The document argues science should be viewed as a way of thinking empirically and objectively to gain understanding, as a way of investigating through testing hypotheses, and as a body of established knowledge that is open to questioning. Overall it presents science and technology as advancing knowledge and improving life through removing fear, better materials, easier tasks, and disease treatment.
The document outlines the steps of the scientific method and research process. It discusses identifying a research problem, narrowing the problem statement, developing hypotheses, defining variables, and operationalizing constructs. Key steps include reviewing literature, formulating questions, identifying assumptions and limitations, and defining variables and constructs in a measurable way. The overall goal is to clearly define the problem and develop a research plan to systematically study it.
This document outlines the three facets of science: content (body of knowledge including facts, concepts, hypotheses and theories), process (scientific inquiry including processes like observing, classifying and experimenting), and context (scientific attitudes like curiosity, open-mindedness and collaboration). It describes each facet in more detail and provides examples of scientific processes and attitudes. The conclusion states that the three facets should form the framework for understanding and teaching science at all levels, but that often only the content knowledge of specific fields is taught without the genuine nature of science.
(1) This document discusses science as a subject in education and the importance of teaching science processes. (2) It outlines various science processes like inferring, predicting, controlling variables, interpreting data, and experimenting that are essential for students to develop. (3) The document also emphasizes the abundance of instructional materials available to facilitate effective science teaching.
This document discusses various methods for improving material removal rate (MRR) in electrical discharge machining (EDM). It explains that EDM uses thermoelectric energy from electric sparks to remove material from conductive workpieces. MRR can be improved through electrode design and geometry, controlling process parameters like voltage, current, and pulse duration, using EDM variations with ultrasonic vibration or rotation, mixing powders into the dielectric fluid, using gas as the dielectric medium, and techniques like multi-spark EDM. Overall, MRR is an important performance measure that relies on empirical methods and requires further research due to the complex interrelationship between electrical and non-electrical parameters in the stochastic EDM process.
The document discusses different types of properties of matter including physical, chemical, and biological properties. It defines physical properties as those that can be observed without changing the identity of the substance such as mass, volume, density, state, color, odor, and hardness. Chemical properties describe a substance's ability to change into a new substance with different properties through chemical reactions. Biological properties distinguish living from nonliving things.
This document provides an overview of various grinding operations and processes. It describes how grinding is used to machine hard materials by producing a smooth surface with minimal surface pressure. The types of grinding operations discussed include rough and precision grinding, as well as specific processes like surface grinding, cylindrical grinding, centerless grinding, form and profile grinding, and plunge cut grinding. Electrochemical grinding is also summarized as a process that removes metal primarily through electrolysis rather than abrasion.
Matter can exist in different states and undergo physical or chemical changes. Physical changes alter a substance's state without changing its chemical makeup, while chemical changes form new substances. Properties like density and melting point can be used to identify pure substances and distinguish them from mixtures of multiple components.
Matter exists in various states and undergoes physical and chemical changes. Physical changes alter a substance's state without changing its chemical makeup, while chemical changes form new substances. Substances have consistent compositions and properties, whereas mixtures are combinations of substances that can be separated. Common states of matter include solids, liquids, and gases.
Matter exists in various states including solid, liquid, and gas. Physical changes alter the state of matter without changing its chemical composition, while chemical changes form new substances. Properties such as density and melting point can be used to identify substances and determine if a change is physical or chemical.
This document provides an overview of general chemistry concepts including:
1) Chemistry is the study of matter and its properties at both the macroscopic and microscopic levels.
2) Matter is anything that has mass and volume, and can be classified according to its physical and chemical properties.
3) Physical and chemical properties allow matter to be distinguished, and physical and chemical changes can be identified.
All matter can undergo physical and chemical changes. A physical change alters the appearance but not the chemical composition, such as water freezing. A chemical change forms new substances with different properties, like reactions with acids or bases. Substances have characteristic intensive properties that identify them and extensive properties that depend on amount.
This document discusses physical and chemical changes, states of matter, and plasma. It defines physical changes as changes in a substance's form or appearance without changing its chemical composition, and chemical changes as changes that result in a new substance. The four states of matter are solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Plasma is an ionized gas composed of free electrons and ions. Plasma is the most common state in the universe. The document also discusses several applications of plasma technology in areas like manufacturing, medicine, and environmental protection.
Matter exists in three states - solid, liquid, and gas. Physical changes alter a substance's state or form without changing its chemical makeup, while chemical changes create new substances. Physical properties like hardness, color, and melting point can be observed without changing a substance's identity, whereas chemical properties involve chemical reactions that alter a substance's identity.
This document discusses pre-formulation studies, which involve investigating the physical and chemical properties of drug substances alone and when combined with excipients. Some key areas covered include polymorphism, hygroscopicity, particle size characterization, and solubility analysis. Thermal analysis techniques like DSC and XRD are described as useful for characterizing polymorphs. The importance of solubility studies at various pH levels and temperatures is highlighted for developing oral dosage forms with appropriate dissolution profiles.
Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. [1] All matter is composed of tiny particles that are in constant motion and have spaces between them. [2] The temperature of matter determines the average energy of its particles and its phase (solid, liquid, or gas). [3] Physical changes alter a substance's state without changing its chemical makeup, while chemical changes produce new substances through chemical reactions.
The document discusses the differences between physical and chemical changes in matter. It defines matter as anything that has mass and takes up space. Physical properties can be observed without changing the identity of a substance, while chemical properties involve changes in the chemical composition or atomic structure of a substance. Physical changes alter the physical properties of matter without changing its chemical makeup, while chemical changes result in different substances forming as a result of atomic rearrangement. Examples of physical and chemical changes are provided to illustrate the differences.
Preformulation studies characterize the physical and chemical properties of a drug to develop safe, effective, and stable dosage forms. Objectives include determining physico-chemical parameters, kinetics, stability, and compatibility with excipients. Bulk characterization studies crystallinity, polymorphism, and amorphous versus crystalline forms which impact properties like solubility and dissolution. Analytical methods like microscopy, thermal analysis, and spectroscopy are used to characterize solid forms. Other studies examine hygroscopicity, particle size, powder flow properties, and compressibility which influence processability and product performance.
Preformulation studies characterize the physical and chemical properties of a drug to develop safe, effective, and stable dosage forms. Objectives include determining physico-chemical parameters, kinetics, stability, and compatibility with excipients. Bulk characterization studies crystallinity, polymorphism, and amorphous versus crystalline forms which impact properties like solubility and dissolution. Analytical methods like microscopy, thermal analysis, and spectroscopy are used to characterize solid forms. Other studies examine hygroscopicity, particle size, powder flow properties, and compressibility which influence processing and storage stability.
Physical changes involve a change in a substance's physical properties but no new substance is formed. Chemical changes result in a new substance being formed through a chemical reaction. Some examples of physical changes include folding paper, melting wax, and freezing water. Chemical changes include burning paper, the reaction of vinegar and baking soda, and rusting of iron. A key difference is that physical changes are typically reversible while chemical changes produce new substances that cannot be reversed back to the original.
The document discusses states of matter and pharmaceutical materials. It begins by comparing gases, liquids, and solids, noting that solids have molecules in close contact that do not move. It then discusses intermolecular forces, ideal gas laws, liquefaction of gases, and the solid state including crystals, unit cells, polymorphism, and amorphous solids. It notes that polymorphism can impact properties like solubility, melting point, and bioavailability which are important for pharmaceutical processes and drug performance.
This document provides an overview of states of matter and polymorphism. It discusses the three main states of matter - gases, liquids, and solids - and how their molecular arrangements differ. Solids can exist in crystalline or amorphous forms, with crystalline solids possessing long-range molecular order. Polymorphism, where a substance can exist in multiple crystal structures, is described. The importance of polymorphism in pharmaceutical industry is highlighted, as different solid forms can impact properties like solubility, dissolution rate, and bioavailability. Specific drug examples like carbamazepine and ritonavir and their polymorphic forms are mentioned.
This document provides an introduction to general chemistry. It defines chemistry as the study of matter and its transformations. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space, and can exist in different states such as solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. The document discusses physical and chemical properties of matter, as well as physical and chemical changes. It classifies matter as either pure substances like elements and compounds, or mixtures that are either homogeneous or heterogeneous. The key concepts covered include the states of matter, phase changes, and the classification of matter.
This document discusses the differences between solids, liquids, and gases. It explains that solids have a fixed shape and volume, with particles that vibrate in place. Liquids have no fixed shape but take the shape of their container, with particles that can move freely within it. Gases have no fixed shape or volume, with particles that move randomly and are far apart. It also covers changes of state such as melting, boiling, freezing, and condensing that occur as temperature changes. Evidence for the kinetic theory of particles in motion, such as Brownian motion of smoke particles, is described.
Here you can find a simple and short note on Pharmaceutical Preformulation studies.
Reference book:
The theory and practice of industrial pharmacy by Lachman and Lieberman.
Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. [1] All matter is composed of tiny particles that are in constant motion and have spaces between them. [2] As temperature increases, the average energy of particles increases, determining the phase or state of matter - solid, liquid, gas or plasma. [3] Physical changes alter the form of a substance without changing its chemical makeup, while chemical changes produce new substances through chemical reactions.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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3. PROPERTIES OF MATTER
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Physical Properties
1. Volume
2. Density
3. Boiling Point
4. Melting Point
5. Metallic Properties
6. Hardness
Chemical Properties
4. WHAT IS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES?
A physical property is any property that is measurable, whose
value describes a state of a physical system. The changes in the
physical properties of a system can be used to describe its
transformations or evolutions between its momentary states.
Physical properties are often referred to as observables. They are
not modal properties.
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5. VOLUME
Volume is the quantity of three-dimentional space
enclosed by a close surface, for example the space
that is a substance or shape that occupies or
contains.
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7. DENSITY
The Density is a substance is it’s mass per unit
volume. The symbol most often used for density is ρ,
although the Latin letter D can also be used.
Mathematically, density is defined as mass divided
by volume. At the image the ρ is the density, m is
the mass, and V is the volume.
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Substance Density in g/cm3
Air 0.0013
Alcohol 0.79
Aluminium 2.7
Balsa Wood 0.13
Carbon Dioxide 0.002
Concrete 2.3
Cork 0.24
Gasoline 0.68
Hydrogen 0.00009
Ice 0.92
Iron 7.8
Lead 11.3
Mercury 13.6
Oxygen 0.0014
Water (Pure) 1.00
Water (Sea) 1.03
9. BOILING POINT
The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which the
vapor pressure of the liquid equals the pressure surrounding the
liquid and the liquid changes into vapor. The boiling point of a liquid
varies depending upon the surrounding environmental pressure. A
liquid in a partial vacuum has a lower boiling point than when that
liquid is at atmospheric pressure. A liquid at high pressure has a
higher boiling point than when that liquid is at atmospheric pressure.
For a given pressure, different liquids boil at different temperatures.
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11. MELTING POINT
The melting point (or, rarely, liquefaction point) of a
solid is the temperature at which it changes state
from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure. At the
melting point the solid and liquid phase exist in
equilibrium. The melting point of a substance
depends on pressure and is usually specified
at standard pressure.
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13. METALLIC PROPERTIES
Metallic Properties are malleability and ductility.
Malleability is the capability of a material to be
hammered into thin sheets. Ductility is the ability of
a material to be drawn into wires.
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16. HARDNESS
Hardness is a measure of how resistant solid matter is to various kinds of permanent
shape change when a compressive force is applied. Some materials, such as metal, are
harder than others. Macroscopic hardness is generally characterized by
strong intermolecular bonds, but the behaviour of solid materials under force is
complex; therefore, there are different measurements of hardness: scratch
hardness, indentation hardness, and rebound hardness.
Hardness is dependent
on ductility, elastic stiffness, plasticity, strain, strength, toughness, viscoelasticity, and
viscosity.
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5 Hardest Things to Smash
Wurtzite Boron Nitride Mineral Lonsdaleite Diamond
Graphene Obsidian
18. WHAT IS CHEMICAL PROPERTIES?
A chemical property is any of a material's properties that becomes evident
during, or after, a chemical reaction; that is, any quality that can be
established only by changing a substance's chemical identity. Simply
speaking, chemical properties cannot be determined just by viewing or
touching the substance; the substance's internal structure must be affected
greatly for its chemical properties to be investigated. When a substance
goes under a chemical reaction, the properties will change drastically,
resulting in chemical change.
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19. SOME CHEMICAL PROPERTIES HAVE THE FOLLOWING
CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Change Odor/Smell
2. Change In Color
3. Form Gases
4. Give off Light and Heat
5. Form Precipitate
6. Change In Temperature or Energy
7. Change In Form
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20. Q&A
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Questions
1) What Are the 2 Properties of Matter
Answer
Chemical and Physical Properties
2) What are the 6 types of Physical
Properties?
Volume, Density, Boiling Point,
Melting Point, Metallic Properties, and
Hardness.
3) What are the 2 types of Metallic
Properties? Malleability, and Ductility
4) What object is the Hardest thing to
melt? Tungsten
5) Example of Malleability Gold, Silver, and Tin
21. Q&A
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Questions
6) Example of Ductility
Answer
Copper, Platinum, Tungsten
7) What Object is Harder
Than Diamond?
Graphene
8) Formula of Rectangle LXWXH
9) Density of Air, Cork,
and Mercury Air: 0.0013
Cork: 0.24
Mercury: 13.6
10) Characteristics of Chemical
Properties Change in Odor, Color, Form Gases,
Give off heat & light, Form Precipitate,
Change in Temp. and Form