The Reformation began in 1517 as a protest against certain Catholic Church doctrines and practices. Martin Luther and other reformers like Ulrich Zwingli and John Calvin broke away from the Catholic Church and established new Christian denominations with beliefs centered on the authority of scripture alone and justification by faith. The movement established Protestantism as the third major branch of Christianity and divided Western Christianity. Political, economic, and intellectual factors also contributed to the success of the Reformation in breaking the unity of the Western Church.
Created by María Jesús Campos Fernández, teacher of Geography and History at a bilingual section in Madrid.
learningfromhistory.wikispaces.com
learningfromgeography.wikispaces.com
IMHO, you cannot truly understand the history and theology of the modern Catholic Church until you read John O’Malley’s excellent histories, Trent, What Happened at the Council, and What Happened at Vatican II.
Was the Council of Trent a reactionary council? This is a common perception, that the Council of Trent initiated the Catholic Counter-Reformation to defend the Catholic Church from the influences of the Protestant Reformation started by Martin Luther, and that the Vatican II Council was a rejection of Trent, steering the Catholic Church in a more liberal direction. Father O’Malley’s history leads to a different conclusion, that the actual Council of Trent, as opposed to the later impressions of Trent, is really a progressive council that is a precursor to Vatican II. Indeed, the documents of Vatican II and the subsequent Catholic Catechism both cite the Council of Trent extensively.
The post Reformation polemics are to blame for this misunderstanding of the nature of the Council of Trent. In Father O’Malley’s words, “When Pope Pius IV confirmed the council’s decrees, he forbade the printing of commentaries or notes on them without explicit permission of the Holy See.” The Pope really had no choice, the Catholic Church was besieged, had the Pope not restricted access to the minutes of the Council of Trent, protestants would have taken out of context and distorted the debates to discredit the Church. But this prevented balanced scholarship on Trent for four hundred years, until long after Pope Leo XIII opened the Vatican Archives in 1880.
Please read our blog on the Council of Trent:
http://www.seekingvirtueandwisdom.com/council-of-trent-the-reform-council-foreshadowing-vatican-ii/
Please click on the Amazon links to purchase these books and support our channel:
Trent: What Happened at the Council, by John W. O'Malley
https://amzn.to/3B748US , Kindle: https://amzn.to/2XVjFZF
What Happened at Vatican II Paperback, by John W. O'Malley
https://amzn.to/3lY5xJb , Kindle: https://amzn.to/2XVjFZF
And the Learn25 video lectures:
https://www.learn25.com/product/the-council-of-trent-answering-the-reformation-and-reforming-the-church/
Created by María Jesús Campos Fernández, teacher of Geography and History at a bilingual section in Madrid.
learningfromhistory.wikispaces.com
learningfromgeography.wikispaces.com
IMHO, you cannot truly understand the history and theology of the modern Catholic Church until you read John O’Malley’s excellent histories, Trent, What Happened at the Council, and What Happened at Vatican II.
Was the Council of Trent a reactionary council? This is a common perception, that the Council of Trent initiated the Catholic Counter-Reformation to defend the Catholic Church from the influences of the Protestant Reformation started by Martin Luther, and that the Vatican II Council was a rejection of Trent, steering the Catholic Church in a more liberal direction. Father O’Malley’s history leads to a different conclusion, that the actual Council of Trent, as opposed to the later impressions of Trent, is really a progressive council that is a precursor to Vatican II. Indeed, the documents of Vatican II and the subsequent Catholic Catechism both cite the Council of Trent extensively.
The post Reformation polemics are to blame for this misunderstanding of the nature of the Council of Trent. In Father O’Malley’s words, “When Pope Pius IV confirmed the council’s decrees, he forbade the printing of commentaries or notes on them without explicit permission of the Holy See.” The Pope really had no choice, the Catholic Church was besieged, had the Pope not restricted access to the minutes of the Council of Trent, protestants would have taken out of context and distorted the debates to discredit the Church. But this prevented balanced scholarship on Trent for four hundred years, until long after Pope Leo XIII opened the Vatican Archives in 1880.
Please read our blog on the Council of Trent:
http://www.seekingvirtueandwisdom.com/council-of-trent-the-reform-council-foreshadowing-vatican-ii/
Please click on the Amazon links to purchase these books and support our channel:
Trent: What Happened at the Council, by John W. O'Malley
https://amzn.to/3B748US , Kindle: https://amzn.to/2XVjFZF
What Happened at Vatican II Paperback, by John W. O'Malley
https://amzn.to/3lY5xJb , Kindle: https://amzn.to/2XVjFZF
And the Learn25 video lectures:
https://www.learn25.com/product/the-council-of-trent-answering-the-reformation-and-reforming-the-church/
What factors caused the Reformation? How could the late Medieval Catholic Church be outwardly incredibly successful, but yet so vulnerable to the sweeping forces of change? How did faith once more become centered on one's personal relationships with God?
Art and Culture - Module 10 - Reformation and Counter-ReformationRandy Connolly
Tenth module for GNED 1201 (Aesthetic Experience and Ideas). This one mainly covers the Reformation and Counter-Reformation of the 16th and early 17th Century. It also covers aesthetic responses to the Reformation, especially Caravaggio and Bernini.
This course is a required general education course for all first-year students at Mount Royal University in Calgary, Canada. My version of the course is structured as a kind of Art History and Culture course. Some of the content overlaps with my other Gen Ed course.
Powerpoint presentation based on Strayer's 3rd edition Ways of the World text for High School AP-Honors world history students. Chapter covers spread of Christianity, the Reformation, the Counter Reformation, Syncretism, China, India, Japan, Europe, Ottoman Empire, Scientific Revolution, the Enlightenment.
Describe Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation. What did .docxsimonithomas47935
Describe Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation. What did he mean by justification by faith alone? What was he protesting? What did he do? What were his philosophies? How did the Catholic Church react to this? What are some of the key differences between Protestants and Catholics?
Protestant Reformation
Many changes took place during the next few hundred years. Several historical events influenced the rise of the Protestant Reformation, including the Black Plague (which killed 1/3 of Europe), numerous wars of the 14th century, and the Renaissance or Rebirth during the 15th and 16th centuries which not only changed art and architecture through greats like Da Vinci and Michelangelo, but an entire worldview.
During the black plague, many lost faith in the Catholic church when priests abandoned the sick to flee for their own safety. During the Renaissance, new artists and thinkers questioned medieval church values and gave a fresh new (and radical) worldview.
Also during this time, an invention called the Printing Press allowed for mass circulation of literature. How could this be a threat to the Catholic Church? Within the church, which has grown very wealthy and powerful, there were numerous examples of corruption, abuse, and scandals. Combine that with political and religious divisions and dissent and you've got yourself a stage for destruction. Above all, the printing press allowed for individual interpretation and perception of the scriptures, which was a direct threat to the authority of the Catholic Church.
All of these historical events bring us to this central issue you've seen building in your previous lessons --authority. The long standing authority of the church was being questioned. During this time, the selling ofindulgences also becomes popular. The church was rebuilding St. Peter's Basilica and it was believed that whoever donated money to this project would be able to buy their loved ones' souls out of purgatory.
Martin Luther of Saxony (1483-1546)
Martin Luther was a German Catholic Monk (from the Augustinian branch) who was unhappy with all this corruption, abuse and especially, the selling of indulgences. He decided to reform the church and proclaimed our Justification through Faith.
He nailed his 95 Theses to the door of the church in Wittgenstein in 1517. This theses outlined all of the things he felt were wrong with the Catholic Church. There were many things he had issues with.
First, he defied Pope Authority, saying that there is a Universal Priesthood where we all can be preachers and should marry and have children. (This is something Luther did himself right away after years of being a celibate monk, taking a fellow nun as his wife and having multitudes of children. Just call them the "Jon and Kate Plus 8" of the 16th century.)
He rejected most of the 7 sacraments, including confession, anointing, and ordination. He rejected many of long held Catholic doctrine/rituals such as the veneration of Mary, the saints,.
What factors caused the Reformation? How could the late Medieval Catholic Church be outwardly incredibly successful, but yet so vulnerable to the sweeping forces of change? How did faith once more become centered on one's personal relationships with God?
Art and Culture - Module 10 - Reformation and Counter-ReformationRandy Connolly
Tenth module for GNED 1201 (Aesthetic Experience and Ideas). This one mainly covers the Reformation and Counter-Reformation of the 16th and early 17th Century. It also covers aesthetic responses to the Reformation, especially Caravaggio and Bernini.
This course is a required general education course for all first-year students at Mount Royal University in Calgary, Canada. My version of the course is structured as a kind of Art History and Culture course. Some of the content overlaps with my other Gen Ed course.
Powerpoint presentation based on Strayer's 3rd edition Ways of the World text for High School AP-Honors world history students. Chapter covers spread of Christianity, the Reformation, the Counter Reformation, Syncretism, China, India, Japan, Europe, Ottoman Empire, Scientific Revolution, the Enlightenment.
Describe Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation. What did .docxsimonithomas47935
Describe Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation. What did he mean by justification by faith alone? What was he protesting? What did he do? What were his philosophies? How did the Catholic Church react to this? What are some of the key differences between Protestants and Catholics?
Protestant Reformation
Many changes took place during the next few hundred years. Several historical events influenced the rise of the Protestant Reformation, including the Black Plague (which killed 1/3 of Europe), numerous wars of the 14th century, and the Renaissance or Rebirth during the 15th and 16th centuries which not only changed art and architecture through greats like Da Vinci and Michelangelo, but an entire worldview.
During the black plague, many lost faith in the Catholic church when priests abandoned the sick to flee for their own safety. During the Renaissance, new artists and thinkers questioned medieval church values and gave a fresh new (and radical) worldview.
Also during this time, an invention called the Printing Press allowed for mass circulation of literature. How could this be a threat to the Catholic Church? Within the church, which has grown very wealthy and powerful, there were numerous examples of corruption, abuse, and scandals. Combine that with political and religious divisions and dissent and you've got yourself a stage for destruction. Above all, the printing press allowed for individual interpretation and perception of the scriptures, which was a direct threat to the authority of the Catholic Church.
All of these historical events bring us to this central issue you've seen building in your previous lessons --authority. The long standing authority of the church was being questioned. During this time, the selling ofindulgences also becomes popular. The church was rebuilding St. Peter's Basilica and it was believed that whoever donated money to this project would be able to buy their loved ones' souls out of purgatory.
Martin Luther of Saxony (1483-1546)
Martin Luther was a German Catholic Monk (from the Augustinian branch) who was unhappy with all this corruption, abuse and especially, the selling of indulgences. He decided to reform the church and proclaimed our Justification through Faith.
He nailed his 95 Theses to the door of the church in Wittgenstein in 1517. This theses outlined all of the things he felt were wrong with the Catholic Church. There were many things he had issues with.
First, he defied Pope Authority, saying that there is a Universal Priesthood where we all can be preachers and should marry and have children. (This is something Luther did himself right away after years of being a celibate monk, taking a fellow nun as his wife and having multitudes of children. Just call them the "Jon and Kate Plus 8" of the 16th century.)
He rejected most of the 7 sacraments, including confession, anointing, and ordination. He rejected many of long held Catholic doctrine/rituals such as the veneration of Mary, the saints,.
The Five Solas -- Class 1, Sola ScripturaChuck Noren
The Five Solas is a series of classes exploring the five major slogans of the Protestant Reformation. In this class, we look at Sola Scriptura or the Bible Alone. This traces some of its origins, its development during the Reformation, and how it applies today.
Similar to -The protestant reformation- ernesto b. villafuerte,jr (11)
Exploring the Mindfulness Understanding Its Benefits.pptxMartaLoveguard
Slide 1: Title: Exploring the Mindfulness: Understanding Its Benefits
Slide 2: Introduction to Mindfulness
Mindfulness, defined as the conscious, non-judgmental observation of the present moment, has deep roots in Buddhist meditation practice but has gained significant popularity in the Western world in recent years. In today's society, filled with distractions and constant stimuli, mindfulness offers a valuable tool for regaining inner peace and reconnecting with our true selves. By cultivating mindfulness, we can develop a heightened awareness of our thoughts, feelings, and surroundings, leading to a greater sense of clarity and presence in our daily lives.
Slide 3: Benefits of Mindfulness for Mental Well-being
Practicing mindfulness can help reduce stress and anxiety levels, improving overall quality of life.
Mindfulness increases awareness of our emotions and teaches us to manage them better, leading to improved mood.
Regular mindfulness practice can improve our ability to concentrate and focus our attention on the present moment.
Slide 4: Benefits of Mindfulness for Physical Health
Research has shown that practicing mindfulness can contribute to lowering blood pressure, which is beneficial for heart health.
Regular meditation and mindfulness practice can strengthen the immune system, aiding the body in fighting infections.
Mindfulness may help reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and obesity by reducing stress and improving overall lifestyle habits.
Slide 5: Impact of Mindfulness on Relationships
Mindfulness can help us better understand others and improve communication, leading to healthier relationships.
By focusing on the present moment and being fully attentive, mindfulness helps build stronger and more authentic connections with others.
Mindfulness teaches us how to be present for others in difficult times, leading to increased compassion and understanding.
Slide 6: Mindfulness Techniques and Practices
Focusing on the breath and mindful breathing can be a simple way to enter a state of mindfulness.
Body scan meditation involves focusing on different parts of the body, paying attention to any sensations and feelings.
Practicing mindful walking and eating involves consciously focusing on each step or bite, with full attention to sensory experiences.
Slide 7: Incorporating Mindfulness into Daily Life
You can practice mindfulness in everyday activities such as washing dishes or taking a walk in the park.
Adding mindfulness practice to daily routines can help increase awareness and presence.
Mindfulness helps us become more aware of our needs and better manage our time, leading to balance and harmony in life.
Slide 8: Summary: Embracing Mindfulness for Full Living
Mindfulness can bring numerous benefits for physical and mental health.
Regular mindfulness practice can help achieve a fuller and more satisfying life.
Mindfulness has the power to change our perspective and way of perceiving the world, leading to deeper se
What Should be the Christian View of Anime?Joe Muraguri
We will learn what Anime is and see what a Christian should consider before watching anime movies? We will also learn a little bit of Shintoism religion and hentai (the craze of internet pornography today).
The Good News, newsletter for June 2024 is hereNoHo FUMC
Our monthly newsletter is available to read online. We hope you will join us each Sunday in person for our worship service. Make sure to subscribe and follow us on YouTube and social media.
In Jude 17-23 Jude shifts from piling up examples of false teachers from the Old Testament to a series of practical exhortations that flow from apostolic instruction. He preserves for us what may well have been part of the apostolic catechism for the first generation of Christ-followers. In these instructions Jude exhorts the believer to deal with 3 different groups of people: scoffers who are "devoid of the Spirit", believers who have come under the influence of scoffers and believers who are so entrenched in false teaching that they need rescue and pose some real spiritual risk for the rescuer. In all of this Jude emphasizes Jesus' call to rescue straying sheep, leaving the 99 safely behind and pursuing the 1.
Lesson 9 - Resisting Temptation Along the Way.pptxCelso Napoleon
Lesson 9 - Resisting Temptation Along the Way
SBs – Sunday Bible School
Adult Bible Lessons 2nd quarter 2024 CPAD
MAGAZINE: THE CAREER THAT IS PROPOSED TO US: The Path of Salvation, Holiness and Perseverance to Reach Heaven
Commentator: Pastor Osiel Gomes
Presentation: Missionary Celso Napoleon
Renewed in Grace
The Chakra System in our body - A Portal to Interdimensional Consciousness.pptxBharat Technology
each chakra is studied in greater detail, several steps have been included to
strengthen your personal intention to open each chakra more fully. These are designed
to draw forth the highest benefit for your spiritual growth.
The PBHP DYC ~ Reflections on The Dhamma (English).pptxOH TEIK BIN
A PowerPoint Presentation based on the Dhamma Reflections for the PBHP DYC for the years 1993 – 2012. To motivate and inspire DYC members to keep on practicing the Dhamma and to do the meritorious deed of Dhammaduta work.
The texts are in English.
For the Video with audio narration, comments and texts in English, please check out the Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zF2g_43NEa0
The Book of Joshua is the sixth book in the Hebrew Bible and the Old Testament, and is the first book of the Deuteronomistic history, the story of Israel from the conquest of Canaan to the Babylonian exile.
HANUMAN STORIES: TIMELESS TEACHINGS FOR TODAY’S WORLDLearnyoga
Hanuman Stories: Timeless Teachings for Today’s World" delves into the inspiring tales of Hanuman, highlighting lessons of devotion, strength, and selfless service that resonate in modern life. These stories illustrate how Hanuman's unwavering faith and courage can guide us through challenges and foster resilience. Through these timeless narratives, readers can find profound wisdom to apply in their daily lives.
3. What is the Reformation?
The Reformation is the movement in history, beginning
in 1517, which broke up the institutional unity of the
church in Western Europe and established the third
great branch of Christianity, called Protestantism,
which was and is centered on the absolute and
sufficient authority of the Bible and on justification by
faith alone.
4.
5. Reformers
This term refers to the leaders of the revolt against
Catholicism. Luther, Zwingli, Calvin, Knox, Bucer,
Cranmer, and others would merit this title, as would
Anabaptists such as Menno Simons.
Protestant
Any member of the original group that "protested"
against the Catholic Church and actually separated
from it, and any member of that group of churches or
their modern descendants. The term was first used in
1529 when a group of German noblemen "protested"
at the Diet of Speyer.
6. Lutheran
A member of the churches that descend from Luther's
original followers
Reformed
A member of the churches that descend from the non-
Lutheran Protestants such as Knox, Calvin, Bucer.
Magisterial Reformers
The Reformers who believed that the civil magistrate
should enforce the correct religion. There was no
difference on this point between the magisterial
Reformers and the Roman Catholics
7. Anabaptist
A member of the "radical Reformation" - those who went
beyond the magisterial reformers and restricted baptism
to adult believers. This also implied that not everyone
was expected to be a Christian. Therefore the
government was out of the picture and should not be
used by Christians to impose the true religion on others.
Nor should Christians participate in civil government.
8.
9. It is normal within evangelical churches to present the Reformation
as simply the recovery of the truth of the Bible after hundreds of
years of false teaching, which had increased as the medieval period
went on. From a religious perspective, there is much to commend
this view. Never before were so many people brought to read and
study the Bible for themselves. Seldom before had God's grace been
so magnified rather than man's ability. The people turned from
pilgrimages and indulgences to a simple worship of God and relied
on his grace implicitly. And the results of that truth worked in society
powerfully to create a new kind of people -- literate, dynamic citizens
whose work ethic changed Europe and churches which eventually
spread the Gospel across the globe.
10. A theological interpretation of the
Reformation is that it was the final
outworking of the tensions within Roman
Catholic theology itself, personified in the
great father of Western theology,
Augustine (354-430). Augustine had
solidified the foundations of the medieval
reverence for "holy mother church," but
11.
12. Unbelievers have sought other reasons for the Reformation's success and its
placement in history. It has been commonplace to point out that Luther gave German
princes the weapons they needed to do battle against the Pope in their constant
jockeying for power. Variations on this pattern were repeated in other countries, such
as the opportunistic "Reformation" of Henry VIII when he wanted a divorce. It is true
that the progress of reformation was intricately bound up with politics in many ways,
as was true of any religious question since Constantine. And it is true that at critical
points, different Reformers enlisted the help and protection of the State (whether
electors of the Holy Roman Empire or city councilmen). But this was the way religion
was conducted back then. It was left to the Anabaptists to point out the biblical
incongruity of this way of doing business, and the Reformers normally weren't ready
to reform quite that much. But the integrity of the message remained. And it was never
compromised for the sake of the nationalistic powers. It was up to the secular state to
toe the line to the Gospel, not vice versa.
13. "A more sophisticated version of what might be called the pathological
account of late medieval Catholicism is associated especially with the
historian Jean Delumeau, who drew on the collective findings of a group of
French historical sociologists of religion. In this perception, late medieval
Europe, especially in its rural heartlands, remained a very superficially
Christianized society, waiting not so much for a change of religious
orientation as for its primary conversion to an informed, disciplined religion
worthy of the name of Christianity. This was the task undertaken (with
varying success) by both Reformation and Counter-Reformation
movements. This thesis is doubtless too condescending to the intellectual
and moral capacities of late medieval Europeans and probably exaggerates
the stregnth in an at least nominally Christian society of irreligious forms of
instrumental magic" (McManners 247).
14. But really, this is not so absurd as it may sound. The German
tribes were still being "converted" up into the 800's, and the
conversions were, to put it mildly, not always spritually sound.
Christianity was by no means 1500 years old in the Reformed
and Lutheran countries. In many ways, northern Europe's
popular religion may have resembled Latin American
Catholicism of today, where the grossest forms of idolatry are
combined with Tridentine Roman Catholicism to create a
semi-pagan religion which has not much in common with what
an educated American Catholic believes. Could the
Evangelical reform have swept across Europe in the same
way Protestantism is sweeping Latin America today -- a
reaction, Biblically based, to the partial Christianity of the past,
never fully taught to the people?
15.
16. Europe was changing. What we now know as nation-states were arising from the old
feudal kingdoms. Newly powerful kings in many countries had been flexing their
muscles for years, testing the limits of the Church's power. Especially in the area of
revenues, nations tried various ways of limiting the Pope's ability to collect money, but
secular rulers also tried to interfere in the government of the Church as well, often to
institute reforms that the Papacy seemed powerless to enforce.
The Black Death had decimated Europe in the 1300's, and by the mid to late 1400's
society was recovered from its effects. The plague had increased the preoccupation
with death among all classes of people, but there was also a renewed optimism in the
late 1400's across various human endeavors. The middle class was rising on a new
wave of trade. Money had taken its place alongside land as a form of wealth.
The Turks had expanded their empire into Europe and were always feared. They
threatened Austria itself during the reformation period, causing the Holy Roman
Emperor to go slower than he wished to when punishing heretics, whose sympathetic
leaders he needed to aid him against the Turks.
The printing press had just spread throughout Europe when Luther appeared. The
Gutenberg Bible had been printed in 1456, and printing technology had advanced
rapidly. Luther had a ready made mass media available to him.
17. The influence of Humanism cannot be overestimated.
Humanism was the movement, starting in the 1300's, which
called for a new scholarship based on the study of the
classics, often unknown and neglected in monastery libraries,
plus the study of the original Greek and Hebrew when
interpreting the Bible. Erasmus' first Greek New Testament,
the first ever printed, was published in 1516, just one year
before Luther's 95 Theses.
The Renaissance, in its manifestation as art, was greatly loved
by the debauched Popes of the period, who spent untold sums
to have the new art installed everywhere. The prime example
was St. Peter's church itself, which was being financed partly
by the sale of indulgences in Germany.
18. We have already studied Wycliffe (1330-1384) and Hus (1370-
1415). There were also the movements of various schismatics
and heretics in the medieval church, such as the Waldenses
(from the 12th century onward). Most of the others that existed
long enough to have a name (such as the Albigensians or
Cathars) were truly heretical, and abandoned some
fundamental Christian doctrines, but the Waldenses were
quite orthodox (in the Nicene sense) and seem to be a sort of
Protestants before the Reformation. They criticized the Roman
view of the sacraments, rejected prayers to the saints,
rejected worldly pomp for the church, prayers for the dead,
etc. When the Reformation arrived, they accepted
Protestantism and became in effect a Protestant church.
19. Let's recap some of the other previous developments in church history. The
Middle Ages are by no means the "dark ages." Many achievements of the
medieval church are to be admired and adopted. Anselm, for instance,
began to teach the first clearly acceptable doctrine of the atonement (in
1099). On the other hand, Anselm was one of the most extreme admirers of
Mary, and was influential to increase Marian devotion.
The monastic movement had now been a powerful influence for over 1000
years. The monks and nuns preserved for all time a vision of devotion to
God and personal relationship with him which has become instructive to all
believers. Yet, again, this was in a context of vows and celibacy that was
artificial and not related to everyday human life. The medieval church didn't
really believe that everyday believers would or could have this kind of life
with God.
An interesting corollary to this is that almost all the good theology starting
with Augustine and all through the Middle Ages was written by unmarried,
celibate men. What effect, I wonder, did this have?
20. - believes that everyday devotion and Bible reading
are for monks.
- believes that our approach to God is increasingly
through saints, Mary, and the "miracle" of the Mass.
- believes that the church should be a large, wealthy,
and worldwide institution, as powerful as an
emperor.
- is threatened by the new "humanism" of the
Renaissance, at least in some quarters. Some
leaders, including powerful bishops and cardinals,
were anxious to promote this new learning.
21. wandering preachers who in some cases offered a piety
that was superior in morals to the local clergy
mystic teachings such as Thomas a Kempis's book The
Imitation of Christ, which called for a closer walk with
God
superstitious practices such as indulgences, pilgrimages,
images of saints, etc.
There was no clear indication that a crisis was
approaching, or that current efforts to reform the
church from within could not continue peacefully.