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6 F2014 EarlyTudor Religion and Divorce
- 1. Henry VIII: Divorce From Catherine From Rome Henry VIII: Marriage To Anne Henry VIII: Divorce From Anne
- 2. Religion Before the Break with Rome
- 3. Caxton Indulgence for the Defense of Rhodes, 1480 Gutenberg Genesis, 1450 Printing
- 4. Novum instrumentum • First published 1514 • Contained annotations comparing text with Vulgate • 229 reprints in 16th C. • Basis for Tyndale’s English translation Erasmus Greek to Latin translation Gospel of Matthew
- 5. William Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury Letter to Wolsey, 1531 • “that University [Oxford] be infected with the heresies of Luther” • “a great number of books of said perverse doctrine” • Young scholars, infected with the cause, should be examined in London
- 6. Luther in England Discussants and martyrs Robert Barnes (1540), William Tyndale (1536), Miles Coverdale (exile), Nicholas Ridley (1555), Hugh Latimer (1555), Thomas Cranmer (1556), Thomas Bilney (1531)
- 7. Henry VIII Defense of the Seven Sacraments Thomas More ? Dedicated to Pope Leo X Henry titled Defender of the Faith Over 20 editions
- 8. Church and Welfare • Until the fourteenth century almost all charitable endowments had been in the hands of the Church-chiefly monasteries • 15th century – almshouses supported by guilds • 1495 Vagrancy punished by 3 days in stocks Some beggars given permission to beg • 1531 Licenses for begging.
- 9. Tithes, Tithe Barn, Lenham Kent (14th C.)
- 10. Pre-Henrician Dissolution St Radegund's Priory, Cambridge; dissolved in 1496 and converted into Jesus College,
- 11. Bishops in London • York Place (later Whitehall) (Abp. of York) • Lambeth Palace (Abp. of Canterbury • Ely House, Camden (B. of Ely) • Winchester Palace (B. of Winchester)
- 12. Church Courts • Visitations – audit of spiritual, moral, administrative and financial state of dioceses – Correction of problems • Civil suits – tithes, defamation – Probate and guardianship • Marriage – Broken promises – Divorce
- 13. Divorce a vinculo • A divorce from the bond of marriage. A total divorce of husband and wife, dissolving the marriage tie, and releasing the parties wholly from their matrimonial obligations. (Black's Law Dictionary)
- 14. Causes • Pre-existing contract • Impediments of relation by blood, marriage or affinity • Impotence • Duress • Adulterous relationship • Religious vows
- 15. Margaret Tudor (1489-1541) • 1502 Marriage to James IV • 1513 Widowed after Battle of Flodden • 1515 Married Archibald Douglas, Earl of Angus • 1521 Initiated divorce proceedings • 1527 Divorce on grounds of pre-contract • 1528 Married Henry Stewart
- 16. Divorce a mensa et tlioro • A divorce from table and bed, or from bed and board. A partial or qualified divorce, by which the parties are separated and forbidden to live or cohabit together, without affecting the marriage itself. (Black's Law Dictionary)
- 17. Causes • Adultery • “Spiritual formication” – heresy, apostasy • Cruelty
- 18. Mortuary Fess Hunne’s Case A challenge to church authority
- 19. Catherine of Aragon Was this the face that might have launched a 1000 ships? Lucas Horenbout Miniattures, ~1525, NPG Duke of Buccleuch Collection
- 20. Legal Considerations • Stare decisis (Pope Julius grant of dispensation) • Adequate representation in England • Judicial bias in England • Inability to produce witnesses from Spain
Editor's Notes
- Henry VIII writes to Cardinal Benedetto de Accolti, the Bishop of Ravenna. Henry sends a recommendation for his envoy Thomas Boleyn, Earl of Wiltshire (and curiously the father of Anne Boleyn) to be sent to represent him in discussions with Emperor Charles V.
- The young scholars of Cambridge could not be suppressed. Chief among them was Thomas‘ Bilney. The story of his conversion, narrated by himself in a letter written from prison in I528, has been summarized as follows: “In Trinity College, Cambridge, there was a young man, engaged in the study of canon law, remarkable for his seriousness, his mod- esty and his conscientiousness. His priest was to his soul, what his physician was to his body. He often took his place, pale and anxious, at the feet of his confessor. But the prescriptions given did not reach his case. Masses, vigils, indulgences and free contributions in money, all were tried, but the patient only seemed to grow worse. At times the thought would arise ‘Am I in the right path? May not the priest be in error, or be a selfseeker in all that he does ?’ But the suspicion was instantly re- jected asa suggestion from the enemy. One day the troubled scholar heard two friends talking of a new book. The book was the Greek Testament by Erasmus, with an elegant Latin transla- tion. The scholar was pleased with the sound of the Latin, and would fain have taken up the volume, and have examined it. But he knew that the authorities of the University had condemned all such books, and especially that book as tending to noth- ing but heresy. He abstained; but his desire to look into the volume grew stronger. He stole into the house in Cambridge, where the book was secretly sold. Having obtained a copy, he returned to his room, to read it, and the first text that arrested his attention, was: ‘This is a faithful saying and worthy of all acceptation,’ etc. Bilney was greatly moved by reading Paul's words to Timothy: "This is a faithful saying, and worthy of all acceptation, that Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners; of whom I am chief" (1Tim 1:15). D'Aubigne writes that Bilney quickly came to see that "it is Jesus Christ who saves, and not the church. 'I see it all,' said Bilney; 'my vigils, my fasts, my pilgrimages, my purchase of masses and indulgences were destroying instead of saving me. All these efforts were, as St. Augustine says, a hasty running out of the right way.'" Bilney was very small and also noted for hating music.
- Affinity would include a previous sexual relationship with a relative. George Throckmorton asked Henry if he had slept with the mother and the sister and he answered “Never with the mother”
- Apsotasy –renunciation of faith