The document discusses the growth of Protestantism in Europe during the Reformation, including the establishment of new Protestant sects and the English Reformation under King Henry VIII. It also summarizes the Catholic Counter-Reformation including reforms enacted by the Council of Trent, the strengthening of the Inquisition, and the founding of the Jesuit order. Persecution of religious minorities like Jews increased as tensions rose between Catholic and Protestant groups in Europe.

1. Challenges to the
Church, Part II
Taking Root in Church - Reformation from Within

2. Objectives
❖ Students will describe reasons why England formed a new
church.
❖ Students will analyze how the Catholic Church reformed
itself.
❖ Students will analyze the changes in European thought and
culture resulting from the Renaissance.

3. Vocabulary
❖ sect: a subgroup of a major religious group.
❖ compromise: an agreement in which each side makes
concessions; an acceptable middle ground.
❖ Council of Trent: a group of Catholic leaders that met
between 1545 and 1563 to respond to Protestant challenges
and direct the future of the Catholic Church.
❖ ghetto: separate section of a city where members of a
minority group are forced to live.

4. Protestant Sects Grow
❖ Hundreds of new sects of Protestants spring up throughout
Europe
❖ Some followed variations of Luther or other leaders
❖ Some were more radical - Anabaptists felt that infants
could not know what being baptized meant, so it was
impossible to convey the faith
❖ Considered radical for the time

5. Anabaptists Push For
Social Change
❖ Some wanted to
❖ Abolish private property
Speed up the coming of God’s
❖
judgement through violent
means
❖ Lutherans encouraged to join Catholics in suppressing
Anabaptists
❖ Most were peaceful and victims of harsh persecution
❖ Today: Baptists, Mennonites, Amish

6. English Reformation
❖ English had long history of
questioning authority, including the
Church
❖ Protestantism has roots in England
from 1300s with the clergy
❖ Eventual break with the Church
happens with King Henry VIII

7. Henry VIII
❖ Henry had only one surviving
daughter with his wife
❖ Wanted an annulment so that he
could marry another woman and
have a son
❖ Pope refused
❖ Henry, influenced by high ranking
members of his advisors took steps
to break with the church

8. Church of England
❖ With Parliament, Henry took control
of the church
❖ 1534: Parliament passed the Act of
Supremacy, making Henry the “only
supreme head on Earth of the
Church of England”
❖ Caused infighting between Protestants
and Catholics
❖ 1534-1540: Strengthening of the
Church of England through seizures
and closing of Catholic churches

9. Swift Changes and Turmoil
❖ 1547: Henry dies; Nine year old Edward takes over
❖ Attempt to create a strict Protestant nation with Parliament
(Protestant)
❖ Edward dies in his teens - half-sister Mary Tudor comes to the
throne
❖ Determined to return England to
Catholic faith
❖ Bloody revenge
❖ Mary dies - Throne passes to Elizabeth

10. Elizabeth: Age of
Compromise
❖ Elizabeth had survived religious swing
between Edward and Mary
❖ Determined to try to meet both faiths
need
❖ Catholic structure (bishops and
archbishops) kept
❖ Protestant customs; English
replaces Latin at service
❖ Hallmark of Elizabeth was finding
ways to satisfy the needs of her people

11. Catholic Reform -
the Counter Reformation
❖ Pope Paul III recognized that Protestantism could spread and
ultimately threaten the Church in a much larger way
❖ Called the Council of Trent in 1545
❖ Lasted nearly 20 years
❖ Reaffirmed many of the traditional views that Protestants had
challenged
❖ Salvation comes through faith and good works; Bible is not
only source of truth
❖ Took steps to end abuses in the church and establish schools
to better educate clergy

13. Inquisition
❖ Church led court set up during the Middle Ages that was
now being used to fight back against Protestantism
❖ Secret testimony, torture and execution used to root out
heresy
❖ Index of Forbidden books - including books by Luther
and Calvin and other humanists
❖ Pope Paul III strengthened the Inquisition

14. Jesuits
❖ Ignatius of Loyola - vowed to become a
soldier of God
❖ Rigorous religious training with absolute
obedience to the Church
❖ Set up schools that taught humanist and
Catholic beliefs and enforced discipline
and obedience
❖ Spies and secret missionaries

15. Spread and Legacy of the
Catholic Reformation
❖ Response to the ends of abuse and changes in the church
stopped the tide of conversion to Protestant
❖ Majority of Europe is still Catholic
❖ Protestants have foothold in Europe, though
❖ Divided faiths in Europe

16. Persecution
❖ With major tensions and anger - fighting
and killing for religion heightened
❖ Intolerance and persecution of outsiders
- considered to be witches or Jews
❖ Witch hunts targeted mostly women
during the religious wars
❖ Came to an end at the end of the wars
❖ Pressure on Jews to convert
❖ Venice - force all Jews to live together
in one quarter of the city called the
ghetto
❖ Throughout, those Jews that refuse to
convert would be persecuted and driven
from their homes