Recent development in indian politics (pol science)

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Phone: 09103344552 | nikdhawan@outlook.com | For More Projects @ Good Prices
Recent Development in
Indian Politics
Q1. Discuss the policies and programmes of Janata Dal?
Ans. Janata Dal was formed by merging together three opposition parties i.e., Janata
Party, Jan Morcha and Lok Dal in 1988. Mr. V.P. Singh was unanimously elected
President of the Janata Dal. On October 22, 1989 Election Commission allotted the
wheel symbol to the Janata Dal. Due to groupism Janata Dal is divided eight times.
1. Corruption: The Party is committed to remove corruption.
2. Responsive Administrative Structure: The Party promised a responsive
administrative structure.
3. Electoral Reforms: The party is committed for comprehensive election reforms
so as to curb the influence of money and muscle power in election.
4. Reservation in Educational Institutions: Janata Dal revived the Mandal Card
by promising to extend 27 percent reservation even in educational institutions if it
came to power at the centre.
5. National Security Council: A National Security Council will set up to co-ordinate
the activates of various departments concerned with security.
6. Radio and Doordarshan: All India and Radio and Doordarshan will be made
autonomous.

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7. Social Justice: Janata Dal is committed to promote social Justice.
8. Federalism: Janata Dal would promote cooperative federalism involving all the
states govt. in making policy decisions.
9. Smaller States: Janata Dal will appoint a commission to go into demands of
smaller states.
10.Right to Work: Every citizen has the right to work. Right to work shall be made
fundamental right.
11.Secularism: The party is committed to Secularism.
12.Education: Uniform and Universal education to all children with special
emphasis on girls through neighborhood schools up to high school level in the
medium of regional language.
13.Election Successes: In the Ninth Lok Sabha Elections held in November 1989
the Janata Dal secured 141 seats. Mr. V.P. Singh was unanimously elected
leader of the Janata Dal and National Front Parliamentary wings. In Tenth Lok
Sabha Elections Janata Dal secured only 55 seats whereas in 1996 Lok Sabha
elections Janata Dal secured 43 seats. In 12th Lok Sabha Elections held in 1999
the party secured only 21 seats. Future of the Janata Dal is not bright due to
factionalism among the leaders of the party. In the 14th Lok Sabha Elections
Janata Dal (United) secured only 7 seats and Bhartiya Janata Dal secured 23
seats.
Q2. Explain the policies and programmes ofthe BhartiyaJanata Party
(BJP)?
Ans. Bhartiya Janata Party: Bhartiya Janata Party was established in 1980 due to split
in Janata Party Bhartiya Janata was formed under the President ship of former foreign
Minister. Mr. Atal Behari Vajpayee. On April 24, 1980 the Election Commission granted
recognition to the group led by Mr. Atal Behari Vajpayee as a national party. The BJP
was also provisionally allotted the symbol of `Lotus`.

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Policies and Programmes of B.J.P: AT the time of 15h Lok Sabha election, BJP
released its election Manifesto in March, 2009. The programme and policies of BJP are
as follows:
1. Restoration of State authority: The BJP favors promised to restore to our state
its authority. The primary task is to restore to the state, and to governance its
honor and prestige.
2. Constitutional Reforms: The BJP will appoint a commission to review the
constitution of India, the commission will comprise the constitutional experts and
eminent.
3. Centre- State Relations: The BJP favors restricting of centre – state relations in
view of the quick economic development and decentralization.
4. Article 356: Article 356 permitting dissolution of state government by the centre
will be invoked only when the constitutional machinery has in fact broken down
and not promote any partism interest.
5. National Unity: The BJP is pledged to defend the unity and integrity of India.
6. Positive Secularism: The BJP is committed to the concept of positive
secularism which means Sarva Dharma Sambhava and which does not connote
on irreligious state.
7. Smaller States: The Party stands for the information of smaller states which are
economically and administratively viable.
8. Languages: A commission will be set up to study the feasibility of treating all 18
languages included in schedule 8 of the constitution as official language.
9. Inter State Council: BJP will appoint an Inter State Council to settle all inter-
state and centre state disputes.
10.Right to Information: The BJP will enhance public access to information to the
maximum extent possible.
11.Minorities: The BJP will guarantee to all minorities whether religious or linguistic
peace and security and fulfill opportunities for progress and development.

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12.Corruption: The BJP holds that root of the entire corruption lie in political and
electoral corruption. The party is committed to remove all sorts of corruption.
13.Education for all: The BJP will increase state spending on education
progressively to 6 percent and achieve full literacy by the year 2010.
Q3. Tracethe emergenceof BJP as a significantforce in past
emergency politics?
Ans. Bhartiya Janta Party is a major National political party in India. The five fold
concept of `suchita` (Probity in Public Life), `Suraksha’ (Security), `Swadeshi’
(Economic Nationalism), `Samajik Samarasta’ (Social Harmony) and `Hindutva’
(Cultural Nationalism) constitute the core content and ideological pillars of BJP. BJP
believes in one nation, one people, and one culture.
Emergence of BJP as powerful force in Past Emergency Politics: Though Janata
Party faced split in July in 1979 on the issue of dual membership, but this controversy
didn`t end even after split. On 19th March, 1980 the Parliamentary Board of Janata Party
decided to majority vote that no legislator or office bearer of Janata Party shall participle
in the day to day activities of the R.S.S; but leaders of the erstwhile Jana Sangh – Atal
Behari Vajpayee, L.K. Advani and Nana Deshmukh expressed their strong reservation
on it and recorded their dissend.
On 6th April, 1980 a new political organization –
The Bhartiya Janata Party was born under the president ship of Mr. Atal Behari
Vajpayee.
Election Success: In Lok Sabha election of 1984, the BJP secured only 2 seats. In 11
states Assembly Elections of March 1985 the party did not succeed much. In 9th Lok
Sabha Elections of the 1989, BJP secured 86 seats. The BJP decided to support Nation
Front Govt. from outside.

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In 10th Lok Sabha Elections in 1991, BJP secured 91 seats. In the elections
held for 11th Lok Sabha Elections in 1996, the BJP emerged as the largest party
secured 161 seats. In 12th Lok Sabha Elections held in 1998, the BJP secured 182
seats. The BJP and its allies secured 252 seats. Atal Behari Vajpayee was elected as
Prime Minister of India. In 13th Lok Sabha Elections held in 1999, BJP secured 182 and
its allies, 297 seats. On 10th October, National Democratic Alliance elected Atal Behari
Vajpayee as Prime Minister of India. In 14th Lok Sabha Elections, BJP secured only 132
seats and lost power in centre. In 15th Lok Sabha Elections held in 2009, BJP secured
only 116 seats.
Q4. Analyze the policies and programmes of NationalDemocratic
Front?
Ans. National Democratic Front: On 15th May, 1999 in an effort to protect Unity and
Stability the BJP and its allies formed an Alliance with common manifesto called
National Democratic Alliance – Atal Behari Vajpayee elected as leader of the NDA. The
following are the policies and programmes of NDA:
1) NDA promised to free the nation of the triple curse of Bhookh (hunger) `bhay`
(fear) and `bhrashtachaar` (Corruption).
2) NDA promised administrative reforms including those for the police and other
civil services.
3) NDA promised to enact legislation to provide an eligibility criterion that the offices
of state legislature, executive and Judicial are held only by naturally born Indian
citizens.
4) NDA promised to take measures for ensuring a fixed term of five years for all
elected bodies, including legislatures.
5) NDA extended its hands of friendship to minorities.
6) NDA promised to bring GDP growth to 7 to 8 percent and to control deficits fiscal
and revenue.

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7) NDA govt. promised to give strong `Swadeshi` thrust to the national economy.
8) The NDA is committed to achieve population stabilization by 2010.
9) The NDA govt. would eradicate unemployment.
10)The NDA govt. promised to appoint a commission to review the constitution of
India.
11)The NDA promised harmonious centre-state relations in the light of the Sarkari
Commission.
12)The NDA promised to established Backward Area commission for each state.
13)The NDA promised electoral reforms.
14)The NDA promised to establish Lok Pal and to give him adequate powers to deal
with corruption charges against anyone, including PM.
15)The NDA promised full statehood to Delhi and Uttaranchal, Vananchal and
Chhattisgarh as new states.
Q5. Describethe formation and objectiveof United Progressive
Alliance?
Ans. United Progressive Alliance: The united Progressive Alliance is outcome of
results of the 14th Lok Sabha elections. In the general elections of 2004, the rulling BJP
was stunned by the scale of defeat. The united progressive alliance was not formed
before elections but to take shape after the election. A meeting of newly elected
members of Parliament of the congress and its allies was held on May 16, 2004 in New
Delhi. The alliance was named as the united progressive alliance and Smt. Sonia
Gandhi elected unanimously its leader. UPA consist of 15 Political Parties. Main
Political Parties of UPA were congress, National Janata Dal, Nationalist Congress
Party, D.M.K, P.M.K, TRS, M.D.M.K, Lok Jana Shakti R.P.I (A), Muslim League, Sikkim
Democratic Front, Kerala, Congress (J), R.P.I, (G), etc. on May 22, 2004 UPA formed
the govt. under the leader ship of Dr. Man Mohan Singh, This Alliance also prepared a
common Minimum Programme.

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Objective and Common Minimum Programme of U.P.A:
Six basic principles and objectives of UPA are as follow:
1) To maintain and promote social harmony, enforce the law without fear and
prejudice.
2) To keep up the economic growth rate between 7 to 8 percent for the next ten
years.
3) To work mere for welfare of peasants, farm workers and especially the workers
of unorganized sector.
4) To strengthen the women from political, educational, economic and legal
aspects.
5) To provide equality of opportunity, especially in employment and education to
scheduled castes, scheduled tribe, other backward classes and religious
minorities.
6) To increase the production power or producing power of the society viz.
entrepreneurs traders, scientists, engineers and professionals.
Q6. Discuss the meaning and legacies ofCoalition Governmentin
India.
Ans. Coalition Government:
Coalition Politics is one of the most important features of the Indian Political System.
This feature gained importance after the fourth general elections held 1967 when
Congress lost its popularity and walition governments combining various political parties
came to power in nine states, out of then 16 states. This experiment has however,
proved a dismal failure leaving behind certain legacies such as political instability,
unprincipled alliances, encouragement to defections, centre – state tensions, ministerial
corruption etc. which have established the very political system itself.
Features of Coalition Government:

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The following are the main legacies or features of walition governments in India:
1. Unprincipled Alliances: Unprincipled Alliances is the main feature that coalition
government in India. We have had such unprincipled alliances between extreme
leftists and extreme rightists, between secularists and communalists just for the
sake of gain political ends.
2. Political Instability: Another important feature that coalition govt. brought in
India was political instability. There were two main reasons for political instability.
First, political parties have different ideologies joined but could not pull together.
Secondly, the coalition govt. having only a marginal majority offered temptation to
defect on the part of the coalition partners.
3. Defectors as Chief Ministers of Coalition: Some of the coalition ministers had
defectors as their chief ministers, Rao Birendera Singh in Haryana, Charan Singh
in U.P. etc formed coalition ministers after defecting from their parties or united
fronts.
4. Large size of Ministries: Coalition Ministers were very much large in size
because they had to accommodate the interest of all the different partners.
5. Principle of Major Partnership: The principle of major partnership is the
offshoot of coalition politics. This principle means that the chief minister should
resign immediately if the major partners of the coalition govt. withdraw.
6. Center-State Tension: Center-State tensions developed only during the
coalition era.
7. Ministers as Agitators: It is indeed strange but a fact that minister became
agitators. For example Prabhu narain, Minister of Labour and Industries and Ram
Swarup Verma, Minister of Finance, in U.P, demonstrated against official
language bill in Delhi in 1967. They were arrested and convicted by the Delhi
magistrate. This was the first time that ministers became agitators and were
arrested and convicted.

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8. Straining of Relation with the Governor: It was during the coalition era that the
relations between the coalition ministry and the respective governor were
straitened.
Q7. Examine the role of regionalparties in Coalition Politics?
Ans. Election Commission of India recognize two types of parties – state parties and
National Parties. In general state parties are termed as regional parties. In July 2010,
Election Commission recognized 45 regional parties. In initial years of Indian
Independence, the role of regional parties in the Indian Political system was just
nominal. These were not a force to be reckoned with. But the general elections held in
1967 brought them to the forefront in state politics – and many of them joined coalition
government in various states of the Indian Union. Though after 1967, regional parties
started playing their role in Indian Political System but despite this the Indian political
system continued to be more or less party. But the election to the Ninth Lok Sabha held
in 1989 brought forth hung Lok Sabha since no single party got absolute majority in the
10th Lok Sabha. Again in 1991 none of the parties succeeded in getting absolute
majority from the govt. in 1996 general elections no single party get opportunity to form
the govt. nine regional parties and four national parties joined hand together and they
constituted limited front govt. under the leadership of H.D. Devegouda. At the time of
12th Lok Sabha Elections, 17 regional parties and two National Parties joined hands
together under leadership of B.J.P. and on March 19, 1998 B.J.P formed its
government, at the centre under the leadership of Atal Behari Vajpayee. On 13th
October, 1999, Mr. A.B. Vajpayee had sworn again P.M. of India for third time. Along
him, a 70 member National Democratic Alliance Ministry was sworn in Regional parties,
DMK, Trinamool Congress, Shiva Sena, National Conference, MDMK, DMK, MSCP etc.
got representation in the council of ministers.

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In April-May 2004, elections for 14th Lok Sabha were held. No national party is in a
position to secure absolute majority in the Lok Sabha if and when elections take place.
Because of this constraint to conduct electoral alliance with the regional parties. Akali
Dal in Punjab, N.C.in J&K, D.M.K. and AJADMK in Tamil Nadu, Assam Gana Parishad
in Assam. It seems as if an era of dependence of National Parties on the regional
parties has begun.
Q8. Write down the emerging trends of communalismin India.
Ans. The following trends have emerged as a result of communalism in India:
1. Development of Alienation: The feeling of alienation among the people of India
is a result of communalism. Due to communalism the people of some
communities feel discrimination and unsafe regarding their interests. This feeling
cut them off from the mainstream.
2. Development of Intolerance: Communalism has developed the feeling of
intolerance. A minor incident between the people of different communities or
religion takes the form of violent incident and causes much loss and chaos to life
and property. Communalism is colouring the feeling with hatred, jealousy and
revenge.
3. Formation of Communal Political Parties: To save the interests of one`s own
community, various communal political parties are being formed.
4. Elections and Communalism: Communalism has also affected the elections.
All the political; parties field their candidates on the basis of caste or community.
At the time of election the communal political parties use religious place and
carry religious slogans to win maximum votes of their community.
5. Communal Riots: Communalism results in communal riots and political clashes.
About 304 communal riots took place in 1979-80. Several communal riots took
place in India during 1992-92 and in March-April 2002.

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Q9. “Communalismis bane for democracy in India”: How can we curb
it?
Ans. Communalism is bane for democracy in India because of following reasons:
(i) Several political parties in India have been formed on the basis of religion.
(ii) Communal feelings play a vital role in elections. Almost all the political parties
field their candidates on the basis of religion while casting their votes.
(iii) Voters are also influenced by religion while casting their votes. Generally the
Muslim or the Sikh Voters vote in the favor of the candidates belonging to
their religion.
(iv) Not only religion based political parties are active in India Politics but also
religious oriented pressure groups are doing their own role in communalizing
the social and political atmosphere of our country.
(v) The communal riots have become an integral part of the Indian politics which
are against democratic norms.
Methods to Curb Communalism;
The following steps are suggested to curb communalism in India:
(i) Communalism can be curbed by adopting right type of education in
educational.
(ii) Media should be used to spread the message of secularism, religious
tolerance and fraternity.
(iii) State machinery should be strong efficient impartial enough to put down
communalism.
(iv) Political parties should be decummunalised Election commission should not
give recognition to communal parties.
(v) Religion should be separated from politics. To curb communalism the central
govt. has prohibited the use religious places for political means.

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(vi) Govt. should take steps to protect the rights of minority. This will give minority
a sense of security.
(vii) Govt. should punish the communalist agents and for this special courts
should be established.
(viii) Govt. should treat all the religions equally and respect them. This will help in
curbing communal differences.
Q10. Discussthe meaning ofDalit Politics. Explain the impacts of
Dalit Politics?
Ans. Dalit Politics: In Indian Society, there is a section of peoples who are
economically socially and politically backward. These peoples are oppressed and
exploited by other high classes. In India, these people are known as Dalit. Dalit word is
not found in Sanskrit and other languages of North India. But the root of word Dalit lies
in `Dall’ a Hebrew language which means sufferer or helpless. In Hindi dictionary the or
Dalit is used for untouchables scheduled caste o shudra.
Effects of Dalit and `Backward Politics’
a) Development of class consciousness: Politics of Dalit has developed a spirit
of class consciousness among the scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other
backward classes.
b) Increase in Political Consciousness: Dalit politics has created political
consciousness among the Dalits. Hence, they have started influencing the
politics of the nation.
c) Increased Political Participation: Dalit Politics has increased the political
participation of the SCs, STs and OBC.
d) Conscious about Education: Dalit politics has created consciousness among
the weaker section about the importance of education.
e) Formation of Dalit Organization: Many Dalit organizations have been
established and they are influencing the politics in many ways. Kalvya Sena,

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Scheduled Caste Federation, Dalit Sena etc are playing important role in national
politics.
f) Enable weaker sections: It enables the weaker sections also to join the main
stream society.
g) Enabled Economic Development of weaker sections: In the beginning of the
20th Century means of production were controlled by the High Class. But due to
Dalit Politics SC, ST and OBC have started their own business.
h) Enhanced the representation of SCs, STs and OBCs in public service.
i) Enhanced Casteism in Administration.
j) Dalit politics has increased Casteism in Indian Politics.
k) Dalit politics has greatly influenced the voting behavior. Dalit politics has become
one of the important factors of a determining voting behavior.
Q11. What do you understand by BackwardClasses?Explain
ConstitutionalProvision regardingthe Backward Classes?
Ans. Backward Classes: The term `Backward Classes` is used to include Scheduled
Castes, Scheduled Tribes deified tribes and other backward classes. These sections of
the community have labored under distinct disadvantages in consequence of the rigid
caste ridden hierarchy that prevailed in the part in India`s social structure. They have
suffered from social and economic disabilities and have come to be known as Backward
Classes. Other backward Classes include these classes which are socially
educationally backward.
Constitutional Provisions Regarding Backward Classes: The constitution of India
provides protection and other safeguards for scheduled Castes, Tribes and other
backwardness classes. As regards the socially and educationally backward classes,
now popularly called OBCs, the only special provision for them is under Article 340 of
Part XIV of the constitution. According to Article 340, the President can appoint a
commission consisting of such person as he thinks fit to investigates the condition of

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socially and educationally backward classes within territory of India and the difficulties
under which they labour and to make recommendations as to what steps should be
taken by the govt. to remove such difficulties and to i8mrove their conditions.
Q12. What do you understand by Right To Information Act2005?
Ans. “Right To Information Act 2005”
The Right To Information Act 2005 was enacted by Indian Parliament in may 2005. It
got the assent of the president on 15 June, 2005. This Act came into force on 22nd
October 2005. The Act provides a very wide definition of the expression, `Information
which includes any material in any form including records, documents, means, e-mails,
opinion, advices, press releases etc and information relating to any private body which
can be accessed authority under any other law for the time being in force. Right to
Information includes the right to –
 Information of work, documents, records.
 Taking notes extracts or certified copies of documents or records.
 Taking certified samples of materials.
 Obtaining information in the form of dinettes, floppies, tapes, video, castes or in
any other electronic mode etc.
Q13. Write shortnote on GujaratRiots?
Ans. “Gujarat Riots”
In February-March 2002, large scale violence took place against Muslims in Gujarat,
Immediate cause of Gujarat violence was a bogey of train that was returning from
Ayodhya and was full of Kar Sewaks was set on fire at Godhra Station. In Godhra, 58
Hindu Kar Sewaks were killed in the train. As a result of this incident violence spread in
Gujarat against the Muslims. The riots in Gujarat continued for almost a whole month.

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Official estimates given to parliament on May 2005 by UPA Government of Manmohan
Singh states that 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus died. 223 missing and 248 injured.
However Human Rights Activists quote 200 victims, majority of them Muslims including
about 20 per cent Hindu Victims.
About thirty three towns of Gujarat were severally affected. Some incidents which
became well known are Naroda Patia, Gulbarga Society in Ahmadabad and Best
Bakery in Baroda. In Naroda, according to Human Rights watchers at lead 65 Muslims
were killed, many of them women who were sexually assaulted by violent mobs. At
many places, there were attacks on Hindus also. There were significantly loss of life and
property and Hindu Dalit become homeless.
Narinder Modi Government was severally criticized by media, parliament and
International bodies. However, the official commission on Gujarat riots led by G.T.
Nanavati gave a clean chit to the govt. of Gujarat.
Q14. Write a shortnote on Ayodhya Disputes?
Ans. Ayodhya Disputes:
After 1980 the BJP perused the politics of `Hindutva` to mobilize the Hindus. In feb
1986, District Court of Faizabad ordered that the Babri Masjid premises be unlocked so
that Hindus could offer prayer at the site which they considered as place of Ram
Mandir. In 16th century in Ayodhya in place of Ram Mandir, Babri Masjid was
constructed by the order of first Mughal emperor Babar. The Mosque stood on the
Ramkot (`Rama Fort`) will also called Birth Place of Rama. 1986 edition of Encyclopedia
Britannica reported that Rama`s birthplace is marked by mosque, erected by the
Mughal emperor Babar in 1528 on the site of earlier temple.
In Dec. 1992, the organization supporting the construction of Ram temple in place of
Babri Masjid had organized a Kar Seva, Lacs of people reached Ayodhya and situation
became very tense. The Supreme Court had ordered the state government to take care

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that the dispute site will not be endangered. However on Dec. 6 1992, Babri Masjid was
destroyed by Hindu Activists.
Muslims Observe December 6, when this historic mosque and monument was felled, as
Black Day. Hindu activists observe December 6 as Shouriya Diwas, Victory Day. But in
fact, the demolition of Babri Masjid reflected the failure of secularism. It increased the
tension between Hindu and Muslims. The BJP riding to success on the issue of Ram
Janam Bhoomi failed to power in U.P in 1993 after the demolition of the Babri Masjid.
Q15. Write shortnote on Bahujan SamajParty?
Ans. Bahujan Samaj Party:
Bahujan Samaj Party came into being in Dec. 1984, Mr. Kanshi Ram was the supreme
leader of the B.S.P and Ms. Mayawati was general secretary of the BSP. The BSP has
originated from DS4 transforming itself into its political wing. The term DS4 stands for
`Dalit Shoshit, Samaj Samharsha Samiti` from where Kanshi Ram began its political
activities. Main objective of BSP is to uplift the status of Dalit and make them politically
empowered. In 1992 Assembly and Lok Sabha elections it won one seats in Lok Sabha
election and nine seats in Punjab Assembly elections. In 12th Lok Sabha election BSP
won five seats, In 13th Lok Sabha election held in 1999, BSP won 14 seats. In 14th Lok
Sabha election held in 1999, BSP secured 19 seats.
In April 2007, BSP secured absolute majority in UP Assembly and Miss Mayawati
became chief Minister of U.P. At present, she is also the president of BSP. She is very
powerful in party as well as in the government.
Short Answer Type Questions
Q1. Explain Briefly Lok Sabha Elections 2004?

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Ans. 14th Lok Sabha Elections were held in April-May 2004. First time electronic Voting
machines (EVM) have been used through the country. In these elections BJP secured
only 138 seats and lost the power at the centre. Indian National Congress won 145
seats and formed the government with its alliance under the leadership of Dr.
Manmohan Singh. Communist Party of India secured only 10 seats, whereas CPM
secured 43 seats. Bahujan Samaj Party secured 18 seats whereas DMK secured 14
seats. In these elections Supreme Court had asked the Election Commission to monitor
all political advertising on television channels and cable networks.
Q2. Write a shortnote on Lok Sabha Electionsof 2009?
Ans. 15th Lok Sabha Elections were held in April 2009.congress and its allies secured
261 seats whereas BJP and its allies 159 seats only. BJP won 116 seats while
Congress won 206 seats. Congress alliance formed govt. at the centre. Dr. Manmohan
Singh was elected the leader of UPA and he became the Prime Minister of India. In
these elections CPI (M) secured only 16 seats, CPI secured 4 seats only. Samajwadi
Party secured 23 seats; Bahujan Samaj Party secured 21 seats. Shiv Sena 11, Biju
Janata Dal 14 seats. In 15th Lok Sabha elections the total no. of electorates was 71.4
crore, with overall voter turn out of 60%.
Q3. What do you understandby United Front?
Ans. United Front: In the elections of 1996 BJP emerged as the largest Party. BJP govt.
was formed under the leadership of Atal Behari Vajpayee. But Vajpayee govt. failed to
secure vote of confidence in the Lok Sabha. BJP govt. fell within 13 days. The main
opposition party i.e. Congress Party refused to form the govt. Hence other parties led by
Janata Dal formed a United Front. Janata Dal, Samajwadi Party, DMK, Assam Gana
Parishad, Tamil Manila Congress, CPI and Telugu Desam Party were the main partners
of United Front. With the consent of congress and CPI (M), the Chief Minister of
Karnataka, H.O Deva Gowda was asked to lead the coalition as Prime Minister. His

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term was from June, 1, 1996 to April 21, 1997. The Congress with draw the support.
Later on Inder Kumar Gujarat became the leader of United Front and PM also.
Q4. Write a short note on Hung Parliament?
Ans. “Hung Parliament” Hung Parliament is that `parliament when no party gets clear
majority in the Lok Sabha. Since 1989 India is facing the problem of Hung Parliament.
In 1989 elections to the 9th Lok Sabha was held but no political party secured absolute
majority in the Lok Sabha. Hence no single party was in position to form govt. in 10th,
11th, 12th, 13th and 14th Lok Sabha elections no single political party secured majority
and thus coalition govt. were formed.
Q5. Write any four functions of the scheduled Caste and Scheduled
Tribe Commission?
Ans. The main functions of the commission for scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes
are as follows:
1. To investigate all matters to safeguard provided for scheduled castes and
scheduled Tribes in the constitution.
2. To study the implementation of protection of Civil Rights Act, 1965.
3. TO ascertain the socio-economic and other relevant circumstances accounting
for the commission of offences against persons belonging to SCs and STs.
4. To participate and advise on the planning process of socio-economic
development of the SCs and STs and to evaluate the progress of their
development under the Union or any state.
Q6. Explain briefly rise of OBCs in North Indian Politics?

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BY: NIKHIL DHAWAN
Ans. The term “Other Backward Classes” includes those castes which are socially and
educationally backward. The constitution of India provides protection and other
safeguards for SCs, STs and OBCs. Reservations for the OBCs were in existence in
Southern states since the 1960s. But this policy was not in existence in Northern India.
It was during the Janata Party Govt. that the demand for reservation for backward
classes in North India and at the national level was strongly raised. Janata party govt.
appointed Mandal Commission to determine the criterion for defining the socially and
educationally backward classes. The commission recommended reserving 27% seats in
educational institutions and govt. jobs in central undertaking. In 199, Prime Minister V.P.
Singh implemented Mandal Commission Report but large scale protest in North India
took place against this decision of the govt. the decision was challenged in the Supreme
Court. But the Supreme Court uphold the decision of the govt. at present almost all the
political parties in favor of reservation for OBCs.
Q7. Write a shortnot on `Creamy Layer`?
Ans. Creamy Layer: The Supreme Court in a historical judgment on November 16,
1992 ruled that economically developed persons belonging to scheduled castes and
scheduled tribes should be denied the benefit of reservations. To this class the
Supreme Court gave the name `Creamy Layer`. In February 1993, the govt. of India
appointed a committee to lay down the criterion for the identification of the Creamy
layer among the socially and educationally backward classes. The committee excluded
the offspring’s of the following persons from the reservation list:
1. The persons who have held constitutional posts of president, Vice-President,
Supreme Court and High Court Judges, ministers and governors, members of
UPSC and SSC.
2. Class-I officers of Armed Forces and central and state services of public sector.
3. Professionals having a gross annual; income of Rs 2.5 lakhs and above.

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BY: NIKHIL DHAWAN
4. The persons who own irrigated land equal to or more than 65% of the statuary
ceiling area.
Q8. Write a shortnote on Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar?
Ans. Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Foundation: The govt. has started many
programmes and planning’s for the upliftment of the scheduled Caste and Scheduled
Tribes. Many programmes have been launched for the education and employment of
backward classes. The formation of Baba Sahib Ambedkar Foundation in march 1992,
is an important step in this direction. During the centenary celebration of Dr. Ambedkar,
the foundation has been entrusted with the responsibility to carry on the schemes and
programmes. Dr. Ambedkar International Award for social change, harmony, equity,
justice and human dignity for the exploited and under privileged and putting up
memorial for Dr. Ambedkar are some of the schemes and programmes of this
foundation.
Q9. What do you know aboutKanshiRam?
Ans. Kanshi Ram left his government Job for social and political work. He was founder
of DS4 (Dalit, Shoshit Samaj Sangharsh Samiti) and finally the founder of Bahujan
Samaj Party. BSP under the leadership of Kanshi Ram emerged as major party in the
state politics. Kanshi Ram believed in practical politics and regarded political power as
master key to attain social equality.
Q10. Describe briefly any four main developments,witnessed by the
country from1989 to 1992?
Ans. (i) National Front: In November 1989 the elections to the 9th Lok Sabha was held
and no political party secured a clear majority. The five party National Front was held
and no political party secured a clear majority.

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BY: NIKHIL DHAWAN
(ii) Congress (I) Government: Elections to the 10th Lok Sabha was held in May-June
1991 and the hung Lok Sabha emerged for the second time in succession. No single
party secured clear majority in the Lok Sabha. Congress (I) formed the govt. under the
leader ship of P.V. Narsimha Rao.
(iii) Ram Mandir Issue: In June-July 1990, the BJP and Vishwa Hindu Parishad
decided to construct Ram Mandir. In the meantime L.K. Advani started Rathyatra from
Somnath (Gujarat) to Ayodhya (U.P.). In Bihar Rathyatra was stopped and he was
arrested. BJP delegation led by Atal Behari Vajpayee met the President on 23rd October
1990 and presented letter withdrawing support to the V.P Singh Govt.
(iv) Mandal Commission Report: Prime Minister V.P. Singh announced all of a
sudden the acceptance of the Mandal report on August 7, 1990 in the parliament. But
this move of V.P. Singh had alienated his senior most colleagues. The student’s
community launched massive movements through the country against the
implementation of Mandal Report.
Objective Type Question
1) Janata Dal Was Formed in 1989
2) Bhartiya Janata Party was formed in 1980
3) V.P. Singh came into power 1989
4) Successorof Rajiv Gandhi P.V. Narsimha Rao
5) Party led the National Democratic Alliance BJP
6) Party led the United Progressive Alliance INC
7) Leaderof BJP called Mohammad Ali Jinnah Lal KrishnaAdvani
8) Present Presidentof BJP Rajnath Singh

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BY: NIKHIL DHAWAN
9) Present presidentof Congress Party Mrs.Sonia Gandhi
Chairman of Second Backward Classes Commission B.P. Mandal
Babri Masjid was demolished 1992
Present presidentof BSP Mayawati
Present Prime Minister of India Dr. Manmohan Singh
Presidentof Samajwadi Party Mulayam Singh Yadav
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)

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