Recent development in indian politics (pol science)Nikhil Dhawan
As for democracy as practiced in India, Arundhati Roy said: 'While there is some amount of democracy in India there has not been a single day since independence when the state has not deployed the armed forces to quash insurgencies within its boundaries. The numbers of people who have been killed and tortured are incredible. It is a state which is continuously at war with its own people. If you look what is happening in places like Chhattisgarh and Odisha it will be an insult to call it a democracy'.
Ms Roy further believes 'that elections have become a massive corporate project and the media is owned and operated by the same corporations too'. She opines that "some amount of democracy in India is reserved for its middle classes alone and through thatthey are co-opted by the state and become loyal consumers of the state narrative'.
These Notes will give the answers to all the questions that are consisted in the Chapter of Class XII, Political Science. These notes are prepared specially with great care and much attention has been given to the content while writing. All the questions that are explained in these notes are well explained and advanced attention has been given to the content.
You can download the file directly from here also www.notesshare.in or mail me = nikdhawan@outlook.com
After independence, the Indian National Congress, the party of Mohandas K. Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, ruled India under the leadership first of Nehru and then his daughter (Indira Gandhi) and grandson (Rajiv Gandhi), with the exception of brief periods in the 1970s and 1980s, during a short period in 1996, and the period from 1998-2004, when a coalition led by the Bharatiya Janata Party governed.
Political parties are groups that contest elections and seek power in government by promoting similar policies and programs. There are several types of political party systems including one-party, two-party, multi-party, and dominant-party systems. Regional parties also operate primarily within certain states and focus on issues relevant to those regions. In India, some of the major national parties are the Aam Aadmi Party, Bharatiya Janata Party, and Indian National Congress, while important regional parties include the Akali Dal, Muslim League, and Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.
The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885 and was the largest and most prominent Indian organization involved in the Indian independence movement against British rule. It was founded by Indian and British members of the Theosophical Society, notably Scotsman Allan Octavian Hume. The Congress' objectives were to obtain greater Indian representation in government and create a platform for civic and political dialogue between educated Indians and the British Raj. It demanded reforms from the British like reducing taxes, cutting military spending, and increasing irrigation funding. Key leaders in the independence movement that worked with the Congress included Balgangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, and Bipin Chandra Pal. The Congress became the driving force behind Indian nationalism
1. The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885 and led India's independence movement against British rule.
2. After independence in 1947, the Congress became the dominant political party, holding power until 1977 and periodically after.
3. Key Congress leaders and prime ministers included Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, P.V. Narasimha Rao, and Manmohan Singh.
Bal Gangadhar Tilak was an Indian nationalist, teacher, and independence fighter who was born in 1856 in Maharashtra, India. He is known as the "Father of Indian Unrest" for his strong advocacy for self-rule and his role in expanding the Indian independence movement. Tilak strongly criticized the British educational system in India for disregarding Indian culture and founded new nationalist schools and newspapers. He advocated for concepts like swaraj (self-rule), swadeshi (self-reliance), and boycott of British goods. Tilak played a key role in transforming traditional Hindu festivals into nationalist celebrations to inspire patriotism. He spent several years imprisoned by the British for his revolutionary activities but
Regional aspirations in India involve armed assertion by groups seeking more autonomy or independence, repression by the central government, and a collapse of the political process. The challenge of diversity in India has been met by redrawing internal state boundaries to satisfy regional groups. Regional movements in India have concluded through negotiated settlements between the central government and regional groups. However, some movements in Punjab, Kashmir, and the Northeast involved violence and militancy before concluding.
This document summarizes gender, religion, caste, and politics in India. It discusses various disadvantages faced by women in India related to literacy rates, education, jobs, and violence. It also discusses solutions proposed like reservation of seats for women in local bodies. The document examines the relationship between religion and politics in India and instances of communalism. It defines communalism and communal politics. It also discusses secularism in India. The document analyzes the role of caste in politics in India and efforts taken to reduce casteism. It examines how caste can be politicized and the effects of exclusive attention to caste. It also summarizes popular movements in Nepal and Bolivia and the roles of interest groups, pressure
Recent development in indian politics (pol science)Nikhil Dhawan
As for democracy as practiced in India, Arundhati Roy said: 'While there is some amount of democracy in India there has not been a single day since independence when the state has not deployed the armed forces to quash insurgencies within its boundaries. The numbers of people who have been killed and tortured are incredible. It is a state which is continuously at war with its own people. If you look what is happening in places like Chhattisgarh and Odisha it will be an insult to call it a democracy'.
Ms Roy further believes 'that elections have become a massive corporate project and the media is owned and operated by the same corporations too'. She opines that "some amount of democracy in India is reserved for its middle classes alone and through thatthey are co-opted by the state and become loyal consumers of the state narrative'.
These Notes will give the answers to all the questions that are consisted in the Chapter of Class XII, Political Science. These notes are prepared specially with great care and much attention has been given to the content while writing. All the questions that are explained in these notes are well explained and advanced attention has been given to the content.
You can download the file directly from here also www.notesshare.in or mail me = nikdhawan@outlook.com
After independence, the Indian National Congress, the party of Mohandas K. Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, ruled India under the leadership first of Nehru and then his daughter (Indira Gandhi) and grandson (Rajiv Gandhi), with the exception of brief periods in the 1970s and 1980s, during a short period in 1996, and the period from 1998-2004, when a coalition led by the Bharatiya Janata Party governed.
Political parties are groups that contest elections and seek power in government by promoting similar policies and programs. There are several types of political party systems including one-party, two-party, multi-party, and dominant-party systems. Regional parties also operate primarily within certain states and focus on issues relevant to those regions. In India, some of the major national parties are the Aam Aadmi Party, Bharatiya Janata Party, and Indian National Congress, while important regional parties include the Akali Dal, Muslim League, and Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.
The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885 and was the largest and most prominent Indian organization involved in the Indian independence movement against British rule. It was founded by Indian and British members of the Theosophical Society, notably Scotsman Allan Octavian Hume. The Congress' objectives were to obtain greater Indian representation in government and create a platform for civic and political dialogue between educated Indians and the British Raj. It demanded reforms from the British like reducing taxes, cutting military spending, and increasing irrigation funding. Key leaders in the independence movement that worked with the Congress included Balgangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, and Bipin Chandra Pal. The Congress became the driving force behind Indian nationalism
1. The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885 and led India's independence movement against British rule.
2. After independence in 1947, the Congress became the dominant political party, holding power until 1977 and periodically after.
3. Key Congress leaders and prime ministers included Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, P.V. Narasimha Rao, and Manmohan Singh.
Bal Gangadhar Tilak was an Indian nationalist, teacher, and independence fighter who was born in 1856 in Maharashtra, India. He is known as the "Father of Indian Unrest" for his strong advocacy for self-rule and his role in expanding the Indian independence movement. Tilak strongly criticized the British educational system in India for disregarding Indian culture and founded new nationalist schools and newspapers. He advocated for concepts like swaraj (self-rule), swadeshi (self-reliance), and boycott of British goods. Tilak played a key role in transforming traditional Hindu festivals into nationalist celebrations to inspire patriotism. He spent several years imprisoned by the British for his revolutionary activities but
Regional aspirations in India involve armed assertion by groups seeking more autonomy or independence, repression by the central government, and a collapse of the political process. The challenge of diversity in India has been met by redrawing internal state boundaries to satisfy regional groups. Regional movements in India have concluded through negotiated settlements between the central government and regional groups. However, some movements in Punjab, Kashmir, and the Northeast involved violence and militancy before concluding.
This document summarizes gender, religion, caste, and politics in India. It discusses various disadvantages faced by women in India related to literacy rates, education, jobs, and violence. It also discusses solutions proposed like reservation of seats for women in local bodies. The document examines the relationship between religion and politics in India and instances of communalism. It defines communalism and communal politics. It also discusses secularism in India. The document analyzes the role of caste in politics in India and efforts taken to reduce casteism. It examines how caste can be politicized and the effects of exclusive attention to caste. It also summarizes popular movements in Nepal and Bolivia and the roles of interest groups, pressure
Secularism refers to the separation of religion from state affairs and government. The key aspects of secularism discussed in the document are that it separates religious institutions from the state, ensures religion does not interfere in state matters, and protects religious minorities. Indian secularism differs from other models in that it allows some state intervention in religious affairs to prevent discrimination, such as banning the religious practice of untouchability. Overall, the document provides an overview of secularism and discusses how it is implemented in India.
1) The document discusses three forms of social differences in India - gender, religion, and caste - and how they relate to politics.
2) Gender discrimination disadvantages women through lower literacy and education rates as well as preference for sons over daughters.
3) Communalism prioritizes one's own religious community over others and politics, leading to demands for dominance or separate political units.
4) Caste divisions were based on hereditary occupations but political and social reforms have helped reduce discrimination, though imbalances remain.
The document outlines the formation and objectives of the Indian National Congress party, including its role in fighting for India's independence and representing Hinduism. It analyzes the party's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats both internally and externally in a neutral, unbiased manner.
The document discusses social diversity in India based on gender, religion, and caste. It explains that while social differences exist in all societies, they can become problematic when they are used to justify political or social domination of one group over others or deny equal rights and opportunities. The document examines issues related to gender inequality in Indian society such as disparities in education, jobs, wages, and safety for women. It also discusses problems that have arisen from religious and caste divisions such as communalism and the oppression of lower castes in the past. However, it notes that political expression of social identities is acceptable in a democracy and has also helped disadvantaged groups gain better representation and rights.
This document discusses challenges to democracy and potential reforms. It outlines three broad challenges - foundational, expansion, and deepening democracy. Specific challenges in India include social inequalities, poverty, illiteracy, and corruption. Potential reforms proposed include introducing new laws to encourage good political practices, analyzing laws for unintended consequences, and focusing on strengthening democratic practices over just changing rules. Measures to deepen democracy discussed are providing education for all citizens, protecting fundamental rights, and ensuring freedom of the press.
A political party is an organized group of citizens who share similar political views and try to control the government through constitutional means. They educate citizens, contest elections, provide a link between the people and government, and more. There are three main systems of government - one party, two party, and multi-party. In a one party system only one party is allowed, in a two party system two major parties dominate, and in a multi-party system more than two parties operate together or in coalition. Regionalism and communalism can hinder India's political system when parties are formed along regional or religious lines rather than national interests.
The document discusses several national and state level political parties in India. At the national level it describes the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Indian National Congress (INC), Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) and Communist Party of India (CPI). It then briefly outlines some key state level parties including the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) of Delhi, Indian National Lok Dal (INLD) of Haryana and Shiv Sena of Maharashtra. It provides details on the history, ideology and leadership of each party as well as their performance in the most recent national or state elections.
The document provides an overview of elections and the electoral system in India. It summarizes the key details of each Lok Sabha election from the 1st in 1951-1952 to the 15th in 2009. The Indian National Congress dominated the early elections but its control decreased over time. Elections became more competitive and no single party has achieved a majority in several elections, requiring coalition governments. Turnout has increased from 45.7% in the first election to over 59.7% in the 15th election.
1) The document outlines the key principles of India's foreign policy, including the promotion of world peace, anti-colonialism, anti-racialism, non-alignment, and the Panchsheel principles.
2) It discusses India's objectives in foreign policy such as protecting national interests, strengthening ties with neighbors and major powers, and reforming international organizations like the UN.
3) India aims to ensure regional stability and counter terrorism while strengthening economic and strategic cooperation internationally.
The document provides an overview of the Indian Constitution. It discusses that the Constitution is the supreme law of India, governing all other laws. The Constituent Assembly framed the Constitution over several sessions from 1946 to 1949. Key figures involved in drafting the Constitution included Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, and Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar. The Constitution came into effect on January 26, 1950, becoming the Republic Day of India.
The document discusses the roles and powers of the President of India according to the Constitution. It covers the President's role as head of state and government, election process, qualifications, powers related to legislation, finance, judiciary, emergencies, and foreign affairs. The Vice-President has similar qualifications to the President but plays a secondary role as the ex-officio chair of the Rajya Sabha.
The integration of princely states into independent India posed challenges as states had to choose between accession to India or Pakistan or remaining independent. Key figures like Lord Mountbatten, Sardar Patel and V.P. Menon negotiated accession of most states peacefully. However, some states like Hyderabad and Jammu & Kashmir presented greater difficulties. Hyderabad's Nizam wanted independence but military operation led to its accession. In Jammu & Kashmir, Raja Hari Singh initially wanted independence but signed accession after Pakistan-backed militants attacked Kashmir, leading to ongoing conflict. By 1949 a ceasefire line (now LOC) was established between India and Pakistan over Kashmir.
The Indian National Congress is one of India's oldest political parties, formed in 1885. It led India's independence movement and remained the dominant party after independence under leaders like Nehru and Gandhi. Important Congress leaders included Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Indira Gandhi. Congress advocates social liberalism, secularism, and reducing poverty and emerged as the largest party in the 2009 elections.
The document provides an overview of the Indian Constitution. It discusses that a constitution is a written set of rules that defines the structure and powers of a government. It then outlines the history of the Indian Constitution, including how the Constituent Assembly was formed in 1946 to draft the constitution after independence from Britain. Key details on the drafting process over three years and the main features of the Indian Constitution are also summarized, such as its length, blend of flexibility and rigidity, and guarantee of fundamental rights and duties.
India as a country has undergone many changes since its attainment of independence 68 years ago. Economic, social and political aspirations of the people have also undergone tremendous changes. The various political parties, organizations, movements are the guiding force behind these changes. Especially Politics, inter alia, plays an important role in shaping the people’s perception of their country, of their development and well-being. The political party in power in a particular region and its ideology vastly determines the conditions of the people of that region. Hence the birth of any political party has direct connection with the well-being of its citizens.
This document summarizes India's election process. It discusses the voter list, nomination of candidates which requires a minimum age of 25, election campaigns which last 2 weeks between nomination and voting, voting procedures using electronic voting machines, counting of votes after polling is complete, and some challenges to free and fair elections such as money power, muscle power, and criminal candidates.
This document discusses the key aspects of federalism in India. It defines federalism as a system of government where power is shared between a central government and other administrative units. In India, federalism involves three levels of government - central, state, and local. The document outlines India's federal structure, including the division of powers between levels of government. It also addresses some of the historical challenges in implementing federalism in India's diverse context and how decentralization to local governments has strengthened democracy.
The document discusses the meaning and importance of constitutions. It notes that India's constitution was framed by a constituent assembly established in 1946. The constitution aims to provide basic rules of governance, define the powers of government bodies, and protect citizens' rights. Key features include flexibility, federalism, and supremacy. The philosophical vision of the Indian constitution is democratic, secular, egalitarian, and sensitive to minorities. Its objectives include justice, liberty, equality and national unity. Studying the constitution's underlying philosophy is important to understand its conceptual framework and ideals.
India has a federal parliamentary democratic republic system modeled after the UK. The Prime Minister is the head of government and the President is the head of state. Power is shared between the central government and state governments. National and regional political parties contest power. Major parties include the Indian National Congress and the Hindu nationalist BJP. Elections involve over 700 million voters and take place over multiple dates for logistical reasons. Caste and religion influence voting patterns, and issues in politics include charges of criminality against politicians and Maoist violence in certain states.
Secularism refers to the separation of religion from state affairs and government. The key aspects of secularism discussed in the document are that it separates religious institutions from the state, ensures religion does not interfere in state matters, and protects religious minorities. Indian secularism differs from other models in that it allows some state intervention in religious affairs to prevent discrimination, such as banning the religious practice of untouchability. Overall, the document provides an overview of secularism and discusses how it is implemented in India.
1) The document discusses three forms of social differences in India - gender, religion, and caste - and how they relate to politics.
2) Gender discrimination disadvantages women through lower literacy and education rates as well as preference for sons over daughters.
3) Communalism prioritizes one's own religious community over others and politics, leading to demands for dominance or separate political units.
4) Caste divisions were based on hereditary occupations but political and social reforms have helped reduce discrimination, though imbalances remain.
The document outlines the formation and objectives of the Indian National Congress party, including its role in fighting for India's independence and representing Hinduism. It analyzes the party's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats both internally and externally in a neutral, unbiased manner.
The document discusses social diversity in India based on gender, religion, and caste. It explains that while social differences exist in all societies, they can become problematic when they are used to justify political or social domination of one group over others or deny equal rights and opportunities. The document examines issues related to gender inequality in Indian society such as disparities in education, jobs, wages, and safety for women. It also discusses problems that have arisen from religious and caste divisions such as communalism and the oppression of lower castes in the past. However, it notes that political expression of social identities is acceptable in a democracy and has also helped disadvantaged groups gain better representation and rights.
This document discusses challenges to democracy and potential reforms. It outlines three broad challenges - foundational, expansion, and deepening democracy. Specific challenges in India include social inequalities, poverty, illiteracy, and corruption. Potential reforms proposed include introducing new laws to encourage good political practices, analyzing laws for unintended consequences, and focusing on strengthening democratic practices over just changing rules. Measures to deepen democracy discussed are providing education for all citizens, protecting fundamental rights, and ensuring freedom of the press.
A political party is an organized group of citizens who share similar political views and try to control the government through constitutional means. They educate citizens, contest elections, provide a link between the people and government, and more. There are three main systems of government - one party, two party, and multi-party. In a one party system only one party is allowed, in a two party system two major parties dominate, and in a multi-party system more than two parties operate together or in coalition. Regionalism and communalism can hinder India's political system when parties are formed along regional or religious lines rather than national interests.
The document discusses several national and state level political parties in India. At the national level it describes the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Indian National Congress (INC), Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) and Communist Party of India (CPI). It then briefly outlines some key state level parties including the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) of Delhi, Indian National Lok Dal (INLD) of Haryana and Shiv Sena of Maharashtra. It provides details on the history, ideology and leadership of each party as well as their performance in the most recent national or state elections.
The document provides an overview of elections and the electoral system in India. It summarizes the key details of each Lok Sabha election from the 1st in 1951-1952 to the 15th in 2009. The Indian National Congress dominated the early elections but its control decreased over time. Elections became more competitive and no single party has achieved a majority in several elections, requiring coalition governments. Turnout has increased from 45.7% in the first election to over 59.7% in the 15th election.
1) The document outlines the key principles of India's foreign policy, including the promotion of world peace, anti-colonialism, anti-racialism, non-alignment, and the Panchsheel principles.
2) It discusses India's objectives in foreign policy such as protecting national interests, strengthening ties with neighbors and major powers, and reforming international organizations like the UN.
3) India aims to ensure regional stability and counter terrorism while strengthening economic and strategic cooperation internationally.
The document provides an overview of the Indian Constitution. It discusses that the Constitution is the supreme law of India, governing all other laws. The Constituent Assembly framed the Constitution over several sessions from 1946 to 1949. Key figures involved in drafting the Constitution included Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, and Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar. The Constitution came into effect on January 26, 1950, becoming the Republic Day of India.
The document discusses the roles and powers of the President of India according to the Constitution. It covers the President's role as head of state and government, election process, qualifications, powers related to legislation, finance, judiciary, emergencies, and foreign affairs. The Vice-President has similar qualifications to the President but plays a secondary role as the ex-officio chair of the Rajya Sabha.
The integration of princely states into independent India posed challenges as states had to choose between accession to India or Pakistan or remaining independent. Key figures like Lord Mountbatten, Sardar Patel and V.P. Menon negotiated accession of most states peacefully. However, some states like Hyderabad and Jammu & Kashmir presented greater difficulties. Hyderabad's Nizam wanted independence but military operation led to its accession. In Jammu & Kashmir, Raja Hari Singh initially wanted independence but signed accession after Pakistan-backed militants attacked Kashmir, leading to ongoing conflict. By 1949 a ceasefire line (now LOC) was established between India and Pakistan over Kashmir.
The Indian National Congress is one of India's oldest political parties, formed in 1885. It led India's independence movement and remained the dominant party after independence under leaders like Nehru and Gandhi. Important Congress leaders included Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Indira Gandhi. Congress advocates social liberalism, secularism, and reducing poverty and emerged as the largest party in the 2009 elections.
The document provides an overview of the Indian Constitution. It discusses that a constitution is a written set of rules that defines the structure and powers of a government. It then outlines the history of the Indian Constitution, including how the Constituent Assembly was formed in 1946 to draft the constitution after independence from Britain. Key details on the drafting process over three years and the main features of the Indian Constitution are also summarized, such as its length, blend of flexibility and rigidity, and guarantee of fundamental rights and duties.
India as a country has undergone many changes since its attainment of independence 68 years ago. Economic, social and political aspirations of the people have also undergone tremendous changes. The various political parties, organizations, movements are the guiding force behind these changes. Especially Politics, inter alia, plays an important role in shaping the people’s perception of their country, of their development and well-being. The political party in power in a particular region and its ideology vastly determines the conditions of the people of that region. Hence the birth of any political party has direct connection with the well-being of its citizens.
This document summarizes India's election process. It discusses the voter list, nomination of candidates which requires a minimum age of 25, election campaigns which last 2 weeks between nomination and voting, voting procedures using electronic voting machines, counting of votes after polling is complete, and some challenges to free and fair elections such as money power, muscle power, and criminal candidates.
This document discusses the key aspects of federalism in India. It defines federalism as a system of government where power is shared between a central government and other administrative units. In India, federalism involves three levels of government - central, state, and local. The document outlines India's federal structure, including the division of powers between levels of government. It also addresses some of the historical challenges in implementing federalism in India's diverse context and how decentralization to local governments has strengthened democracy.
The document discusses the meaning and importance of constitutions. It notes that India's constitution was framed by a constituent assembly established in 1946. The constitution aims to provide basic rules of governance, define the powers of government bodies, and protect citizens' rights. Key features include flexibility, federalism, and supremacy. The philosophical vision of the Indian constitution is democratic, secular, egalitarian, and sensitive to minorities. Its objectives include justice, liberty, equality and national unity. Studying the constitution's underlying philosophy is important to understand its conceptual framework and ideals.
India has a federal parliamentary democratic republic system modeled after the UK. The Prime Minister is the head of government and the President is the head of state. Power is shared between the central government and state governments. National and regional political parties contest power. Major parties include the Indian National Congress and the Hindu nationalist BJP. Elections involve over 700 million voters and take place over multiple dates for logistical reasons. Caste and religion influence voting patterns, and issues in politics include charges of criminality against politicians and Maoist violence in certain states.
Democracy in India faces many challenges but has endured. At independence, India faced crises of national
integration, identity, participation, penetration and legitimacy that threatened democracy. Additional issues
included linguistic problems, caste system, poverty, and illiteracy. However, despite these difficulties and issues
like corruption in election financing that undermine equal representation, Indian democracy has survived and
remains the world's largest by electorate. While not perfect and facing ongoing issues, it arguably remains the
best system of government for India's diverse population.
Social sensitivity refers to one's ability to identify and understand social cues and contexts. It is an important social skill that can make one more successful. The document discusses several social issues requiring sensitivity: feminism, crime against women (rape, trafficking, dowry deaths, infanticide, attacks, child marriage), crime against men (domestic violence, false charges), and Indian cultural and social values. It provides details on the definition and causes of these issues. Maintaining social sensitivity and values in society can help address such crimes and promote equality and well-being.
Honour killings continue to be practiced in modern India, both in urban and rural areas. They usually involve the murder of a female family member by male relatives, who believe the victim has brought shame upon the family due to her behavior. Common reasons include having relationships or marriages outside the caste or religion, or violating socially imposed dress codes or codes of behavior. The document discusses the prevalence of honour killings in northern India, their rarity in southern India, and recent cases that have occurred. It also outlines existing laws against honour killings and recommends further legal reforms, sensitization of society, education campaigns, and efforts to promote independent economic status of women as ways to help reduce these crimes.
According to conventional opinion in the larger field of political economy,.pdfWajidKhanMP
According to conventional opinion in the larger field of political economy,
voter ignorance is a significant reason why dishonest or corrupt candidates win elections. There are numerous valid grounds to believe this is also the case in India. After all, in contemporary India, poverty and illiteracy are still pervasive. India has a thriving media, but its distribution still needs to grow, particularly in remote or rural areas.
Since 2003, candidates must publicly declare their criminal histories, financial situation, and educational background. One could counter that most people need help accessing this information. Despite the validity of this "ignorant voters" argument, my research suggests that voters are well-informed about candidates' backgrounds. But even though this information is available, people continue to back candidates with criminal histories.
According to Wajid khan Mp Politics and crime are inextricably linked, which is not unique to India. Similar instances exist in various democracies, including Pakistan and the Philippines. The West is only partially safe. In addition to the United States, Italy is another country where crime and politics have historically coexisted. In essence, I believe the United States may be seeing a very similar dynamic, but with a twist.
What is the Democratic Is democracy a universal Or is.docxwrite5
1. The document discusses whether democracy is a universal value or a Western construct only applicable in Western societies.
2. It examines different definitions and conceptions of democracy, ranging from thin to thick definitions. A thin definition focuses only on competitive elections, while a thick definition incorporates additional factors like civil liberties and minority rights.
3. The document explores challenges in determining whether a country is democratic, pseudodemocratic, or nondemocratic. Even well-established democracies have uneven playing fields and flaws in their electoral systems. Strict definitions may classify too many countries as nondemocratic.
Ashis Nandy made a statement at the Jaipur Literary Festival about corruption in India, noting that the elite classes are as corrupt but better able to hide it, while corruption is more often highlighted in lower classes who lack such resources. His statement was misinterpreted as blaming corruption solely on lower castes. However, he was pointing out that the elite can portray corruption as promotion of talent rather than crude corruption. The controversy raises questions about free speech and intolerance in India - when will intellectuals be able to freely discuss issues without fear of legal action, and when will India truly become a democratic nation that allows diverse views?
This document summarizes the Nirbhaya movement in India that was sparked by the brutal gang rape and death of a 23-year old woman on a Delhi bus in 2012. The incident led to widespread protests across India calling for greater protection of women's rights and safety. It highlights the key political, legal, and social impacts of the movement, including the establishment of fast track courts for sexual violence cases, amendments to criminal law including the death penalty for rape, and increased awareness of violence against women in India. The movement was leaderless and brought issues of gender inequality, women's rights, and lack of legal protections into the national spotlight.
This document discusses democracy and mobocracy in India. It defines democracy as rule by the people through elected representatives, while mobocracy is rule by an uncontrolled mob. The document notes that while India's roots in democracy are deep, the current state of affairs seems to be shifting towards mob rule or mobocracy. It provides examples of unruly behavior in legislative houses and notes factors contributing to mobocracy, such as personality cults, money in politics, and the infiltration of institutions. The document concludes that mobocracy can sometimes be more dangerous than dictatorship since a mob lacks rational thinking.
This document discusses proposed changes to improve democracy in India. It addresses issues such as criminals holding political office, the role of wealth and age in leadership, influence of religion and caste in politics, lack of women's representation, disregard for public opinion, youth disenfranchisement, and nepotism. Specific recommendations are made to prevent criminals from running for office, establish political accountability and transparency, encourage youth participation, remove casteism from politics, and increase citizens' recognition of their voting power. The document was created by a team of students from Rajeev Gandhi Memorial College of Engineering & Technology in Nandyal, India.
This document discusses different perspectives on the concept of politics from Western and non-Western frameworks. It explores Greek, Chinese, Indian, and Islamic views of politics and the natural state of man. It addresses the influences of political culture and socialization and encourages students to reflect on their own political views and orientations. The document aims to acquaint students with politics from various lenses and enable critical thinking on different political perspectives, preferences, and experiences.
India has a federal parliamentary democratic republic system of government. The Prime Minister is the head of government and the President is the head of state. India has a multi-party system and holds elections regularly. It has the largest democracy based on population. Religion, caste, and regional divisions have influenced Indian politics. Corruption is a major issue that impacts the economy and trust in government.
In Jharkhand, four people have died from starvation because they could not access rations or social security pensions due to stringent Aadhaar requirements, despite the matter still pending in the Supreme Court. An investigation into one such death, an 11-year old girl, Santoshi Kumari, found her mother Koyli Devi saying that due to issues with Aadhaar authentication, they could not access rations for two months leading to Santoshi's death from hunger.
Parliamentarian.in | The unstoppable voices | meet the great Indian DissentersKhabaria News
Dissent is Democracy - A social system based on forced uniformity of ideas is a dictatorship, and dissent lies at the heart of democracy
Every month, around this time, it is very exciting for me as an editor, trying to take out another edition of what has now become established perhaps as the only magazine of its ilk: Parliamentarian. It is a challenge, since we have decided to tread a path that is not really uncharted, but has now been more or less consigned to the sidelines of Indian media history: journalism as good, erudite readers expect it to be. For the past few editions, there was a sense of concern, that in whatever issue we chose as the backbone of that month’s edition, the results, or reports that our esteemed experts – none of them on our staff, all known experts and all independent – handed us to print were all in the Black Hole region. Our central concern has been the progress of the country, and these reports put us back by decades under the current regime. So by the Black Hole region I mean that the gravitational suction power of negativity is such that not a ray of positive development gets past the “event horizon”. Not a speck of light can escape that internal suction of a moribund regime.
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There are more reported rape cases in India compared to other countries due to factors like a backward legal system, lack of sex education, and a narrow-minded society. A study found that 70% of people believe rape is more common than other crimes in India. Suggestions to reduce rape include increasing sex education awareness, empowering women, improving communication between parents and children, strengthening laws against rape, and addressing root causes like gender discrimination. In conclusion, India has a male-dominated culture that needs to change to ensure women's safety and security.
There are more reported rape cases in India compared to other countries due to factors like a backward legal system, lack of sex education, and a narrow-minded society. A study found that 70% of people believe rape is more common than other crimes in India. Suggestions to reduce rape include increasing sex education awareness, reducing gender discrimination, improving communication between parents and children, strengthening laws against rape, and legalizing prostitution. In conclusion, India had the highest number of reported rapes in 2014 and is termed the 'rape capital of the world' due to societal attitudes toward women and shortcomings in laws and education.
This document discusses gender division and discrimination as well as efforts towards equality. It notes that traditionally women had minimal roles in public life and politics, but feminist movements have aimed to increase equality. While literacy and representation of women have increased, discrimination persists in areas like pay and treatment of women. The document also discusses caste division in India and how political parties take caste into account when selecting candidates to appeal to various groups, though voters also consider other factors beyond caste alone.
Gandhi developed a political philosophy based on the principles of truth, non-violence, and purity. He advocated for a decentralized "true democracy" with self-sufficient small communities, equal rights and justice for all, economic equality, and non-violent protest against injustice. Gandhi criticized Western democracies and capitalism as exploitative, instead promoting self-rule through moral individual and societal development.
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‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
Acolyte Episodes review (TV series) The Acolyte. Learn about the influence of the program on the Star Wars world, as well as new characters and story twists.
2. Nehru era
caste , religion, corruption in
Indian politics
One party dominance
Voters demanding governance
Indira era starts
Emergency
Rise of federalism
Then Rajiv Gandhi era
Beginning of coalition politics
3.
4. Politics
Coalition Politics
Planning Commission
India’s favourite sport
Ally is never a friend and a firend need not be an ally
Keeps poverty in India low, by definition
Inclusive Growth
Every party will get an opportunity to stand in the way of growth
Opposition Party
A party guilty of exactly the same things it accuses government of
Silence
Those who shall speak the lease shall be the PM longest
5.
6. Indian society is vulnerable
Irreversibility of choices
Largest ever rural to urban transition
Identity wars
Before we begin, it is important to understand the language of Indian politicsSo here are key terms:Politics: India’s favourite sportCoalition politics: ally is never a friend and a friend need not be an allyPlanning commission: keeps poverty in India low, by definitionInclusive growth: every party will get an opportunity in the way of growthMinister of jails: only ministry where the minister might have first hand domain knowledgeOpposition party: a party guilty exactly of the same things it accuses government ofSearch for consensus means “ I don’t want to be held responsible for making a decisionSilence: it is the most valuable trait in Indian politics. Those who shall speak the least shall be the PM longest
We all make fun of politics. We have also become very cynical of Indian politics. There is widespread frustration with democracyDemocracy is seen as impeding the decisive action needed for rapid economic growthBut in reality the importance of democratic politics has increase manifold. This is because of many reasons:1. societies are vulnerable when things are improving and not when they are stagnant. For that we need politics2. the various types of choices that we are going to make in this decade, once taken will be hard to change later. To make the best choices we need to have wide public discussions. For that we need politics3. India is going to preside over largest rural to urban transition under democratic condition. 4. Identity wars that caused much conflict in 1990s have been largely dissipated. Partly because of growth and party because of politicsFor all this requires politics. Grassroots politics.
So lets take a brief look at our 2 major national parties. First congress.Congress is medievalIn congress loyalty is rewarded rather than competence which is typical of medieval dynastiesIts ministers are neither grassroot politicians nor are they administratively competent.They are good at one thing: palace intrigue
For BJP, it is not a national party at all. But it is a coalition of 6-7 state partiesThis is because many people think that central dilemma of BJP is between Hindutva and a more centrist position. This is not the case. No matter what BJP does, it is never going to be acceptable to most radical muslims.So the central dilemma of BJP is that it does not understand federalism. BJP is entirely composed of state units. It has some very strong state level leaders. So for this state level leaders, the national leadership is not of any benefit. Or sometimes it is even a liablity.Evidence of this can be seen in ArunJaitley’s remark that all India Politics is mathematics. It means stiching together a coalition
So our both major national parties are in really bad shape. But at the same time Indian state faces a lot of challeges which we will discuss one by one. First, freed speech. We have seen some very serious attacks on freedom of speech in India in the form of AseemTrivedi case, Salmanrushdie case, NCERT cartoon controversy etc.This is an evidence of the fact that Indian state is becoming less tolerant. So, does that mean that Indian society is also becoming less tolerant. Actually, reverse is true. Indian society is becoming more tolerant.This is because, now, many people have started thinking what was previously unthinkable. And therefore attacks on free speech are increasing.There is also one more trend here. And it is this: we have a public culture in which what counts as offensive is rapidly expandingThis is mainly because of three reasons: First most community identites in Indian politics are built around a narrative of victimhood. Community needs to feel under assault to keep them together. Otherwise difference within a community will cause it to split.Second is that what unites these communities is icons and not their thoughts. Community membership is signaled by defending iconsThird is political insecurity. The only Indian politicians who are secure are those who are embedded in community indentities. So they have a vested interest in getting outraged easily.
Now lets talk about caste and reservation.Now there is an upcoming bill on reservations in promotions.There seems to be political consensus around it. This political consensus does not mean normative consensus.This is because caste and reservations run so deep in Indian society that all political parties feel that only sensible thing to do is withdraw in silence.One more trend can be mentioned here.At the time of independence there was consensus that affirmative action must be benefit Dalits.But now this affirmative action has been generalised by indiscriminately expanding categories of backwadness.Reservations are no longer about historical wrong or discrimination. But they have become tools to access power
Lets turn to another daunting challenge Indian state faces and that is communalism.NarodaPatiya case. This was the first case in the history of India where senior politicians were convicted for riots.Many feel that if such type of convictions had happened in 1984, then perhaps 2002 would not have happened.So there are 2 trends here: first is that Indian moderate middle has grown much larger and it continues to expand.Second trend is that the system will not excuse what it excused in 1984
Women. Ethical maturity of our society will be measured by how women fare in it.But unfortunately Indian state has been ignoring one of the central challeges and that is transformation of gender relations.A survey can be cited here. According to Thomas Reuters Foundation, India is the 5th worst place to be a women. First is afganistan, Congo, Pakistan and somalia.There is also talk of women’s reservation bill and etc and but one trend that can be mentioned here is the impact of NREGA.Majority paricipants of NREGA are women, so in 10 years from now its effect will be visible on empowerment of women.
Now on law and judiciary, a quote by arundhatiroy is very important. She says that” in India we don’t get punishment after due process, due process itself is the punishment.”Law is required to liberate us from fear. But in India law itself creates its own fear.Second trend here is that our judiciary is political. Now normally people think that Indian judiciary is independent. But that is not the case in reality. This is because suppose, if Indian judiciary challenges exisiting power structure too radically, there is fear that it will be overruled by unconstitutional means. This has actually not happened in India precisely because Indian judiciary has never ever seriously challenged the exisiting power structure.Indian judiciary is political. This is not in partisan political sense like for BJP or for congress. But political in the sense that the judiciary takes care that it does not lose its power by taking on the state too radically.3rd and postive trend that can be mentioned here is that Indian judiciary has been mostly unbiased in dealing religious, ethnic or linguistic minorities
The “time” magazine called our Prime Minister an “Underachiever”.This is like Sherlock Holmes saying” now we have firm grasp of the obvious”.This article became news, it was front page headline in many newspapers even PMO responded to the article.It was just an article. But still why this happened? There are 2 trends here:1. there is serious lack of intellectual self confidence. We constantly take our measure from abroad.2. there is serious crisis of credibility both in our media and academicsWhat we can say with regards to this is that it is hard to imagine India achieving any measure of greatness, if it cannot take its own measure.
Indian politics follows the law of opposites.We feel that if public sector is faltering, private sector will deliver.If centre is faltering, states will deliver.There is a lot of enthusiasm for states in IndiaThis is because some CMs on mission mode do some things right. Like PDS in TN, Manufacturing in Gujrat, cycle distribution in Bihar.But in reality most of the states have been unable to takcle the most serious challeges they face.First, power. Power is in mess in almost all states. Evidence of that we have seen in recent grid failureSecond, education. Now, education is a state subject. But still not one state has been able to come up with one national class university.Third, Urbanisation. Some states like Andhra Pradesh, Karanataka, Maharashtra went for developing an economic powerhouse. But this has created unstainable imbalance in the state. The cities are also in bad shape. It is said that Mumbai is in such a bad situation that it can collapse at any timeFourth, states have also failed in properly devolving power to panchayats and states.So we can say here that, state should grow in importance but they are not panacea for all our problems.
We will very briefly discuss foreign policy here. Now there is curious seperation between domestic politics and foreign policy.Foreign policy is simply not an election issue.Our national governments are coalitions having many regional level parties who have no interest in foreign policy.This is going to change.Just as in 1970s economy became part of politics, foreign policy will also become part of politics.
If politics is India’s favourite sport, then corruption is the most favourite player.There is so much anger and frustration against corruption. But actually I am very happy about all this corruption that is coming. People tend to think corruption that has been exposed is just the tip of iceberg. Some feel that it is not even tip of the iceberg. People feel that this is symptom of deeper malaise in the system.That is not true. Actually it is a sign of governance revoultion happening in India. And here come my most favourite part of this presentation.
Governance revolution.Revolution means that the old is getting replace by something new.The old Indian state is getting replace by a new Indian state.This old Indian state was founded on 4 principle. And all these prinicples are collapsing.First is verticle accountability. Previously we had a system where secretary was accountable to the minister, minister accountable to PM, PM accountable to Parliament. Parliament accountable to people. Now this structure has completely collapsed. Now anybody can question the govt. let it be CAG, media, judiciary or evern ordinary aamadmi.Second priniciple was secrecy. Everything was secret. The Indian state knew much more that aamadmi. This has changed because of 2 things. First is of course, RTI. And secondly and more importantly, civil society can themeslevesmobilise information. For example if PMC does not want to measure how much pollution is there in city. An NGO can come up and measure on their own and say to PMC look how much you are polluting the city.Third principle was dicretion. There was wide discretion, there still is. But there is so much anger against this any new law that comes up will try to minimise discretion.Fourth principle was centalisatio. We are already familiar with the fact that federalism is rising in importance.So all the corruption exposes that we have seen are actually because they violated some of these principle. 2G scam ecposure violated verticleaccountibily. Irrigation scam ecposure in maharashtra violated the secrecy principle. Etc.So these corruption exposures are actually cleaning up the system. One thing that can be said here with confidence that no matter what happens. No govt can dare allocate natural nresouuceslik e this.
I would like to conclude here by quoting one prominent Indian politician.“ congress is trying to win, BJP is trying to win, I hope in the end India wins”Thank you.