Although individual humans (and all diploid organisms) can only have two alleles for a given gene, multiple alleles may exist at the population level.
“Three or more kinds of gene which occupy the same locus are referred to as multiple alleles.”
Although individual humans (and all diploid organisms) can only have two alleles for a given gene, multiple alleles may exist at the population level.
“Three or more kinds of gene which occupy the same locus are referred to as multiple alleles.”
a complete understanding of variation and genetics. how changes in genetics inherit and how genetically disease inherited... Complete info on Mendelian inheritence
B4FA 2012 Nigeria: Principles of Genetics - Charles Amadib4fa
Presentation by Dr Charles Amadi, National Root Crops Research Centre, Umudike, Nigeria
Delivered at the B4FA Media Dialogue Workshop, Ibadan, Nigeria - September 2012
www.b4fa.org
a complete understanding of variation and genetics. how changes in genetics inherit and how genetically disease inherited... Complete info on Mendelian inheritence
B4FA 2012 Nigeria: Principles of Genetics - Charles Amadib4fa
Presentation by Dr Charles Amadi, National Root Crops Research Centre, Umudike, Nigeria
Delivered at the B4FA Media Dialogue Workshop, Ibadan, Nigeria - September 2012
www.b4fa.org
Multiple Alleles is a type of non-mendelian inheritance pattern. there are three or more alternative forms of a allele. here you can learn about the Multiple alleles with elaboration.
chromosomal aberrations
Variation in chromosomal structure or number
changes in the number of sets of chromosomes (ploidy), changes in the number of individual chromosomes (somy), or changes in appearance of individual chromosomes through mutation-induced rearrangements. They can be associated with genetic diseases or with species differences
Mujahid Hussain, Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan
Glaucoma: the “silent thief of sight”
Glaucoma is a leading cause of preventable sight loss. Vision can often be preserved with early identification, good adherence to treatment and long-term monitoring.
A cataract is a clouding or opacity that
develops in the crystalline lens of the eye or in its envelope, varying in degree from slight opacity to obstructing the passage of light.
Progressive, painless clouding of the natural, internal lens of the eye.
A refractory error is a very common eye disorder. It occurs when the eye cannot clearly focus the images from the outside world. The result of refractory errors is blurred vision ,which is sometimes so severe that it causes visual impairment.
A full eye examination consists of an external examination, followed by specific tests for visual acuity, pupil function, extraocular muscle motility, visual fields, intraocular pressure and ophthalmoscopy through a dilated pupil.
A minimal eye examination consists of tests for visual acuity, pupil function, and extraocular muscle motility, as well as direct ophthalmoscopy through an undilated pupil.
Hypertension is a silent killer. It is a long term medical condition in which blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. High blood pressure usually does not cause any symptoms.
Long term hypertension is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke, heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, loss of vision and chronic kidney disease.
Cor pulmonale is a disease of the right ventricle characterized hypertrophy and dilation that results from diseases directly affecting the lung parenchyma or lung vasculature.
It is the enlargement of the right ventricle secondary to diseases of the lung , thorax, or pulmonary circulation.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
1. GENETICS
UNIT – I
INTRODUCTION
Topics- Chromosomal Aberrations
Multiple Alleles and blood groups
Laws of Mendal
PRESENTED BY
Mrs. SOUMYA SUBRAMANI, M.Sc.(N)
LECTURER, MSN DEPARTMENT
CON- SRIPMS, COIMBATORE.
2. Chromosomal Aberrations
“Variation in chromosomal structure or number is called
Chromosomal Aberration”
They can refer to changes in the number of sets of
chromosomes (ploidy), changes in the number of individual
chromosomes (somy), or changes in appearance of individual
chromosomes through mutation-induced rearrangements. They can
be associated with genetic diseases or with species
differences
FISH and Banding techniques are used to
detect chromosomal aberrations.
3. Structural Aberrations
The chromosomal aberrations in which alternation of the
structure of chromosome (sequence of genes or kind of genes in
chromosome or no. of genes) occur—Structural Aberration.
Types of Structural Aberrations:
Changes in the numbers of genes
Deletion/ Deficiency (Terminal, Intercalary)
Duplication (Intrachromosomal, Interchromosomal)
Changes in the location of genes
Inversions (Paracentric, Pericentric)
Translocations (Intrachromosomal, Interchromosomal)
4.
5. Deletion
“Loss of a (generally small) segment of chromosome”
Spontaneously or may be induced (radiation, UV, chemicals, viruses).
Terminal deletion:
“Loss of either terminal segment of a chromosome”
Intercalary Deletion:
“Loss of segment in between centromere
and telomere”
A B C D E F G A B D E F G
C
6. Duplication
“Occurrence of a segment twice in the same chromosomes”
Intrachromosomal Duplication:
Tandem – in this case sequence of genes in the duplicated
segment is similar to the sequence of genes in the original segment
of a chromosome.
Reverse tandem – the sequence of genes in the duplicated
segment is reverse to the sequence of genes in the original
segment of a chromosome.
7. Interchromosomal Duplication:
Displaced : Duplicating segment is incorporated away
from corresponding segment on the same chromosome.
Translocated: Duplicated chromosomal segment is
incorporated on different chromosome.
A B C D E F G A B C D E F F G
8. A B C D E F G H I J K
180O
A B C H G F E D I J K
“A chromosomal segment is oriented in a reverse position
(180o reversal )”
Paracentric Inversion:
“Inverted segment does not include centromere and
confined to one arm”
Pericentric Inversion:
“Included the centromere”
Inversion
9. Translocation
• “In translocation, change in position of the segment occurs in such a
way that they become integrated into same or homologous or non
homologous chromosome”
• Occurs spontaneously or may be induced by mutagens.
Types:
Based on involvement of chromosomes:
Intrachromosomal Translocation:
Intraradial: Shift occurs in same arm.
Extraradial: Shift occurs in different arm.
10. Interchromosomal Translocation:
Fraternal: Shift occurs to homologous chromosome.
External: Shift occurs to non homologous
chromosome.
Reciprocal Translocation:
“Exchange between segments of non homologous
chromosomes or regions of same chromosome”.
Non reciprocal Translocation:
“Movement of a chromosome segment to non homologous
chromosome or region of same chr. without reciprocal
change”.
10
11. Based on no. of breaks involved:
Simple Translocation:
“It involves one break. Terminal segment of chromosome
integrated at the one end of non homologous chromosome”
Shift Translocation:
“It requires three breaks. Intercalary segment of a chromosome is
integrated within a non homologous chromosomes”
11
12. Ring Chromosome:
“Break occurs in each arm & the 2 sticky ends join
while distal fragments are lost”
Robertsonian Translocation:
“Breakage of 2 acrocentric chr. near centromeres &
fusion of long arms. Short arms are lost”
Other structural abnormalities
13.
14. Numerical Aberrations
“Change in the number of chromosomes is called as
numerical aberration or numerical abnormality”.
Numerical Aberration has two types:
Aneuploidy (Hyperploidy, Hypoploidy)
Euploidy (Monoploidy, Diploidy, Polyploidy)
14
16. Aneuploidy
• “Change in number of individual chromosomes, but not in
• complete set” e.g., 2n ± 1
• Types of Aneuploidy:
Hperploidy
• “having chromosomes more than disomic condition (2n)”
Trisomy(2n+1) :
• “Addition of one chromosome to one pair in diploid set”
16
17. It has two types :
Simple trisomics – increase in chromosome number in
one pair only (2n+1)
Double trisomics – addition of one chromosomes in two
different pairs (2n+1+1)
Tetrasomy(2n+2):
“Addition of two chromosomes to one pair or two different
pairs”
Simple tetrasomics – addition of two chromosomes to one
pair(2n+2)
Double tetrasomics – two chromosomes are added each to two
different pairs(2n+2+2)
20
18. Hypoploidy:
“Having chromosomes less than disomic condition(2n)”
Monosomy (2n-1):
“lacking one chromosome from a diploid set”
Nullisomy (2n-2):
“lacking one pair of chromosomes from a diploid set”
21
19. Euploidy
“A condition in which one or more full sets of chromosomes are present in
an organism”
Types:
Monoploidy(n):
“Single basic set of chromosomes”
Polyploidy:
“More than two multiples of haploid chromosomes sets”
Triploidy (3n) and Tetraploidy (4n).
19
22. 1.MENDEL’S LAW OF DOMINANCE
If your two alleles are different (heterozygous,
e.g. Bb), the trait associated with only one of these will
be visible (dominant) while the other will be hidden
(recessive). E.g. B is dominant, b is recessive.
Sperm
B b
B
b
Eggs
BB Bb
Bb bb
23. CONTD..
• Law of dominance : In a hybrid union, the allele which expresses
itself phenotypically is the dominant allele while the other allele
which fails to express itself phenotypically is the recessive allele.
The hybrid individual shows phenotypically only the dominant
character.
• The law of dominance is often described as Mendel’s first law of
inheritance.
24. 2.MENDEL’S LAW OF SEGREGATION
• A normal (somatic) cell has two variants (alleles) for a
Mendelian trait.
• A gamete (sperm, egg, pollen, ovule) contains one allele,
randomly chosen from the two somatic alleles.
• E.g. if you have one allele for brown eyes (B) and one for blue
eyes (b), somatic cells have Bb and each gamete will carry
one of B or b chosen randomly.
• Law of segregation – the separation of alleles into
separate gametes.
B
b
Sperm
B b
Eggs
BB Bb
Bb bb
25. CONTD..
The law of segregation states:
• Each individual has two factors for each trait
• The factors segregate (separate) during the formation of the gametes
• Each gamete contains only one factor from each pair of factors
• Fertilization gives each new individual two factors for each trait.
26. 3.LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
• "When a dihybrid (or a polyhybrid ) forms gametes,
(i) each gamete receives one allele from each allelic pair and
(ii) the assortment of the alleles of different traits during the gamete formation is
totally independent of their original combinations in the parents.
• In other words, each allele of any one pair is free to combine with any allele
from each of the remaining pairs during the formation for the gametes
• This is known as the Law of Independent Assortment of characters.
• It is also referred to as Mendel’s third law of heredity.
27.
28. Multiple Allelism
• More than two alternative allelic forms of gene occupy the same loci
in apair of homologous chromosomes are called multiple alleles.
• Determination of a trait by more than two alleles is called multiple
allelism.
• All the variants or alleles of a gene may be originated by mutation of a
single wild type gene.
29. Multiple Alleles in Eye Colourof Drosophila
• Found 14 alleles for eye colour which produce various
shades from white to red.
• Redeye colour is normal(wild type)- dominant toothers.
• Others shades are- wine, coral, blood, cherry, apricot,
eosin, buff, tinged, honey, ecru, pearl, ivory and white.
30. Multiple Allelism In BloodGroups
• Human blood groups wasdiscovered by Dr.KarlLandsteiner in
1900. (father ofblood groups)
• Presenceof two types of proteins in humanblood:-
• Antigens Or Agglutinogen:- glycoprotein present onsurface
of RBCscalled corpuslcesfactor.
• Antibody Or Agglutin:- gamma-globulin present inblood
plasma called plasma factor.
31. Inheritance of ABOBlood Groups
Karl Landsteiner discovered that the ABO blood grouping is
an inherited characteristic and involves multiple allelism.
Genotypes of four types of blood groups:-
32. Phenotype Genotype
O ii
A IAIA, IAi
B IBIB, IBi
Antigen (present Antibody (found
on red blood cells) in the serum)
None anti-A and anti-B
A antigen anti-B
B antigen anti-A
AB IAIB
Both A andB
antigens
None
Different types of blood groups
O- Blood Group is called universal donor- hasno antigen &can donate its blood
to anyperson.
AB- Blood Group is universal recipient- hasno antibody in theirblood plasma.
33. Detection of A, B,and O blood type in humans determined by
multiple allelesand two alleles acting co-dominantly overthird
34. ABO donor recipient combinations. Thetick mark indicates
compatibility in blood transfusionand cross indicatesincompatibility.
36. Significance of Knowledge of Blood Groups
• By knowing of blood groups of parents, blood groups of their children
canbepredicted.
• Helps saving innocent people involved in murder cases and in
identifying the real murderers.
• Helps in safeblood transfusion.
• Usedto settle casesof disputed parentage in mixup casesin hospitals.
37. Rhesus (Rh) Blood GroupSystem
• Rh-Factor:- antigenic protein present on the surface of red blood
cells in humanbeings.
• First discovered by Landsteiner & Weiner(1940) on plasmamembrane
of RBCsof rhesusmonkey.
• Also found in 85% American & 93% of Indians- called Rh-positive
(Rh+).
• Personwith no Rh-factor on the surface of their RBCs-called Rh-negative
(Rh-).
• Rh-factor is controlled by a pair of genes- R & r.(R gene is dominant
and control synthesis ofRh-factor, r-gene cannot synthesize Rh-factor.)
40. Importance of Rh-factor
• Transfusion of Rh+ donor blood into Rh- recipient blood causes clumping of
donor’sRBCs
• It causing blocking of capillaries and death
• No complication occur in first transfusion but subsequent transfusion
causesthis condition
• So, Rh-factor compatibility also considered together with ABO blood
group beforeblood transfusion