The Reformation began in 1517 when Martin Luther nailed his 95 Theses criticizing the Catholic Church's sale of indulgences to a church door in Germany. Luther's ideas gained momentum as he advocated for religious freedoms and salvation through faith alone rather than good works. In response, Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther in 1520. The Holy Roman Emperor also declared Luther an outlaw, though he could not force people back to the Catholic Church. This led to the Peace of Augsburg allowing each region to determine their own religion. Henry VIII established the Church of England when the Pope refused to annul his marriage.