The document covers nursing care for patients with refractive errors, detailing definitions, types (myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia, astigmatism), etiology, symptoms, and management strategies including medical and surgical options. It emphasizes the importance of diagnostic evaluations and nursing management practices to address impaired visual perception. The document concludes with references for further reading on medical-surgical nursing.

1. B.Sc Degree Course in Nursing
(Basic)
MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING
UNIT II: Nursing Care of patients
with Eye Disorders.
Topic: Refractive Errors.
PRESENTED BY
Mrs. SOUMYA SUBRAMANI, M.Sc.(N)
LECTURER, MSN DEPARTMENT
CON- SRIPMS, COIMBATORE.

2. OBJECTIVES
• Introduction of refractory error
• Define refractory error
• Explain the types of refractory error
• Enlist the etiological factors of refractory error
• Describe the pathophysiology of refractory error
• Enlist the symptoms of refratory error
• Enumerate the diagnostic evaluation of refractory error
• Explain the medical, surgical and nursing management of refractory
error

3. Refractive error
INTRODUCTION

4. Review Of Eye

5. CONTD....

6. CONTD.....

7. CONTD.....

8. CONTD....

9. CONTD....

10. Vergence
Prallel Beam Convergence
+
Divergence
-
Basic Optics

11. REFRACTION
•Refraction of light occurs when light passes from one medium
to another of different refractive index (ie. density)

12. Refractive Components of the Eye
• Cornea: responsible for the majority of the
refractive power of the eye (40 D)
Lens: 20 D of refractive power, changes
with accommodation
•

13. REFRACTIVE PHYSIOLOGY
• Light rays are focused on the retina because they are
refracted by passing through the cornea and lens (Snell’s
Law)
Corneal refractive power is constant
Lens refractive power is modifiable with accommodation
Axial length of the eye is constant except under certain
conditions
•
•

14. Fovea
Light rays

15. Emmetropia•
 The state of refraction of the eye in which parallel
rays, are focused exactly on the retina when the eye
is at rest.
 Adequate correlation between axial length and
refractive power

16. Accommodation•
Emmetropic eye
•object closer than 6 M send divergent light that focus behind
retina , adaptative mechanism of eye is increase refractive
power by accommodation

17. CONTD....

18. • A refractory error is a very
common eye disorder. It occurs
when the eye cannot clearly
focus the images from the
outside world. The result of
refractory errors is blurred
vision ,which is sometimes so
severe that it causes visual
impairment.
INTRODUCTION OF REFRACTORY
ERROR

19. Ametropia (Refractive error)
• Mismatch between axial length and refractive power.
• Problem with focusing of light on the retina resulting in blurred
image.
• Parallel light rays don’t fall on the retina (no accommodation)

20. • Refractory error means that the shape of your eye does not bend
light correctly, resulting in a blurred image.
• The main types of refractive errors are;
1. Myopia (near sightedness)
2. Hyperopia(farsightedness),
3. Presbyopia(loss Of Near Vision With Age)
4. Astigmatism(both Near Sightedness And Long Sightedness)
DEFINITION OF REFRACTORY ERROR

21. TYPES
• MYOPIA - Near-sightedness
also known as short-
sightedness and myopia is a
condition of the eye where
light focuses in front of the
retina instead of on the retina
this causes distant objects to
be while close objects appear
normal.

22. CONTD....

23. Uncorrected, light focuses in front of fovea
Corrected by divergent lens, light focuses on fovea

25. CONTD....
• HYPEROPIA - Far sightedness
also known as long
sightedness. Hyperopia is a
condition of the eye in which
light is focused behind the
retina, instead of on the retina
.Resulting in an inability to seen
near objects clear. Causes
abnormal shape of cornea.

27. Uncorrected, light focuses behind fovea
Corrected by convergent lens, light focuses on fovea

28. CONTD....
• PRESBYOPIA - Presbyopia is a
common type of vision disorder
that occurs as your age. It is
often referred to as the aging eye
condition. Result in the inability to
focus up close, a problem
associated in the eye..

29. CONTD....
• ASTIGMATISM - It is a condition
in which abnormal curvature of
cornea. Astigmatism may cause
eye strain and may be combined
with near sightedness or long
sightedness.

32. ETIOLOGY
• Infection adenovirus
• Injury due to optic nerve damage
• Ultraviolet radiation
• Eye disease
• Inherited
• Aging (above 45year)

33. CONTD....
• Environmental factors
• Previous corneal injury
• Previous eye surgery
• Optic nerve hypyplasia

34. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• Due To Physiology Factors Such As Infection
• Degenerative Changes Causes By Gradual Loss Of Elasticity
Of Lens
• Which Leads To Decreased Ability ToAccommodate
• Then Lead To Refractive Error

35. SYMPTOMS
• Double vision
• Haziness (unclearness)
• Glare or halos around bright light
• Squinting (it is a condition where the eyes do not look in the
same direction)

36. CONTD....
• Headaches
• Eye strain fatigue pain in or around the eyes blurred vision,
headache, occasional double vision
• Eye irritation

37. DIAGNOSTIC Evaluation
• HISTORY TAKING
• CORNEAL TOPOGRAPHY
This is computerized test maps the curve of your eye cornea, it can
show problem with eye surface like swelling or scarring.
• SLIT LAMP EXAM
The doctor uses this microscope to shine a beam of light shaped like a
small slit on effected eye. He may dilated pupils during the test it help
diagnose.

38. CONTD....
• TONOMETRY
This test measures the pressure inside eye which is
called intra ocular pressure
• RETINOSCOPY
Is a technique obtain an objective measurement of the
refractive error of a patients eye.

39. CONTD....

40. CONTD....

41. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
• Identify the cause and eliminate the cause
• Lens correction
• Prevention foreign particles enter in eye
• Use of sunglasses
• Use of antibiotics prevention from infection

42. Management
• Cycloplegic drug are used to refraction ( to paralyze the ciliary
muscle in order to determine the true refractive error of eye).
• Cholinergics (miotics): pilocarpine, carbachol: It increases
aqueous fluid outflow by contracting the ciliary muscles.
• Beta blockers: Betaxolol,Timolol: Decreased aqueous humor
production.

43. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
• KERATOMILEUSIS
Is a method of reshaping the cornea surface to change its
optical power.

44. CONTD....
• LASIK - LASER EYE SURGERY (LASER ASSISTED IN SITU
KERETO-MILEUSIS)
This procedure used to treat near sightedness,
farsightedness.
A laser is used to reshape the cornea the clear, round dome at
the front of the eye.
To improve the way the eye focuses light rays into the retina at
the back of the eye.

45. LASIK

46. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
• AUTOMATIC LAME-LLAR KERATO PLASTY (LLK)
• Keratoplasty is the procedure where by abnormal corneal
tissue is replaced by a healthy donor conrea.
• This is a older type of vision surgery carried out by making
a flap in the cornea to help correct severe short
sightedness and long sightedness.

47. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
• LASEK
• LASSER ASSISTED SUB EPITHELIALKERATOMILEUSIS
• The hinged flap made in laser assisted epithelial
keratomileusis surgery is created in the layer of eye.
• Inserted of creating a thicker corneal flap as in laser
assisted epithelial keratomileusis surgery.

48. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
• PHOTO REFRACTIVE KERETOTOMY(PRK)
• To correct myopia
• The eye surgeon then gently removing the surface
corneal cells(epithelium)

49. Myopic photorefractive kertectomy
•PRK can effectively treat low to
mod myopia or hyperopia +/-
astigmatism.
Performed as outpt with topical
anesthesia.
First, the corneal epithelium in the
area to be ablated is removed to
expose Bowman’s layer and the
underlying corneal stroma (spatula,
laser).
Excimer laser then applied as
directed by the corneal topography-
driven computer program.
Topical antibiotics, steroids, and
NSAIDs applied, along with a
bandage contact lens (BCTL)
•
•
•
•

50. Treats low to mod myopia in outpt
setting using topical anesthetics.
• The surgeon makes deep radial
incisions with a diamond blade in a
spoke-like pattern, leaving a clear
optical zone in the center.
Refractive effect determined by the
number, length, and depth of the
incisions, as well as the size of the
spared central optical zone.
•
Radial Keratotomy

51. NURSING MANAGEMENT
• Safe administration of the prescribed fluid
• Right documentation
• Monitor the hemodynamic pressure, vital sign, arterial blood gas

52. Nursing management
• `Assess the patient for any previous allergy to medicine, fruits
etc.
• When we administer any new medicine we have to observe the
side effect of it.
• We must have the knowledge about the sign symptoms of
shock.
• Observe the response to the treatment.

53. Nursing diagnosis
• Impaired in visual perception relaterd to refrative error.
• Knowledge deficite about treatment of refractive error.
• Risk for injury related to impaired visual perception.

54. SUMMARY
• We have discussed about the
• Anatomy and physiology
• Definition
• Types
• Etiology
• Pathophysiology
• Clinical manifestation
• Diagnostic evaluation
• Management

55. References
• BLACK.M.JOYCE,Medical Surgical Nursing , published by
Elsevier edition 8th ,volume-1
• LEWIS, Medical Surgical Nursing,published by Elsevier, 7th
edition