The document discusses states of matter and pharmaceutical materials. It begins by comparing gases, liquids, and solids, noting that solids have molecules in close contact that do not move. It then discusses intermolecular forces, ideal gas laws, liquefaction of gases, and the solid state including crystals, unit cells, polymorphism, and amorphous solids. It notes that polymorphism can impact properties like solubility, melting point, and bioavailability which are important for pharmaceutical processes and drug performance.
This document provides an overview of states of matter and polymorphism. It discusses the three main states of matter - gases, liquids, and solids - and how their molecular arrangements differ. Solids can exist in crystalline or amorphous forms, with crystalline solids possessing long-range molecular order. Polymorphism, where a substance can exist in multiple crystal structures, is described. The importance of polymorphism in pharmaceutical industry is highlighted, as different solid forms can impact properties like solubility, dissolution rate, and bioavailability. Specific drug examples like carbamazepine and ritonavir and their polymorphic forms are mentioned.
Solid State of matter,
Crystalline, Amorphous & Polymorphism Forms,
Classification of solid state of matter On the basis of Internal Structure,
PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS-I,
Habet,
B.Pharm,
The document discusses different types of solids including crystalline solids, amorphous solids, and their properties. Crystalline solids have a defined structure and melting point while amorphous solids lack a defined structure. The melting point of a solid is the temperature at which it transitions to a liquid and is dependent on the strength of intermolecular forces, with stronger forces leading to higher melting points. Thermal analysis techniques can be used to characterize materials based on physical and chemical changes like melting point. Polymorphism, which is the ability to exist in multiple crystal structures, is important for pharmaceuticals as different polymorphs can have different properties.
This document discusses the three common states of matter - gases, liquids, and solids. It provides details on the properties and behaviors of each state. Gases have widely separated molecules and are compressible. Liquids have more tightly packed molecules and are relatively incompressible. Solids have molecules in close contact that do not move and are nearly incompressible. The document then focuses more on properties of solids, including crystalline and amorphous structures. It also discusses phase equilibria, liquid crystals, and properties of gases including gas laws and the ideal gas equation.
The document provides an overview of physical pharmaceutics, including the three primary states of matter (gaseous, liquid, and crystalline solids), properties of each state, and factors that influence changes between the states such as temperature, pressure, and intermolecular forces. It also discusses specific topics like vapor pressure, boiling point, melting point, polymorphism, and glassy states. Key concepts are defined, such as latent heat, sublimation, and liquid crystals. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate various states and properties.
This document discusses crystallinity and polymorphism. It begins by defining a crystal and crystallinity study. It then covers classifications of solids including amorphous, polymorphs, solvates, and clathrates. It compares properties of crystalline and amorphous forms. It also discusses crystal structure, habit, modification techniques, crystallization methods, analytical characterization methods, and importance in preformulation studies. Finally, it briefly mentions some latest crystallization techniques such as spherical crystallization and supercritical fluid crystallization.
Here you can find a simple and short note on Pharmaceutical Preformulation studies.
Reference book:
The theory and practice of industrial pharmacy by Lachman and Lieberman.
This document provides an overview of states of matter and polymorphism. It discusses the three main states of matter - gases, liquids, and solids - and how their molecular arrangements differ. Solids can exist in crystalline or amorphous forms, with crystalline solids possessing long-range molecular order. Polymorphism, where a substance can exist in multiple crystal structures, is described. The importance of polymorphism in pharmaceutical industry is highlighted, as different solid forms can impact properties like solubility, dissolution rate, and bioavailability. Specific drug examples like carbamazepine and ritonavir and their polymorphic forms are mentioned.
Solid State of matter,
Crystalline, Amorphous & Polymorphism Forms,
Classification of solid state of matter On the basis of Internal Structure,
PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS-I,
Habet,
B.Pharm,
The document discusses different types of solids including crystalline solids, amorphous solids, and their properties. Crystalline solids have a defined structure and melting point while amorphous solids lack a defined structure. The melting point of a solid is the temperature at which it transitions to a liquid and is dependent on the strength of intermolecular forces, with stronger forces leading to higher melting points. Thermal analysis techniques can be used to characterize materials based on physical and chemical changes like melting point. Polymorphism, which is the ability to exist in multiple crystal structures, is important for pharmaceuticals as different polymorphs can have different properties.
This document discusses the three common states of matter - gases, liquids, and solids. It provides details on the properties and behaviors of each state. Gases have widely separated molecules and are compressible. Liquids have more tightly packed molecules and are relatively incompressible. Solids have molecules in close contact that do not move and are nearly incompressible. The document then focuses more on properties of solids, including crystalline and amorphous structures. It also discusses phase equilibria, liquid crystals, and properties of gases including gas laws and the ideal gas equation.
The document provides an overview of physical pharmaceutics, including the three primary states of matter (gaseous, liquid, and crystalline solids), properties of each state, and factors that influence changes between the states such as temperature, pressure, and intermolecular forces. It also discusses specific topics like vapor pressure, boiling point, melting point, polymorphism, and glassy states. Key concepts are defined, such as latent heat, sublimation, and liquid crystals. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate various states and properties.
This document discusses crystallinity and polymorphism. It begins by defining a crystal and crystallinity study. It then covers classifications of solids including amorphous, polymorphs, solvates, and clathrates. It compares properties of crystalline and amorphous forms. It also discusses crystal structure, habit, modification techniques, crystallization methods, analytical characterization methods, and importance in preformulation studies. Finally, it briefly mentions some latest crystallization techniques such as spherical crystallization and supercritical fluid crystallization.
Here you can find a simple and short note on Pharmaceutical Preformulation studies.
Reference book:
The theory and practice of industrial pharmacy by Lachman and Lieberman.
The document discusses four important techniques used in organic chemistry: recrystallization, distillation, sublimation, and chromatography. Recrystallization involves dissolving an impure solid in a hot solvent and slowly cooling the solution to form purer crystals. Distillation separates liquids with different boiling points. Sublimation transitions a substance directly from solid to gas without an intermediate liquid phase. Chromatography separates mixtures by differential absorption of compounds onto a stationary phase as they are carried through by a mobile phase.
This document discusses factors that affect the solubility and crystallinity of drugs, including solute-related factors, solvent-related factors, and environmental and formulation-related factors. It also discusses polymorphism, which is the ability of a substance to exist in more than one crystal structure. The different polymorphic forms of a drug can have different properties like melting point, hardness, solubility, and bioavailability, which are important for pharmaceutical applications. The polymorphic form obtained during crystallization depends on factors like solvent, concentration, cooling speed, and impurities. The choice of polymorph can affect a drug's dissolution rate, therapeutic efficacy, and formulation properties.
This document discusses factors that affect the solubility and crystallinity of drugs, including solute-related factors, solvent-related factors, and environmental and formulation-related factors. It also discusses polymorphism, which is the ability of a substance to exist in more than one crystal structure. The different polymorphic forms of a drug can have different properties like melting point, hardness, solubility, and bioavailability, which are important for pharmaceutical applications. The polymorphic form obtained during crystallization depends on factors like solvent, concentration, cooling speed, and impurities. The choice of polymorph can affect a drug's dissolution rate, therapeutic efficacy, and formulation properties.
Polymorphism refers to a solid material existing in two or more crystalline forms with different arrangements in the crystal lattice. Over 50% of active pharmaceutical ingredients have more than one polymorphic form, which can exhibit different properties like solubility, dissolution rate, and stability. Methods to identify polymorphs include x-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermal microscopy. The choice of polymorph is important for drug formulations, as the metastable form may have better bioavailability but convert to the stable form, impacting suspension stability or drug absorption. Case studies show certain polymorphs can be medically inactive or cause production issues if they convert dominant forms.
Liquid crystals are an intermediate phase of matter that exhibit properties of both liquids and crystals. They form due to certain ordering of molecules that is dependent on temperature. There are two main types - thermotropic liquid crystals, whose order depends on temperature alone, and lyotropic liquid crystals, whose order depends on both temperature and concentration in a solvent. Thermotropic crystals can form nematic, smectic or cholesteric phases with varying degrees of positional and orientational ordering. Liquid crystals find applications in LCD displays, thermometers, and battery charge indicators due to their sensitivity to temperature, electric fields, and other stimuli.
The document discusses the use of metastable polymorphs to enhance oral bioavailability. It begins by defining polymorphism as the ability of a compound to crystallize in more than one distinct crystal structure. Metastable polymorphs are excited crystalline states that have longer lifetimes than ordinary excited states but shorter than the ground state. Using metastable polymorphs can improve properties like solubility and bioavailability. Several techniques to produce metastable polymorphs are described, like seeding, additives, and solvent control. Case studies demonstrate how metastable forms of drugs like famotidine and terazosin hydrochloride were approved generically. Regulatory considerations for showing sameness to the reference listed drug are also covered.
The document discusses liquid crystals and liquid crystal polymers. It notes that liquid crystals have properties between solids and liquids, with some positional and orientational order. They can exist in nematic, smectic, and cholesteric phases. Liquid crystal phases are important in biological systems like cell membranes and the brain. Liquid crystal polymers are highly resistant to heat and chemicals. They have applications in displays, body armor like Kevlar, and as heat sensors.
The document discusses liquid crystals and their properties. It begins by describing how cholesteryl benzoate undergoes two melting transitions, indicating an intermediate mesophase state. Liquid crystals are defined as materials that exhibit anisotropic properties between the solid and liquid states, without a 3D crystal lattice. They have orientational but not full positional order. Different types of liquid crystal phases are described, including nematic, smectic, columnar, and cubic. Common liquid crystal materials like calamitic and discotic molecules are also outlined. The document concludes by discussing some applications of liquid crystals like LCD displays.
State of matter and properties of matter (Part-7)(Solid-crystalline, Amorpho...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
CRYSTALLINE SOLID, Types of Crystalline solid, AMORPHOUS SOLID, Difference between crystalline solid and amorphous solid, Why does the amorphous form of drug have better bioavaibility that crystalline couterpaerts?, Polymorphism,
TYPES OF POLYMORPHISM, PROPERTY OF POLYMORPHS, Methods of preparation of Polymorphs, Methods to determine Polymorphism Characterization of Polymorphs, Pharmaceutical Application
The document discusses key concepts about solutions including:
1) Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances where the solute is dispersed uniformly throughout the solvent.
2) For a solution to form, the intermolecular forces between solute and solvent particles must be strong enough to overcome interactions between pure components.
3) The enthalpy change of dissolving depends on the energy changes of separating solute and solvent particles and forming new interactions between them.
The document discusses key concepts about solutions including:
1) Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances where the solute is dispersed uniformly throughout the solvent.
2) For a solution to form, the intermolecular forces between solute and solvent particles must be strong enough to overcome interactions between pure components.
3) The enthalpy change of dissolving depends on the energy changes of separating solute and solvent particles and forming new interactions between them.
liquid crystals and their applicationsMinhas Azeem
This document discusses liquid crystals, their properties, types, and applications. It describes how liquid crystals have properties between solids and liquids, with some degree of molecular order. The main types discussed are thermotropic and lyotropic liquid crystals. Thermotropic liquid crystals change phase based on temperature, while lyotropic crystals depend on temperature, concentration, and solvent. Common applications mentioned include digital watches, phones, displays, and electronic devices that take advantage of liquid crystals' response to electric fields.
The physicochemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients depend on their solid state forms, which can exist as crystals, amorphous solids, or molecular complexes. Crystals exist in several types including ionic, covalent, and molecular structures based on the bonding between constituent atoms and molecules. Many organic compounds can also exist in multiple polymorphic crystal forms that differ in their internal arrangement and physical properties. The transformation between polymorphic forms can impact the performance of solid drug products. Amorphous solids lack a defined crystal structure and generally exhibit higher reactivity compared to crystalline forms. Processes used in pharmaceutical manufacturing like crystallization, drying, and milling can influence the solid state structure obtained.
The document discusses the four states of matter and physical and chemical changes that matter undergoes. It provides details on the kinetic molecular theory explanation for differences between solids, liquids, and gases. Physical changes alter a substance's state or form without changing its chemical makeup, while chemical changes create new substances. The document also discusses plasma as the fourth state of matter and its many applications in manufacturing, medicine, and waste processing.
Ch 1 Matter in Our Surroundings Slide show 3.pptRajveerKaushal1
- Matter exists in solid, liquid, gas, and plasma states and undergoes physical and chemical changes. Physical changes alter a substance's state or form without changing its chemical makeup, while chemical changes create new substances.
- Substances can be elements, compounds, or mixtures. Elements cannot be broken down further, while compounds have a fixed composition and can be decomposed into simpler substances through chemical changes. Mixtures are combinations of substances that are not chemically bonded and have variable compositions.
- Plasma, the fourth state of matter, consists of free-floating ions and electrons. It is created by applying energy to strip electrons from atoms and can be controlled using electric and magnetic fields. Plasma research aids in understanding
STRAND 1 MIXTURES ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS.pptxkimdan468
This document discusses elements, compounds, and their properties. It defines elements as pure substances made of one type of atom, while compounds are formed by combining two or more elements. Some common elements and their symbols are listed, such as hydrogen (H), carbon (C), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N). Everyday applications of common elements like nitrogen, aluminum, gold, copper, oxygen, and hydrogen are described.
Physical pharmacy deals with the physical and chemical properties of matter. There are three main states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas. The state depends on factors like intermolecular forces, pressure, and temperature. Gases have weak intermolecular forces. Liquids can be achieved through methods like Faraday's, Linde's, and Claude's. Solids include crystals, which exist in different shapes, forms, and habits that influence their properties. Phase changes involve phenomena like latent heat, vapor pressure, and eutectic mixtures that are important in pharmaceutical applications and manufacturing processes.
1-1-Computing and Pharmaceutical Numeracy.pdfMuungoLungwani
This document provides a summary of a lecture on pharmaceutical numeracy and calculations. It covers topics such as fractions, decimals, dosage forms, weights and measures, dilution, concentration, and calculations for reducing/enlarging formulas and percentage preparations. Study questions are also provided to help reinforce concepts related to quantitative pharmaceutical procedures and calculations.
The document discusses phase diagrams and phase equilibria. It introduces key concepts like the Gibbs phase rule, cooling curves, and classification of equilibrium diagrams. The Gibbs phase rule establishes the relationship between the number of phases, components, and degrees of freedom in a system. Cooling curves show the phases present at different temperatures during solidification. The classification of equilibrium diagrams includes diagrams for pure metals, binary solutions, eutectic alloys, and off-eutectic alloys. Hume-Rothery rules govern solid solubility based on factors like atomic size and chemical affinity. Phase diagrams provide important information about phase boundaries, solubility, and temperatures of phase changes.
The document discusses four important techniques used in organic chemistry: recrystallization, distillation, sublimation, and chromatography. Recrystallization involves dissolving an impure solid in a hot solvent and slowly cooling the solution to form purer crystals. Distillation separates liquids with different boiling points. Sublimation transitions a substance directly from solid to gas without an intermediate liquid phase. Chromatography separates mixtures by differential absorption of compounds onto a stationary phase as they are carried through by a mobile phase.
This document discusses factors that affect the solubility and crystallinity of drugs, including solute-related factors, solvent-related factors, and environmental and formulation-related factors. It also discusses polymorphism, which is the ability of a substance to exist in more than one crystal structure. The different polymorphic forms of a drug can have different properties like melting point, hardness, solubility, and bioavailability, which are important for pharmaceutical applications. The polymorphic form obtained during crystallization depends on factors like solvent, concentration, cooling speed, and impurities. The choice of polymorph can affect a drug's dissolution rate, therapeutic efficacy, and formulation properties.
This document discusses factors that affect the solubility and crystallinity of drugs, including solute-related factors, solvent-related factors, and environmental and formulation-related factors. It also discusses polymorphism, which is the ability of a substance to exist in more than one crystal structure. The different polymorphic forms of a drug can have different properties like melting point, hardness, solubility, and bioavailability, which are important for pharmaceutical applications. The polymorphic form obtained during crystallization depends on factors like solvent, concentration, cooling speed, and impurities. The choice of polymorph can affect a drug's dissolution rate, therapeutic efficacy, and formulation properties.
Polymorphism refers to a solid material existing in two or more crystalline forms with different arrangements in the crystal lattice. Over 50% of active pharmaceutical ingredients have more than one polymorphic form, which can exhibit different properties like solubility, dissolution rate, and stability. Methods to identify polymorphs include x-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermal microscopy. The choice of polymorph is important for drug formulations, as the metastable form may have better bioavailability but convert to the stable form, impacting suspension stability or drug absorption. Case studies show certain polymorphs can be medically inactive or cause production issues if they convert dominant forms.
Liquid crystals are an intermediate phase of matter that exhibit properties of both liquids and crystals. They form due to certain ordering of molecules that is dependent on temperature. There are two main types - thermotropic liquid crystals, whose order depends on temperature alone, and lyotropic liquid crystals, whose order depends on both temperature and concentration in a solvent. Thermotropic crystals can form nematic, smectic or cholesteric phases with varying degrees of positional and orientational ordering. Liquid crystals find applications in LCD displays, thermometers, and battery charge indicators due to their sensitivity to temperature, electric fields, and other stimuli.
The document discusses the use of metastable polymorphs to enhance oral bioavailability. It begins by defining polymorphism as the ability of a compound to crystallize in more than one distinct crystal structure. Metastable polymorphs are excited crystalline states that have longer lifetimes than ordinary excited states but shorter than the ground state. Using metastable polymorphs can improve properties like solubility and bioavailability. Several techniques to produce metastable polymorphs are described, like seeding, additives, and solvent control. Case studies demonstrate how metastable forms of drugs like famotidine and terazosin hydrochloride were approved generically. Regulatory considerations for showing sameness to the reference listed drug are also covered.
The document discusses liquid crystals and liquid crystal polymers. It notes that liquid crystals have properties between solids and liquids, with some positional and orientational order. They can exist in nematic, smectic, and cholesteric phases. Liquid crystal phases are important in biological systems like cell membranes and the brain. Liquid crystal polymers are highly resistant to heat and chemicals. They have applications in displays, body armor like Kevlar, and as heat sensors.
The document discusses liquid crystals and their properties. It begins by describing how cholesteryl benzoate undergoes two melting transitions, indicating an intermediate mesophase state. Liquid crystals are defined as materials that exhibit anisotropic properties between the solid and liquid states, without a 3D crystal lattice. They have orientational but not full positional order. Different types of liquid crystal phases are described, including nematic, smectic, columnar, and cubic. Common liquid crystal materials like calamitic and discotic molecules are also outlined. The document concludes by discussing some applications of liquid crystals like LCD displays.
State of matter and properties of matter (Part-7)(Solid-crystalline, Amorpho...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
CRYSTALLINE SOLID, Types of Crystalline solid, AMORPHOUS SOLID, Difference between crystalline solid and amorphous solid, Why does the amorphous form of drug have better bioavaibility that crystalline couterpaerts?, Polymorphism,
TYPES OF POLYMORPHISM, PROPERTY OF POLYMORPHS, Methods of preparation of Polymorphs, Methods to determine Polymorphism Characterization of Polymorphs, Pharmaceutical Application
The document discusses key concepts about solutions including:
1) Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances where the solute is dispersed uniformly throughout the solvent.
2) For a solution to form, the intermolecular forces between solute and solvent particles must be strong enough to overcome interactions between pure components.
3) The enthalpy change of dissolving depends on the energy changes of separating solute and solvent particles and forming new interactions between them.
The document discusses key concepts about solutions including:
1) Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances where the solute is dispersed uniformly throughout the solvent.
2) For a solution to form, the intermolecular forces between solute and solvent particles must be strong enough to overcome interactions between pure components.
3) The enthalpy change of dissolving depends on the energy changes of separating solute and solvent particles and forming new interactions between them.
liquid crystals and their applicationsMinhas Azeem
This document discusses liquid crystals, their properties, types, and applications. It describes how liquid crystals have properties between solids and liquids, with some degree of molecular order. The main types discussed are thermotropic and lyotropic liquid crystals. Thermotropic liquid crystals change phase based on temperature, while lyotropic crystals depend on temperature, concentration, and solvent. Common applications mentioned include digital watches, phones, displays, and electronic devices that take advantage of liquid crystals' response to electric fields.
The physicochemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients depend on their solid state forms, which can exist as crystals, amorphous solids, or molecular complexes. Crystals exist in several types including ionic, covalent, and molecular structures based on the bonding between constituent atoms and molecules. Many organic compounds can also exist in multiple polymorphic crystal forms that differ in their internal arrangement and physical properties. The transformation between polymorphic forms can impact the performance of solid drug products. Amorphous solids lack a defined crystal structure and generally exhibit higher reactivity compared to crystalline forms. Processes used in pharmaceutical manufacturing like crystallization, drying, and milling can influence the solid state structure obtained.
The document discusses the four states of matter and physical and chemical changes that matter undergoes. It provides details on the kinetic molecular theory explanation for differences between solids, liquids, and gases. Physical changes alter a substance's state or form without changing its chemical makeup, while chemical changes create new substances. The document also discusses plasma as the fourth state of matter and its many applications in manufacturing, medicine, and waste processing.
Ch 1 Matter in Our Surroundings Slide show 3.pptRajveerKaushal1
- Matter exists in solid, liquid, gas, and plasma states and undergoes physical and chemical changes. Physical changes alter a substance's state or form without changing its chemical makeup, while chemical changes create new substances.
- Substances can be elements, compounds, or mixtures. Elements cannot be broken down further, while compounds have a fixed composition and can be decomposed into simpler substances through chemical changes. Mixtures are combinations of substances that are not chemically bonded and have variable compositions.
- Plasma, the fourth state of matter, consists of free-floating ions and electrons. It is created by applying energy to strip electrons from atoms and can be controlled using electric and magnetic fields. Plasma research aids in understanding
STRAND 1 MIXTURES ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS.pptxkimdan468
This document discusses elements, compounds, and their properties. It defines elements as pure substances made of one type of atom, while compounds are formed by combining two or more elements. Some common elements and their symbols are listed, such as hydrogen (H), carbon (C), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N). Everyday applications of common elements like nitrogen, aluminum, gold, copper, oxygen, and hydrogen are described.
Physical pharmacy deals with the physical and chemical properties of matter. There are three main states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas. The state depends on factors like intermolecular forces, pressure, and temperature. Gases have weak intermolecular forces. Liquids can be achieved through methods like Faraday's, Linde's, and Claude's. Solids include crystals, which exist in different shapes, forms, and habits that influence their properties. Phase changes involve phenomena like latent heat, vapor pressure, and eutectic mixtures that are important in pharmaceutical applications and manufacturing processes.
1-1-Computing and Pharmaceutical Numeracy.pdfMuungoLungwani
This document provides a summary of a lecture on pharmaceutical numeracy and calculations. It covers topics such as fractions, decimals, dosage forms, weights and measures, dilution, concentration, and calculations for reducing/enlarging formulas and percentage preparations. Study questions are also provided to help reinforce concepts related to quantitative pharmaceutical procedures and calculations.
The document discusses phase diagrams and phase equilibria. It introduces key concepts like the Gibbs phase rule, cooling curves, and classification of equilibrium diagrams. The Gibbs phase rule establishes the relationship between the number of phases, components, and degrees of freedom in a system. Cooling curves show the phases present at different temperatures during solidification. The classification of equilibrium diagrams includes diagrams for pure metals, binary solutions, eutectic alloys, and off-eutectic alloys. Hume-Rothery rules govern solid solubility based on factors like atomic size and chemical affinity. Phase diagrams provide important information about phase boundaries, solubility, and temperatures of phase changes.
1-3-Physical Properties of Pharmaceutical-Related Materials.pdfMuungoLungwani
This document defines key terms and concepts related to the physical properties of pharmaceutical materials, including:
1. It defines the four phases of matter - solids, liquids, gases, and plasma - and describes their characteristic properties such as definite/indefinite shape and ability to flow.
2. It explains physical and chemical properties, including properties related to phase changes like melting, boiling, freezing, and condensation. Density, color, and conductivity are given as examples of physical properties.
3. Chemical properties like flammability and reactivity that result in chemical changes forming new substances are also addressed. The differences between physical and chemical changes are summarized.
1. The document discusses phase equilibria and phase diagrams, including:
- The phase rule relating the number of phases, components, and degrees of freedom in a system.
2. Systems with a single component can have three phases (solid, liquid, gas) that meet at the triple point on the phase diagram, with boundaries between phases that change with temperature and pressure.
3. Multi-component systems can have complex phase diagrams depending on the number of components and whether components are miscible. Key features like eutectic points, binodal curves, and critical solution temperatures are discussed.
This document outlines the key components of developing a pharmaceutical care plan. It discusses establishing goals of therapy for each medical condition in measurable terms. Interventions should resolve any drug therapy problems, achieve the goals of therapy, and prevent future problems. Therapeutic alternatives should be considered and the preferred option discussed with the patient. A follow-up plan is made to evaluate the effectiveness of the care plan. The overall goal is to optimize patient health through individualized pharmacotherapy and monitoring.
PMY 6110_1-5-Illustration of Bedridden Patient Management.pdfMuungoLungwani
This document discusses patient care and monitoring systems. It describes how patient care is a multidisciplinary process and outlines the key roles of physicians, nurses, nutritionists, physical therapists, and occupational therapists in patient care. It also discusses the history of patient care systems, noting that early systems from the 1960s focused on standardizing documentation, while modern systems aim to aggregate data across patients to support clinical decision making and research. The document emphasizes that high-quality, integrated data from multiple sources is necessary to help health professionals with critical care management decisions.
This document discusses the roles and responsibilities of clinical pharmacists as part of a multidisciplinary healthcare team. It outlines how pharmacists round with other providers to discuss patient disease states, therapies, and outcomes. Pharmacists evaluate medication regimens, monitor patients, educate patients, and provide drug information to other team members. When documenting in patient records, pharmacists write clear, objective notes using common note formats like SOAP notes. As part of the team, pharmacists work to optimize patient medication therapy and health outcomes.
PMY 6110_1-7-Principles of Nutraceutical Care.pdfMuungoLungwani
This document discusses nutraceuticals, including their definition, examples of functional food components, and regulatory considerations for formulating nutraceuticals and dietary supplements. Some key points:
- Nutraceuticals are foods or nutrients that provide health benefits for preventing or treating disease. They include fatty acids, polyphenols, saponins, probiotics, and phytoestrogens.
- Formulating nutraceuticals presents challenges due to variations in active ingredients and sensitivities to factors like heat, light, and moisture. Finished products must meet specifications for identity, purity, strength, and stability.
- Regulatory requirements for claims substantiation, manufacturing, and product registration vary globally and can
PMY 6110_1-6-Pharmaceutical Care Evaluation.pdfMuungoLungwani
The document discusses the development of the Pharmacists' Patient Care Process by a collaboration of national pharmacy organizations. It describes the elements of the process, which includes collecting patient information, assessing the patient's medication therapy, developing an individualized care plan, implementing and monitoring the care plan. The process is intended to standardize pharmacist care and be applicable across different practice settings. Case examples of applying the process in areas like medication reconciliation and diabetes management are also provided.
PMY 6110_1-1-General Information on Clinical Pharmacy.pdfMuungoLungwani
This document discusses the roles and responsibilities of clinical pharmacists as part of a multidisciplinary healthcare team. It outlines how pharmacists round with other providers to discuss patient disease states, therapies, and outcomes. Pharmacists evaluate medication regimens, monitor patients, educate patients, and provide drug information to other team members. When documenting in patient records, pharmacists write clear, objective notes using common formats like SOAP notes. As part of the team, pharmacists work to optimize patient medication therapy and health outcomes.
This document outlines the process of rational treatment in therapeutics. It discusses defining the patient's problem, specifying the therapeutic objective, verifying the suitability of treatment, starting treatment, giving information/instructions/warnings, and monitoring treatment.
It provides an example of a patient presenting with a cough and recommends treatment with codeine. It then explains the scientific and clinical processes involved in choosing treatment. Key aspects of rational treatment are defined, like considering efficacy, safety, suitability and cost of drugs. The importance of clear prescribing and patient adherence through education are also covered.
In less than 3 sentences, this document discusses the systematic process pharmacists use to choose and provide rational therapeutic treatment to patients, highlighting important considerations
The document discusses clinical biochemistry of gastrointestinal diseases. It covers topics like peptic ulcer disease, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, gastritis, and acute pancreatitis. For peptic ulcer disease, it describes causes such as H. pylori infection and NSAID use, signs and symptoms, characteristics of gastric versus duodenal ulcers, and methods of diagnosis. It also provides details on Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, including causes, signs, diagnosis, and treatment. For gastritis, it discusses definitions, classifications, and histopathology of acute and chronic forms.
I understand you're going through a difficult time with the loss of your husband. While sleep aids can help in the short term, depression often requires longer term treatment. Let me see if I can arrange for you to speak with one of the counselors here - they may be able to provide support that will help you cope and feel better over time. There are also medications and therapies that a doctor can recommend specifically for depression if needed. How does that sound? I'm here if you need anything else.
PMY 6110_1-3-Therapeutical Process Assessment.pdfMuungoLungwani
This document provides an overview of the therapeutical process and rational treatment selection. It discusses several key steps:
1) Defining the patient's problem and specifying the therapeutic objective. This involves understanding the disease, signs, and goals of treatment.
2) Verifying the suitability of treatment options based on effectiveness, safety, and cost. This may involve lifestyle changes, non-drug therapies, drug treatments, or referrals. Personal formularies of preferred drugs are used to select treatments efficiently.
3) Starting treatment by writing a clear prescription and providing patients with information, instructions, and warnings about their medication. Good communication and adherence are emphasized.
4) Monitoring treatment effectiveness and stopping appropriately
PMY 6110_1-2-Principles of Pharmaceutical Care 1.pdfMuungoLungwani
This document provides an overview of pharmaceutical care and clinical pharmacy. It defines key terms and concepts, describes the pharmaceutical care process and practitioner responsibilities. This includes assessing patient needs, developing care plans to resolve issues and ensure drug therapy is appropriate, effective, safe, and patients are compliant. The overall goal is for practitioners to optimize patient medication use and health outcomes through collaborative, patient-centered care.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in pharmaceutical care. It defines pharmaceutical care as a patient-centered practice that optimizes medication use and involves identifying, resolving, and preventing drug therapy problems. The responsibilities of a pharmaceutical care practitioner include establishing relationships with patients, evaluating medication regimens, and ensuring patients have the resources to follow therapy plans. The goal is for practitioners to use a rational decision-making process to make drug treatments more effective and safe.
The document outlines a curriculum for a Master in Clinical Pharmacy (MClinPharm) degree program in Zambia. It provides the rationale for establishing the program, which is the need for specialized clinical pharmacists in Zambia to provide pharmaceutical care services and for the University of Zambia to develop specialized pharmacy staff. The curriculum covers various clinical pharmacy topics over 3 years of study and includes clinical rotations. The goal is to train pharmacists in specialized areas to improve patient care and build pharmacy expertise in Zambia.
PMY 6120_1-1-Preformulation Characteristics of Pharmaceutical Product Systems...MuungoLungwani
The document discusses preformulation characterization of new drug candidates. It covers assessing key physical properties like crystallinity, polymorphism, hygroscopicity, particle size and shape, bulk density, and flow properties which influence formulation development, stability, and bioavailability. Solubility analysis including determining pKa, pH solubility profiles, and effects of temperature are also important to understand for formulation. Together, preformulation studies provide essential information to guide development of a stable, safe and effective dosage form with optimal bioavailability.
PMY 6120_1-2-Pharmaceutical Formulation Systems_Compound and Dispensing Proce...MuungoLungwani
This document discusses a course on pharmaceutical compounding and dispensing. The course covers background topics, dispensing and patient care, and extemporaneous dispensing. It aims to help students understand the roles of compounding pharmacists, resolve problems in making specific preparations, apply techniques to administrative and clinical aspects of drug delivery, determine dosages based on patient conditions, and apply principles of good pharmacy practice. Extemporaneous dispensing involves considerations for the intended use, safety, formula calculation, preparation method, container choice, and labeling for compounded products.
This document contains course information from Dr. L.T.M. Muungo on various pharmaceutical topics:
1. The document outlines several courses on formulation systems, pharmaceutical calculations, dispensing, manufacturing, compounding, clinical pharmacy practice, and other related topics.
2. Many of the courses discuss dosage forms, drug delivery systems, pharmaceutical ingredients, sterile and non-sterile processing, and other areas of pharmaceutics.
3. The document also provides information on clinical pharmacy year attachments, case studies, health systems, rational drug use, and research processes including proposal writing, data collection, analysis, and publication.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
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2. States of Matter
. Binding Forces Between Molecules
. Solids and the Crystalline State
. Phase Equilibria and the Phase Rule
3. Objectives of the lecture
After completion of this chapter, the students should be able to:
Describe the solid state , crystallinity, solvates and polymorphism
Understand phase equilibria and phase transitions between the three
main states of matter
Understand the phase rule and its application to different systems
containing multiple components.
4. Comparison of Gases, Liquids and Solids
. Gases are compressible fluids. Their molecules are widely separated.
. Liquids are relatively incompressible fluids. Their molecules are more tightly packed.
. Solids are nearly incompressible and rigid. Their molecules or ions are in close contact
and do not move.
In order for molecules to exist in aggregates in gases, liquids
and solids Intermolecular forces must exist
5.
6. Repulsive and Attractive Forces
. As two atoms or molecules are brought closer
together, the opposite charges and binding
forces in the two molecules are closer
together than the similar charges and forces,
causing the molecules to attract one another.
. The negatively charged electron clouds of
molecules largely govern the balance
(equilibrium) forces between the two
molecules
7. Ideal Gas Equation
1
V
Boyle’s law: P a (at constant n and T)
Charles’ law: V a T (at constant n and P)
Avogadro’s law: V a n (at constant P and T)
P V P V R is the gas
constant
1 1 2 2
PV = nRT
=
T T2
1
8. Gaseous state
. The conditions 0 0C and 1 atm are called standard temperature and
pressure (STP).
. Experiments show that at STP, 1 mole of an ideal gas occupies 22.414
L.
PV = nRT
(1 atm)(22.414L)
PV
nT (1 mol)(273.15 K)
=
R =
R = 0.082057 L • atm / (mol • K)
9. Gaseous state
What is the volume (in liters) occupied by 49.8 g of HCl at STP?
T = 0 0C = 273.15 K
1 atm ≈ 760.001 mm-Hg
P = 1 atm
PV = nRT
nRT
1 mol HCl
n = 49.8 g x = 1.37 mol
36.45 g HCl
V =
P
L•atm
mol•K
1.37 mol x 0.0821 x 273.15 K
V =
1 atm
V = 30.7 L
9
11. Liquefaction of Gases
. The critical temperature (T ) is the temperature above which the gas cannot be
c
made to liquefy, OR is the temperature above which the liquid cannot longer exist
. The critical pressure (P ) is the minimum pressure required to liquefy a gas at its
c
critical temperature.
. critical temperature (T ) of water is 374°C, or 647 K, and its critical pressure is
c
218 atm,
12.
13. SOLIDS & CRYSTALLINE STATE
Pharmaceutical Drugs: more than 80% are solid formulations
14. Solids and the crystalline state
. A crystalline solid possesses rigid and long-range order.
. In a crystalline solid, atoms, molecules or ions occupy specific
(predictable) positions.
. An amorphous solid does not possess a well-defined arrangement
and long-range molecular order.
16. A unit cell is the basic repeating structural unit of a crystalline solid.
lattice
point
At lattice points:
• Atoms
• Molecules
• Ions
Unit Cell Unit cells in 3 dimensions
18. Crystal forms
The various crystal forms are divide to basic 7 unit according to its symmetry
iodoform
urea
NaCl
iodine
Be Al (SiO )
3 2 3 6
sucrose Boric acid
19. Types of Crystals
Ionic Crystals
• Lattice points occupied by cations and anions
• Held together by electrostatic attraction
• Hard, brittle, high melting point
• Poor conductor of heat and electricity
CsCl ZnS CaF2
20. Covalent Crystals
• Lattice points occupied by atoms
• Held together by covalent bonds
• Hard, high melting point
• Poor conductor of heat and electricity
carbon
atoms
diamond
graphite
21. Metallic Crystals
• Lattice points occupied by metal atoms
• Held together by metallic bonds
• Soft to hard, low to high melting point
• Good conductors of heat and electricity
nucleus &
inner shell e-
mobile “sea”
of e-
Cross Section of a Metallic Crystal
22. Polymorphism
. Some elemental substance such as C
and S ,may exist in more than one
crystalline form and are said to be
allotropic, which is a special case of
polymorphism
. Polymorphism is the ability of a
substance to exist in more than one
crystal structure
23. Polymorphism is the ability of a substance to exist in more than one
crystal structure
Polymorphs: when two crystals have the same chemical composition
but different internal structure (molecular packing –molecular
conformation or / and inter or intra molecular
interactions)modifications or polymorphs or forms
Pseudo polymorphs : different crystal forms have molecules of the
same given substances and also contain molecules of solvent
incorporated into a unique structure (solvates or hydrates (water))
24. The most common example of polymorphism
carbon
atoms
High T and p
diamond graphite
Diamond is metastable and converts very slowly to graphite
25. Solid State : Polymorphs
Mono-component systems: Polymorphs
Multi-component systems
26.
27. Cocrystal
. The simplest definition of a cocrystal is a crystalline structure made
up of two or more components in a definite stoichiometric ratio,
where each component is defined as either an atom, ion, or
molecule.
28. Principle of polymorphism
. When the change from one form to another is reversible, it is said to
be enantiotropic.
. When the transition takes place in one direction only—for example,
from a metastable to a stable form—the change is said to be
monotropic.
29. Solvates
. Pharmaceutical synthesis include purification and crystallization,
residual solvent can be trapped in the lattice.
This result in the formation of cocrystal or solvate.
. The presence of residual solvent may affect dramatically the
crystalline structure of the solid depending on the type of inter.
molecular forces that the solvent may have with crystalline solid
30. Polymorphism
Photochemical reactivity
Thermal stability
Filtration and drying characteristics
Dissolution rate
Melting point
Vapor pressure
Hardness
Optical, electrical magnetic
properties Bioavailability
Color Physical and chemical stability
IR spectra
NMR spectra
Solubility and melting point are very important in pharmaceutical
processes including dissolution and formulation.
31. Amorphous Solid
. An amorphous solid does not possess a well-defined arrangement and long-range
molecular order.
. Amorphous substances, as well as cubic crystal, are isotropic, that is, they exhibit
similar properties in all direction.
AMORPHOUS SOLIDS
Solids that don’t have a definite geometrical shape are known as Amorphous Solids.
1. In these solids particles are randomly arranged in three dimension.
2. They don’t have sharp melting points.
3. Amorphous solids are formed due to sudden cooling of liquid.
4. Amorphous solids melt over a wide range of temperature
32. Amorphous or crystalline & therapeutic
activity
. The crystalline from of the antibiotic novobiocin acid is poorly
absorbed and has no activity, where the amorphous form is readily
absorbed and therapeutically active, due to different dissolution rate.
34. Polymorphism and Industry/ Pharmaceutical
Final Form
API
Granulation
Crystallization
Filtration
Drying
Drying
Compaction
Tableting
Milling
Drug Product
Bulk API
Stability
35. Polymorphism and Industry/
Pharmaceutical
. Fluoxetine HCl, the
active ingredient in the
antidepressant drug
Prozac.
. co crystal which will
have increased solubility
compared to the
crystalline form
36. Celecoxib
. CELECOXIB is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
. However it was found that the higher bioavailability was shown by the amorphous state
. The downfall of the amorphous state was its stability.
. This was due to the structural relaxation.
. This was enhanced by mixing it with polymers like PVP, which helped in stabilizing the
amorphous system (Piyush Gupta et al. 2004, Piyush Gupta et al. 2005).
. A new solid state form was developed by Pharmacia
37. Furosemide
Two forms with significantly differing aqueous solubility and dissolution
rate
Oral bioavailability compromised
Giron lists >20 excipients that display polymorphism, including
– Lactose (anhydrous; also monohydrate)
– Aspartame (anhydrous; hydrate forms)
– Magnesium stearate (can affect lubrication of tablets)
38. Bioavailability
. The rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety is
absorbed from a drug product and becomes available at the site of
action.
39.
40.
41. Bioequivalence
. The absence of a significant difference in the rate and extent to which
the active ingredient or active moiety in pharmaceutical equivalents
or pharmaceutical alternatives becomes available at the site of drug
action when administered at the same molar dose under similar
conditions in an appropriately designed study.
44. at least, six polymorphic white or almost white, crystalline
powder. It exhibits polymorphism. Practically insoluble in water
soluble in alcohol freely soluble in acetone and in dichlo-
romethane dissolves in dilute solutions of alkali hydroxides.
Protect from light.
CHLORPROPAMIDE
blood-glucose-lowering drug
46. Polymorphism and Industry/ Pharmaceutical
. Theobroma oil (cacao butter ) is a polymorphic natural fat.
. Theobroma oil can exist in 4 different polymorphic forms of
which only one is Stabile
1. Unstable gamma form melting at 18°C
2. Alpha form melting at 22°C
3. Beta prime form melting at 28°C
4. Stable beta form melting at 34.5°C
. This is important in the preparation of theobroma
suppositories.
. If the oil is heated to a point where it is completely liquified
(about 35 C), the crystals of the stable polymorph are
destroyed & the mass does not crystallize until it is cooled to
15 C.
. The crystals that form are unstable & the suppositories melt
at 24 C.
. Theobroma suppositories must be prepared below 33 C.
47. Polymorphism and Industry/ Pharmaceutical
Anhydrates together with salts form the majority of all drug formulations
About a half of all APIs used today are salts
Salts are stable and well soluble in polar solvents (first of all in water), because they contain ionic bond.
There is one more essential advantage of salts – their solubility is a function of pH. Since pH in the
gastrointestinal tract (GIT) vary between 1-7,5
atorvastatin calcium trihydrate
Each tablet contains Atorvastatin Calcium
Trihydrate equivalent to Atorvastatin 20 mg.
50. Phase Equilibria & The Phase Rule: Definitions
. Phase Equilibrium: A stable phase structure with lowest free-energy (internal
energy) of a system, and also randomness or disorder of the atoms or molecules
(entropy).
. Any change in Temperature, Composition, and Pressure causes an increase in free
energy and away from Equilibrium thus forcing a move to another ‘state’
51. Phase Definition
. A phase is defined as any homogeneous and physically distinct part of a system which is
separated from other parts of the system by interfaces.
. A part of a system is homogeneous if it has identical physical properties and chemical
composition throughout the part.
A phase may be gas, liquid or solid.
A gas or a gaseous mixture is a single phase.
Totally miscible liquids constitute a single phase.
In an immiscible liquid system, each layer is counted as a separate phase.
Every solid constitutes a single phase except when a solid solution is formed.
A solid solution is considered as a single phase.
Each polymorphic form constitutes a separate phase.
52. • Examples
1. Liquid water, pieces of ice and water vapour are present together.
The number of phases is 3 as each form is a separate phase. Ice in the system is a single phase even
if it is present as a number of pieces.
2. Calcium carbonate undergoes thermal decomposition.
The chemical reaction is: CaCO (s) CaO(s) + CO (g)
3 2
Number of phases = 3 : This system consists of 2 solid phases, CaCO3 and CaO and one gaseous
phase, that of CO .
2
3. Ammonium chloride undergoes thermal decomposition. The chemical reaction is:
. NH4Cl(s) NH3 (g) + HCl (g) Number of phases = 2
. This system has two phases, one solid, NH Cl and one gaseous, a mixture of NH and HCl.
4 3
4. A solution of NaCl in water Number of phases = 1
53. Components
. The number of components of a system at equilibrium is the smallest
number of independently varying chemical constituents using which
the composition of each and every phase in the system can be
expressed.
54. • Examples
. Counting the number of components
1. The sulphur system is a one component system. All the phases,
monoclinic, rhombic, liquid and vapour – can be expressed in terms
of the single constituent – sulphur.
2. A mixture of ethanol and water is an example of a two component
system. We need both ethanol and water to express its
composition.
55. An example of a system in which a reaction occurs and an equilibrium is established is the
thermal decomposition of solid CaCO .
3
In this system, there are three distinct phases:
Solid CaCO3
Solid CaO
Gaseous CO2
Though there are 3 species present, the number of components is only two, because of the
equilibrium:
. CaCO (s) CaO(s) + CO (g)
3 2
. Any two of the three constituents may be chosen as the components.
. If CaO and CO are chosen, then the composition of the phase CaCO is expressed as one mole of
2 3
component CO plus one mole of component CaO.
2
. If, on the other hand, CaCO and CO were chosen, then the composition of the phase CaO would
3 2
be described as one mole of CaCO minus one mole of CO .
3 2
56. Degrees of freedom (or variance)
. The degrees of freedom or variance of a system is defined as the
minimum number of variables such as:
temperature
pressure
concentration
which must be fixed in order to define the system completely.
F = C P + 2
57. • Examples
1. A gaseous mixture of CO and N .
2 2
Three variables: pressure, temperature and composition are required to define this system.
This is, hence, a trivariant system.
2. A system having only liquid water has two degrees of freedom or is bivariant. Both
temperature and pressure need to be mentioned in order to define the system.
3. If to the system containing liquid water, pieces of ice are added and this system with 2
phases is allowed to come to equilibrium, then it is an univariant system.
Only one variable, either temperature or pressure need to be specified in order to define
the system.
If the pressure on the system is maintained at 1 atm, then the temperature of the system
gets automatically fixed at 0oC, the normal melting point of ice.
58. Phase Equilibria & The Phase Rule
. A phase diagram (Equilibrium Phase Diagram) summarizes the
conditions at which a substance exists as a solid, liquid, or gas.
. OR : It is a “map” of the information about the control of phase
structure of a particular material system.
. The relationships between temperature and the compositions and
the quantities of phases present at equilibrium are represented.
59. The phase rule
. J.W. Gibbs formulated the phase rule, which is a general relation
between the variance, F, the number of component, C, and the
number of phases P
, at equilibrium , for a system of any
composition:
. For a system in equilibrium F = C P + 2
The phase rule
. F : degree of freedom, the least number of intensive variable that
must be fixed (known) to describe the system completely
60. . Phase Rule relation to determine the least number of intensive
variable, that can be changed without changing the equilibrium state
of the system, or, alternately,
The least number required to define the state of the system, which is
called degree of freedom F.
. Intensive variable independent variable that do not depend on the
volume or the size, e.g.Temp., pressure
61. Phase Equilibria & The Phase Rule
Components of a system
. Independent chemical species which comprise the system:
These could be: Elements, Ions, Compounds
E.g. Au-Cu system : Components →Au, Cu
Ice-water system : Component →H O
2
Al O – Cr O system : Components →Al O , Cr O
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3
. Component the smallest number of constituent by which the composition
of each phase in the system at equilibrium can be expressed in form of
chemical formula or equation
62. The number of phases in a system is denoted P
(a)A gas, or a gaseous mixture is a single phase. P=1
(b) For a solid system, an alloy of two metals is a two-phase system (P=2) if the metals
are immiscible, but a single-phase system (P=1) if they are miscible---a homogeneous
mixture of the two substances---is uniform on a molecular scale.
(c) For a liquid system, according to the solubility to decide whether a system consists of
one phase or of two.
For example, a solution of sodium chloride in water is a single phase.
A pair of liquids that are partially miscible or immiscible is a two-phase system(P=2)
Oil in water
63. A way of understanding the Gibbs Phase Rule:
The degrees of freedom can be thought of as the difference between what you (can) control and
what the system controls
F = C + 2 P
Degrees of Freedom = What you can control What the system controls
Can control the no. of
components added and P & T
System decided how many
phases to produce given the
conditions
64. . F : degree of freedom, the least number of intensive variable that must be fixed
(known) to describe the system completely
. Degree of freedom (or variance) F is the number of variables (T, p, and/or
composition) that can be changed independently without changing the phases of
the system
a) At the triple point:
P = 3 (solid, liquid, and gas)
C= 1 (water)
P + F = C + 2
F = 0 (no degree of freedom)
b) liquid-solid curve
P = 2
2+F = 1 + 2
F= 1
One variable (T or P) can be changed
c) Liquid
P =1
So F =2
Two variables (T and P) can be varied independently
and the system will remains a single phase
65. One-component systems
Phase diagram of water
Curve O-A
Vaporization
Condensation Critical point
218
Curve O -B
Melting
1
Freezing
Curve O -C
Sublimation
0.006
Deposition
=100
=0
O--Triple point
374
F = C P + 2
68. . Condensed system: System in which the vapor phase is ignored and only
the solid and/or liquid phases are considered.
Two component system
. For two component system F can be 3, (3D model is needed), e.g. T
, p and
concentration , usually we fix p = 1atm , the vapor phase is neglected, and F
is reduced to 2
. For three component system the pressure and temperature are fixed
71. Two component system containing liquid phase
. Tie Line : bc line: The line at which the system at
equilibrium will separate into phases of constant
composition, termed ‘conjugate phases’
. Lever Rule: a way to calculate the proportions of each
phase present on a phase diagram in a two phase field
(at a given temperature and composition).
e.g. for point d (24%)
72. e.g. for point d (24%)
For every 10 g of liquid system
in equilibrium in point d
7.5 g phase A
2.5 g phase B water rich phase
contains water+ phenol(11%)
Example:
Mixed 24g phenol +76g water , T 50°C,
equilibrium
Phenol rich phase
75 g phase A 25 g phase B
contains Phenol (63%)+ water
11% phenol 63 % phenol
0.11× 75 g=8.25 g
phenol
0.63× 25 g=15.75 g
phenol
73. The Critical Solution Temperature: CST
. Is the maximum temperature at which
the 2-phase region exists (or upper
consolute temperature).
. In the case of the phenol-water system,
this is 66.8oC (point h)
. All combinations of phenol and water >
CST are completely miscible and yield 1-
phase liquid systems.
74. Systems Showing a Decrease in Miscibility with
Rise in Temperature
. A few mixtures, exhibit a lower critical
solution temperature (low CST), e.g.
triethylamine plus water. The miscibility
with in temperature.
75. Systems Showing Upper and Lower CSTs
The miscibility with temp.
a certain temperature miscibility
starts to again with further in
temperature.
Closed-phase diagram, i.e.
nicotine-water system.
76. Two component system containing solid
and liquid phase (Eutectic Mixtures)
B: thymol
A :salol
53%
78. Eutectic mixture : Pharmaceutical Application
. EMLA® (lidocaine 2.5% and prilocaine 2.5%) Cream
. EMLA Cream (lidocaine 2.5% and prilocaine 2.5%) is an emulsion in which the oil
phase is a eutectic mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine in a ratio of 1:1 by weight.
This eutectic mixture has a melting point below room temperature and therefore
both local anesthetics exist as a liquid oil rather than as crystals
81. Topics that we have covered:
1. Binding Forces Between Molecules
2. Repulsive and Attractive Forces
3. The Gaseous State
The Ideal Gas Law
Liquefaction of Gases
Aerosols
4. Solids and the Crystalline State
Crystalline Solids
Polymorphism
Solvates
Amorphous Solids
5. Phase Equilibria and the Phase Rule
Phase Rule
Systems Containing One Component
Condensed System
Two-Component Systems Containing Liquid Phases
Two-Component Systems Containing Solid and Liquid Phases : Eutectic Mixtures
Rules Relating to Triangular Diagrams
83. Study Questions
Define the following terms:
[solid, liquid, gas, pure substance, compound, mixture, element, heterogeneous mixture, homogeneous mixture,
extensive properties, intensive properties, chemical properties, physical properties, density, color, texture, conductivity,
malleability, ductility, boiling point, melting point, flammability, corrosiveness, volatility, pounding, tearing, cutting,
dissolving, evaporating, fermenting, decomposing, Exothermic, endothermic, mass, density, gravity, adhesive force,
cohesive force, etc]
Respond to the following questions:
➢What is a mass, inertia, and how do these two variables affect the movement of material substance
➢What is gravity and how does it affect the movement of material substance
➢Give a descriptive account of the phases of matter with logical relevance to state of medicines as they are taken
for their respective therapeutical values
➢What is viscosity and its relation with fluids
➢What is surface tension and association with activities a substance material with surface area
➢Describe some key phase changes of materials substance when exposed to some environmental conditions of
change
➢How is a chemical change different from a physical change
Group work discussional questions:
➢ Give a detailed description Binding Forces Between Molecules
➢ Explain what is meant by Repulsive and Attractive Forces
➢ Explain with examples The Gaseous State of pharmaceutical material
➢ Explain with examples The solid State of pharmaceutical material
➢ Explain with examples The Crystalline State of pharmaceutical material
➢ Explain with examples The liquid State of pharmaceutical material
➢ Explain with examples The semi-solid State of pharmaceutical material
➢ Explain with examples The semi-solid State of pharmaceutical material
➢ Explain with examples The semi-liquid State of pharmaceutical materia