Types of Platforms
1. Airbrone Platforms
2. Spacebrone Platforms
Platforms are Vital Role in remote sensing data acquisition
Necessary to correct the position the remote sensors that collect data from the objects of interest
Types of Platforms
1. Airbrone Platforms
2. Spacebrone Platforms
Platforms are Vital Role in remote sensing data acquisition
Necessary to correct the position the remote sensors that collect data from the objects of interest
Role of electromagnetic Radiation in Remote SensingNzar Braim
Role of electromagnetic Radiation in Remote Sensing
It should be clear by now that the electromagnetic waves are originator and
carrier of information in Earth observation. The information content of the products delivered by a given type of sensor is essentially related to the parameters, mainly frequency (or wavelength) and polarization, characterizing the observing system, including the geometry at which data are acquired. Therefore, the specifications of an EO system, which include the type of sensor, the band of operation, the observation angle, etc.
Introduction -Remote means – far away ; Sensing means – believing or observing or acquiring some information.
Remote sensing means acquiring information of things from a distance with sensors. (without touching the things)
Sensors are like simple cameras except that they not only use visible light but also other bands of the electromagnetic spectrum such as infrared, microwaves and ultraviolet regions.
Distance of Remote Sensing, Definition of remote sensing - Remote Sensing is:
“The art and science of obtaining information about an object without being in direct contact with the object” (Jensen 2000).
India’s National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) defined as : “Remote sensing is the technique of deriving information about objects on the surface of the earth without physically coming into contact with them.”
Remote Sensing Process, - (A) Energy Source or Illumination.
(B) Radiation and the Atmosphere.
(C) Interaction with the Target.
(D) Recording of Energy by the Sensor.
(E) Transmission, Reception, & Processing.
(F) Interpretation and Analysis.
(G) Application.
Remote sensing platforms , History of Remote Sensing, Applications of remote sensing - In Agriculture, In Geology, Applications of National Priority.
Remote sensing and aerial photography study notes. Including concept and history of RS, visual image interpretation, digital image interpretation, application of RS, digital imaging, application of remote sensing etc.
A remote sensing system uses a detector to sense the reflected or emitted energy from the earth's surface, perhaps modified by the intervening atmosphere. The sensor can be on a satellite, aircraft, or drone. The sensor turns the energy into a voltage, which an analog to digital converter turns into a single integer value (called the Digital Number, or DN) for the energy. Alternatively a digital detector can store the DN directly. We can then display this value with an appropriate color to build up an image of the region sensed by the system. The DN represents the energy sensed by the sensor in a particular part of the electromagnetic spectrum, emitted or reflected from a particular region. The principles can also be applied to sonar imagery, especially useful in water where sound penetrates readily whereas electromagnetic energy attenuates rapidly.
Definitions,
Remote sensing systems can be active or passive: active systems put out their own source of energy (a large "flash bulb") whereas passive systems use solar energy reflected from the surface or thermal energy emitted by the surface. Active systems can achieve higher resolution.
Satellite resolution considers four things: spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal resolution.
Electromagnetic radiation and the atmosphere control many aspects of a remote sensing system.
Satellite orbits determine many characteristics of the imagery, what the satellite sees, and how often it revisits an area.
The signal to noise ratio is important for the design of remote sensing systems.
Satellite band tradeoffs.
Interpreting satellite reflectance patterns and images uses various statistical measures to assess surface properties in the image.
The colors used on the display are gray shading for single bands, and RGB for multi-band composites. We can also perform image merge and sharpening to combine the advantages of both panchromatic (higher spatial resolution) and color imagery (better differentiation of surface materials).
Keys for image analysis
Hyperspectral imagery
Spectral reflectance library--different materials reflect radiation differently
Remote Sensing Data Acquisition,Scanning/Imaging systemsdaniyal rustam
full of concepts about RS data acquisition scanning and imaging systems. Best for students of remote sensing. in this presentation we briefly explained the concept of scanning in remote sensing.
This is all about remote sensing. Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object and thus in contrast to on-site observation, especially the Earth.Remote sensing is the process of detecting and monitoring the physical characteristics of an area by measuring its reflected and emitted radiation at a distance from the targeted area. Special cameras collect remotely sensed imagesof the Earth, which help researchers "sense" things about the Earth.
Spectral signatures are the specific combination of emitted, reflected or absorbed electromagnetic radiation (EM) at varying wavelengths which can uniquely identify an object. Here, i have focused on the spectral signature of water and the various micro-process that are responsible for it.
Role of electromagnetic Radiation in Remote SensingNzar Braim
Role of electromagnetic Radiation in Remote Sensing
It should be clear by now that the electromagnetic waves are originator and
carrier of information in Earth observation. The information content of the products delivered by a given type of sensor is essentially related to the parameters, mainly frequency (or wavelength) and polarization, characterizing the observing system, including the geometry at which data are acquired. Therefore, the specifications of an EO system, which include the type of sensor, the band of operation, the observation angle, etc.
Introduction -Remote means – far away ; Sensing means – believing or observing or acquiring some information.
Remote sensing means acquiring information of things from a distance with sensors. (without touching the things)
Sensors are like simple cameras except that they not only use visible light but also other bands of the electromagnetic spectrum such as infrared, microwaves and ultraviolet regions.
Distance of Remote Sensing, Definition of remote sensing - Remote Sensing is:
“The art and science of obtaining information about an object without being in direct contact with the object” (Jensen 2000).
India’s National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) defined as : “Remote sensing is the technique of deriving information about objects on the surface of the earth without physically coming into contact with them.”
Remote Sensing Process, - (A) Energy Source or Illumination.
(B) Radiation and the Atmosphere.
(C) Interaction with the Target.
(D) Recording of Energy by the Sensor.
(E) Transmission, Reception, & Processing.
(F) Interpretation and Analysis.
(G) Application.
Remote sensing platforms , History of Remote Sensing, Applications of remote sensing - In Agriculture, In Geology, Applications of National Priority.
Remote sensing and aerial photography study notes. Including concept and history of RS, visual image interpretation, digital image interpretation, application of RS, digital imaging, application of remote sensing etc.
A remote sensing system uses a detector to sense the reflected or emitted energy from the earth's surface, perhaps modified by the intervening atmosphere. The sensor can be on a satellite, aircraft, or drone. The sensor turns the energy into a voltage, which an analog to digital converter turns into a single integer value (called the Digital Number, or DN) for the energy. Alternatively a digital detector can store the DN directly. We can then display this value with an appropriate color to build up an image of the region sensed by the system. The DN represents the energy sensed by the sensor in a particular part of the electromagnetic spectrum, emitted or reflected from a particular region. The principles can also be applied to sonar imagery, especially useful in water where sound penetrates readily whereas electromagnetic energy attenuates rapidly.
Definitions,
Remote sensing systems can be active or passive: active systems put out their own source of energy (a large "flash bulb") whereas passive systems use solar energy reflected from the surface or thermal energy emitted by the surface. Active systems can achieve higher resolution.
Satellite resolution considers four things: spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal resolution.
Electromagnetic radiation and the atmosphere control many aspects of a remote sensing system.
Satellite orbits determine many characteristics of the imagery, what the satellite sees, and how often it revisits an area.
The signal to noise ratio is important for the design of remote sensing systems.
Satellite band tradeoffs.
Interpreting satellite reflectance patterns and images uses various statistical measures to assess surface properties in the image.
The colors used on the display are gray shading for single bands, and RGB for multi-band composites. We can also perform image merge and sharpening to combine the advantages of both panchromatic (higher spatial resolution) and color imagery (better differentiation of surface materials).
Keys for image analysis
Hyperspectral imagery
Spectral reflectance library--different materials reflect radiation differently
Remote Sensing Data Acquisition,Scanning/Imaging systemsdaniyal rustam
full of concepts about RS data acquisition scanning and imaging systems. Best for students of remote sensing. in this presentation we briefly explained the concept of scanning in remote sensing.
This is all about remote sensing. Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object and thus in contrast to on-site observation, especially the Earth.Remote sensing is the process of detecting and monitoring the physical characteristics of an area by measuring its reflected and emitted radiation at a distance from the targeted area. Special cameras collect remotely sensed imagesof the Earth, which help researchers "sense" things about the Earth.
Spectral signatures are the specific combination of emitted, reflected or absorbed electromagnetic radiation (EM) at varying wavelengths which can uniquely identify an object. Here, i have focused on the spectral signature of water and the various micro-process that are responsible for it.
Wind Erosion
Effects of Wind Erosion
Factors Affecting Wind Erosion
Mechanics of Wind Erosion
Estimation of Soil Loss Due to Wind Erosion
Wind Erosion Control Measures
Wind Breaks
Shelter Belts
Gully Erosion Control Measures
Temporary check dam
Brushwood dams
One row or single post brush wood dam
Double row post brush wood dams.
Semi permanent dams
Loose rock dam
Netting dam
Log check dam
Permanent check dam
Drop Spillway
Drop inlet spillway
Chute spillway
This presentation includes definition of Soil Erosion, Causes of Soil Erosion, Types of Soil Erosion, Agents of Soil Erosion, Factors Affecting Soil Erosion, Mechanics of Soil Erosion and
Ill Effects of Soil Erosion
Water Erosion Control Measures- Agricultural Lands.pptxAjay Singh Lodhi
This presentation describes about agronomical measures to control water erosion. It includes Crop rotation, crop cover, contour cultivation, strip cropping and mulch tillage practices.
This presentation describes gully erosion, development of gullies, stages of gully development, classification of gullies based of shape, state and size.
This presentation includes description about water erosion, types of water erosion i.e. Raindrop erosion, Sheet erosion, Rill erosion, Gully erosion, Stream bank erosion, Sea-shore erosion Landslide/ slip erosion and Tunnel erosion.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
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Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
1. REMOTE SENSING - CONCEPT, HISTORY AND
PRINCIPLES
Dr. Ajay Singh Lodhi
Assistant Professor
College of Agriculture, Balaghat
Jawahar Lal Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur (M.P.)
2. Definition and Concept of Remote Sensing
Remote: Observation is done at a distance without physical
contact with the object of interest.
Sensing: Detection of energy, such as light or another form of
electromagnetic energy.
Remote Sensing is an interesting and exploratory science , as it
provides images of areas in a fast and “cost-efficient manner, and
attempts to demonstrate the “what is happening right now” in a
study area.
3. Remote sensing is the science and art of acquiring information
(spectral, spatial, and temporal) about material objects, area, or
phenomenon, without coming into physical contact with the
objects, or phenomenon under investigation.
Remote Sensing means sensing of the earth’s surface from space
by making use of the properties of electromagnetic wave
emitted, reflected, or diffracted by the sensed objects for the
purpose of improving natural resource management land and the
protection of the environment.
Without direct contact, some means of transferring information
through space must be utilized. In remote sensing information
transfer is accomplished by use of electromagnetic radiation
(EMR).
4. “The art, science, and
technology of obtaining reliable
information about physical
objects and the environment,
through the process of
recording, measuring and
interpreting imagery and digital
representations of energy
patterns derived from non-
contact sensor systems”.
According to India’s National
Remote Sensing Agency-
“Remote Sensing is the
technique of acquiring
information about objects on the
earth’s surface without
physically coming into contact
with them”.
5. HISTORY
Galileo introduced the telescope to astronomy in 1609
1827 - First photograph
1858 - First aerial photograph from a hot air balloon
1861-1865 - Balloon photography used in American Civil
War
1888 – ‘Rocket’ cameras
1903 - Pigeon-mounted camera patented
1906 - Photograph from a kite
1914-1945 - Plane mounted Cameras WWI, WWII
1908 —First photos from an airplane
1909—Dresden International Photographic Exhibition
1914-1918 — World War I
6. 1957 - Sputnik-1
1960 - 1st meteorological satellite ‘TIROS-1’ launched
1967 - NASA ‘Earth Resource Technology Satellite’
programme
1972 - ERTS (Landsat) 1 launched
1970-1980 : Rapid advances in Digital Image
Processing
1986 : SPOT French Earth Observation Satellite
1980s : Development of Hyperspectral sensors
1990s : Global Remote Sensing system
7.
8.
9. Principles of Remote Sensing
Detection and discrimination of objects or surface
features means detecting and recording of radiant energy
reflected or emitted by objects or surface.
Different objects return different amount of energy in
different bands of the electromagnetic spectrum, incident
upon it.
Depend upon the property of material (physical,
structural, and chemical), surface roughness, angle of
incidence, intensity, and wavelength of radiant energy.
10. Stages in Remote Sensing
Energy Source or Illumination (A)
Radiation and the Atmosphere (B)
Interaction with the Target (C)
Recording of Energy by the Sensor (D)
Transmission, Reception, and Processing (E)
Interpretation and Analysis (F)
Application (G)
11. ENERGY SOURCE OR ILLUMINATION (A)
The first requirement for remote sensing is to have an
energy source to illuminate the target (unless the sensed
energy is being emitted by the target).
This energy is in the form of electromagnetic radiation.
Electromagnetic radiation is the energy source to
illuminate the target.
12. RADIATION AND THE ATMOSPHERE (B)
Energy Interaction and
Atmosphere
As the energy travels from its
source to the target, it will come in
contact with and interact with the
atmosphere it passes through.
These effects are caused by the
mechanisms of scattering and
absorption
Scattering occurs when particles or
large gas molecules present in the
atmosphere interact with and
cause the electromagnetic
radiation to be redirected from its
original path.
13. How much scattering takes place depends on several
factors including the wavelength of the radiation, the
abundance of particles or gases, and the distance the
radiation travels through the atmosphere.
There are three (3) types of atmospheric scattering
which take place:
Rayleigh Scattering
Mie Scattering
Non Selective Scattering
14. RAYLEIGH SCATTERING
Rayleigh scattering occurs
when particles are very small
compared to the wavelength of
the radiation, e.g. small specks
of dust or nitrogen and oxygen
molecules.
Rayleigh scattering causes
shorter wavelengths of energy
to be scattered much more than
longer wavelengths. This is the
dominant scattering
mechanism in the upper
atmosphere.
15. Rayleigh scattering (sometimes referred to as molecular
scattering) occurs when the effective diameter of the matter
(usually air molecules air molecules such as oxygen and
nitrogen in the atmosphere) is many times (usually< 0.1
times) smaller than the wavelength of the incident EMR.
The amount of scattering is inversely related to the fourth
power of wavelength of radiation.
For example, ultraviolet light at 0.3 µm most Rayleigh
scattering takes place in the upper 4.5 km of the
atmosphere. It is responsible for the blue appearance of
the sky.
The shorter violet and blue wavelengths are more
efficiently scattered than the longer green and red
wavelengths. That is why most remote sensing systems
avoid detecting and recording wavelengths in the ultraviolet
and blue portions of the spectrum.
16. MIE SCATTERING
Mie scattering occurs when the
particles are just about the same
size as the wavelength of the
radiation.
Dust, pollen, smoke and water
vapour are common causes of Mie
scattering which tends to affect
longer wavelengths than those
affected by Rayleigh scattering.
The actual size of the particles may
range from 0.1 to 10 times the
wavelength of the incident energy.
Mie scattering occurs mostly in the
lower portions (about 4.5 Km) of
the atmosphere where larger
particles are more abundant.
17. Raman Scattering
Raman Scattering is caused by atmospheric particles, which
are larger, smaller, or equal to that of the wavelength of the
radiation being sensed. The atmospheric particles may be
gaseous molecules, water droplets, fumes, or dust particles.
These portions have an elastic collision with the atmospheric
particles which result in either loss or gain of energy and
thus an increase or decrease in wavelength.
18. Non Selective Scattering
Non- Selective Scattering takes place
in the lowest portions of the
atmosphere where there are particles
greater than 10 times the wavelength
of the incident EMR.
This type of scattering is non-
selective, that is, all wavelength of
light are scattered, not just blue, green,
or red. Thus, that is water droplets and
ice crystals that make up clouds and
fog banks scatter all wavelengths of
visible light equally well, causing the
cloud to appear white, (blue + green +
red light = white light).
19. ABSORPTION
Absorption is the process by which
radiant energy is absorbed and
converted into other forms of energy.
The absorption of the incident radiant
energy may take place in the
atmosphere and on the terrain.
Absorption is the other main mechanism
at work when electromagnetic radiation
interacts with the atmosphere.
This phenomenon causes molecules in
the atmosphere to absorb energy at
various wavelengths. Ozone, carbon
dioxide, and water vapour are the three
main atmospheric constituents which
absorb radiation.
20. ATMOSPHERIC WINDOWS
Atmospheric windows is that portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum that can be transmitted through the atmosphere
without any distortion or absorption. Light in certain
wavelength regions can penetrate the atmosphere well.
These regions are called atmospheric windows.
Those areas of the spectrum which are not severely
influenced by atmospheric absorption and thus, are useful
to remote sensors, are called atmospheric windows.
21. RADIATION - TARGET INTERACTION (C)
Once the energy makes its way to
the target through the atmosphere,
it interacts with the target
depending on the properties of both
the target and the radiation.
Radiation that is not absorbed or
scattered in the atmosphere can
reach and interact with the Earth's
surface.
There are three forms of interaction
that can take place when energy
strikes, or is incident (I) upon the
surface:
Absorption
Transmission
Reflection
22. Absorption (A): Absorption occurs
when radiation (energy) is
absorbed into the target.
Transmission (T): Transmission
occurs when radiation passes
through a target.
Reflection (R): Reflection occurs
when radiation "bounces" off the
target and is redirected.
The proportions of each interaction
will depend on the wavelength of
the energy and the material and
condition of the feature.
23. SPECULAR VS DIFFUSE
When a surface is smooth, we
get specular or mirror-like
reflection where all (or almost
all) of the energy is directed
away from the surface in a
single direction.
Diffuse reflection occurs when
the surface is rough and the
energy is reflected almost
uniformly in all directions.
24. RECORDING OF ENERGY BY THE SENSOR
After the energy has been scattered by, or emitted from the
target, a sensor is required (remote- not in contact with the
target) to collect and record the electromagnetic radiation.
25. TRANSMISSION, RECEPTION, AND PROCESSING (E)
The energy recorded by the sensor has to be transmitted,
often in electronic form, to a receiving and processing
station where the data are processed into an image
(hardcopy and/or digital).
INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS (F)
The processed image is interpreted, visually and/or
digitally or electronically, to extract information about the
target which was illuminated.
26. APPLICATION (G)
The final element of the remote sensing process is application i.e. after
extracting the information from the image to solve a particular
problem.
Geology: geological mapping;
Hydrology: monitoring wetlands and snow cover;
Agriculture: crop type identification, crop condition monitoring, soil
moisture measurement, and soil tillage and crop residue identification;
Forestry: clear-cuts and linear features mapping, biomass estimation,
species identification and fire scar mapping;
Oceanography: sea ice identification, coastal wind field measurement,
and wave slope measurement.
Shipping: for ship detection and classification.
Coastal Zone: for shoreline detection, substrate mapping, slick
detection and general vegetation mapping.
Military/Security Applications: detecting or locating metal objects.