This document summarizes the major diseases of avocado, with a focus on Phytophthora root rot (PRR) which is the most important disease worldwide. PRR has crippled avocado production in many regions through tree mortality. Symptoms include dark necrotic roots, wilting, defoliation, and excessive small fruit set. The causal agent, Phytophthora cinnamomi, has a wide geographic distribution. Management strategies for PRR include exclusion through pathogen-free plants and sanitation, raised beds, soil amendments, and developing resistant rootstocks.
Pollination and pollinizer effects on fruit cropsParmarVijayk
This document discusses pollination and pollinizer problems in various fruit crops and their control. It provides an introduction to pollination, defines what pollination is, and discusses factors that affect effective pollination such as pollinizers, planting plans, spacing, management of pollinizers, and climatic factors. For several fruit crops including mango, papaya, citrus, sapota, litchi, custard apple, ber, and aonla, it discusses their mode of pollination, potential pollinators, problems with pollination, and suggestions to improve pollination. Honeybees are highlighted as one of the most effective pollinators.
This document provides information on crop improvement and recent advances in apples. It discusses the botanical details of apples, including their origin, chromosome number, and pollination method. It then covers the importance and uses of apples, their nutritional value, present production scenarios, centers of diversity, cytogenetics, floral biology, inheritance of traits, genetic resources, breeding methods including introduction, selection, hybridization and mutation, important varieties from different regions, and future directions for apple breeding focusing on wider adaptability, improved quality, and disease/pest resistance.
This document provides an overview of apple breeding. It discusses the origin and domestication of apples, with their center of origin including Asia Minor, the Caucasus, central Asia, Himalayan India and Pakistan and western China. Apple is a diploid species that reproduces sexually. The document outlines important apple rootstocks and their characteristics, as well as objectives for rootstock breeding including resistance to pests and diseases. It also discusses limitations in conventional apple breeding and new techniques to address these limitations.
For improvement of Fruit Cultivars Through approaches and new transgenic technologies can be applied in order to quickly incorporate traits of economic importance
Origin, distribution, area & production, taxonomy, floral biology, varieties, and species, objective of breeding in different countries and major breeding programmes, approaches and achivements
This document discusses the breeding of cherry and strawberry plants. It provides information on the ploidy levels, breeding objectives, systems, and techniques used for both crops. For cherry, the key points are that sweet cherries are mostly self-incompatible while sour cherries are self-fruitful. Breeding objectives include increasing disease resistance, fruit quality, and yield. Methods discussed include inbreeding, interspecific hybridization, and mutation breeding. For strawberry, objectives are to improve yield, fruit quality, and disease/pest resistance. Their octoploid nature allows for interspecific hybridization to transfer genes between species. Micropropagation, thermotherapy, and recombinant DNA techniques have also been utilized.
Pollination and pollinizer effects on fruit cropsParmarVijayk
This document discusses pollination and pollinizer problems in various fruit crops and their control. It provides an introduction to pollination, defines what pollination is, and discusses factors that affect effective pollination such as pollinizers, planting plans, spacing, management of pollinizers, and climatic factors. For several fruit crops including mango, papaya, citrus, sapota, litchi, custard apple, ber, and aonla, it discusses their mode of pollination, potential pollinators, problems with pollination, and suggestions to improve pollination. Honeybees are highlighted as one of the most effective pollinators.
This document provides information on crop improvement and recent advances in apples. It discusses the botanical details of apples, including their origin, chromosome number, and pollination method. It then covers the importance and uses of apples, their nutritional value, present production scenarios, centers of diversity, cytogenetics, floral biology, inheritance of traits, genetic resources, breeding methods including introduction, selection, hybridization and mutation, important varieties from different regions, and future directions for apple breeding focusing on wider adaptability, improved quality, and disease/pest resistance.
This document provides an overview of apple breeding. It discusses the origin and domestication of apples, with their center of origin including Asia Minor, the Caucasus, central Asia, Himalayan India and Pakistan and western China. Apple is a diploid species that reproduces sexually. The document outlines important apple rootstocks and their characteristics, as well as objectives for rootstock breeding including resistance to pests and diseases. It also discusses limitations in conventional apple breeding and new techniques to address these limitations.
For improvement of Fruit Cultivars Through approaches and new transgenic technologies can be applied in order to quickly incorporate traits of economic importance
Origin, distribution, area & production, taxonomy, floral biology, varieties, and species, objective of breeding in different countries and major breeding programmes, approaches and achivements
This document discusses the breeding of cherry and strawberry plants. It provides information on the ploidy levels, breeding objectives, systems, and techniques used for both crops. For cherry, the key points are that sweet cherries are mostly self-incompatible while sour cherries are self-fruitful. Breeding objectives include increasing disease resistance, fruit quality, and yield. Methods discussed include inbreeding, interspecific hybridization, and mutation breeding. For strawberry, objectives are to improve yield, fruit quality, and disease/pest resistance. Their octoploid nature allows for interspecific hybridization to transfer genes between species. Micropropagation, thermotherapy, and recombinant DNA techniques have also been utilized.
The pineapple is a tropical and subtropical fruit .
Pineapple (Ananas comosus) is one of the commercially important fruit crops of India.
Total annual world production is estimated at 14.6 MT of fruits.
India is the fifth largest producer of pineapple with an annual output of about 1.2 MT.
common throughout the Bromeliaceae but Ananus is typically diploid (2n=2X=50)while pseudananas is tetraploid (2n=4X=100).Some triplod genotype with 2n=3x=75(e.g. Cayenne BR59,Spanish GU75-2 and DOS indios BR47)have also reported to exist.
Other leading producers are Thailand, Philippines, Brazil, China, Nigeria, Mexico, Indonesia, Colombia and USA.Cultivation of pineapple originated in Brazil.
This document provides information on pear and jackfruit breeding. It discusses the classification, origin, species, cultivars, genetics, breeding objectives, approaches, and current improvement efforts for both crops. For pear breeding, it outlines the key species, objectives like increasing yield and quality, and approaches such as hybridization and mutation breeding. For jackfruit, it discusses classification, origin, species, cultivars, genetics, flowering biology, breeding objectives like increasing pulp percentage and yield, and current selection efforts. The document thus provides a high-level overview of pear and jackfruit breeding programs.
This document provides information about avocados, including their botanical name (Persea americana), family (Lauraceae), origin (tropical America), and chromosome number (2n=24). It then discusses four physiological disorders that can affect avocados: grey pulp caused by moisture stress and sunlight; tip burn caused by chloride toxicity and high temperatures; pulp spot caused by moisture loss during post-harvest handling; and mesocarp discolouration caused by the polyphenol oxidase enzyme and increasing ethylene levels. Remedies for each disorder are also provided, such as proper irrigation management, incorporation of organic matter, and preventing cut surfaces from direct contact with air.
1) Peach breeding aims to develop varieties with better fruit quality, long shelf life, resistance to pests and diseases, and tolerance to high temperatures. Approaches include introduction, selection, hybridization, and mutation breeding.
2) Important breeding objectives are reducing chilling requirements, developing dwarf varieties suitable for high-density planting, and increasing resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.
3) Future work includes utilizing genetic resources from related species and incorporating molecular marker technologies to efficiently transfer important traits into new varieties.
“Advances in breeding of aonla ”
“Advances in breeding of aonla , breeding method of aonla ppt, new breeding method of aonla by gangaram rana, “Advances in breeding of aonla igkv , mutation breeding of aonla
Center of Origin, Diversity in horticultural crops, Ishita Dey
This presentation summarizes Nikola Vavilov's theory of centers of origin for crop plants from 1926. It identifies 8 main centers: China, India, Central Asia, Asia Minor, Mediterranean, Abyssinia, Central America, and South America, as well as 3 subsidiary centers. The presentation then provides examples of key crops originating from each center. It also discusses primary, secondary, and micro centers of origin. Finally, it outlines 8 key gene centers within India and lists some prominent crops originating from each center, including the Western and Eastern Himalayas, North-Eastern Region, Gangetic Plains, Indus Plains, Eastern and Western Peninsular Regions, and Island Regions.
This document summarizes information about breeding in avocados. It discusses the taxonomy and genetic resources of avocados, focusing on the three main races: Mexican, Guatemalan, and West Indian. The breeding objectives are outlined as developing high yielding cultivars with regular bearing, dwarfing rootstocks, and disease resistance. Breeding methods discussed include selection of superior cultivars, hybridization between the races to extend harvest seasons, and induced polyploidy, though fruit set is reduced with polyploidy.
This document provides information on peach breeding and characteristics. It discusses the scientific classification of peaches, describes peach flower and bud structures, and lists breeding objectives such as developing cultivars with low chilling requirements. It also outlines ideal peach tree characteristics and fruit traits. The document details breeding methods used such as introduction and selection of varieties from other regions, hybridization, and clonal selection. It discusses modern approaches like using molecular markers for genetic evaluation and development of peach germplasm collections.
The document provides information on banana breeding approaches. It discusses the origin and diversity of banana germplasm resources that are conserved in field gene banks and in vitro. The major objectives of banana breeding programs are outlined, which include developing varieties with traits like dwarf stature, disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and fruit quality. The genomic classification of banana varieties is explained based on their parentage from Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana. Important cultivated varieties from different genomic groups are also highlighted.
This document discusses breeding methods and objectives for improving citrus crops. It covers the botany, taxonomy, centers of diversity, history of improvement efforts, problems in breeding, objectives, floral biology, pollen storage and viability, and introduction of new germplasm for breeding programs in India. The goal of citrus breeding programs is to develop varieties with traits like early maturity, high yield, fruit quality, disease resistance, and suitability for different growing regions.
The document provides information on pear breeding including the origin, domestication, genetic resources, centers of diversity, species, floral biology, pollination, problems in breeding, introduction, clonal selection, hybridization, mutation, molecular breeding and fruit quality of pears. It discusses how pears were domesticated in various regions during the 19th century and introduces some improved varieties developed through introduction, selection, hybridization and mutation breeding.
“Advances in breeding of mango ”
Advances breeding of Mango, breeding of mango, mutation breeding og mango ,breeding of mango by gangaram rana ppt , breeding of mango in igkv
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CANOPY TYPE ON PRODUCTION AND QUALITY OF FRUIT CROPSAmanDohre
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CANOPY TYPE ON PRODUCTION AND QUALITY OF FRUIT CROPS
Different canopy types have varying effects on the production and quality of fruit crops. Open canopies, characterized by sparse foliage and ample light penetration, promote fruit ripening, coloration, and sugar accumulation, enhancing fruit quality attributes such as taste and appearance. However, they may be prone to sunburn and require careful irrigation management to prevent water stress. Dense canopies, with thick foliage cover, provide shade and protection against sunburn but may inhibit fruit ripening and reduce fruit quality due to limited light penetration and air circulation. Balanced canopies, achieved through proper pruning and canopy management, optimize light exposure and airflow, ensuring optimal fruit production and quality.
This document discusses breeding techniques in plums. It begins by providing the scientific classification of plums, noting they are in the genus Prunus, subgenus Prunus. It then describes the two main species of plums grown worldwide - European plums (Prunus domestica) and Japanese plums (P. salicina). The document outlines plum flowering and pollination, describing flowers and noting most varieties are self-fertile. It concludes by listing some popular plum varieties and discussing plum germplasm collection and breeding programs.
“Advances in breeding of grapes ”
Advances breeding of Grape, breeding of grape, mutation breeding of grape, biotechnology breeding of grape ppt, breeding of grape by gangaram rana, Advances breeding of Grape in igkv ,
The document provides information on the litchi plant, including its botanical name, family, origin in China, climate adaptability, and pollination. It notes litchi has two species, Litchi chinensis and L. philippinesis. Key information includes the plant's heterostyle dichogamy, stimulative parthenocarpy, panicle inflorescence, edible fleshy aril, and cross pollination by honey bees. The document also discusses desirable cultivar characteristics like fruit weight, shape, shelf life, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.
Malus germplasm collections contain over 6734 apple accessions, with over 5000 maintained in field collections. Several research centers in India focus on collecting and conserving apple germplasm, especially in the North West Himalayan region. Breeding objectives for apple include developing varieties with traits like early maturity, high yields, red color, and resistance to diseases and pests. Rootstock breeding aims to create stocks with traits like productivity, tree size control, and resistance to soil problems and woolly aphid. Methods used in apple crop improvement include introduction, selection, hybridization, mutation, and biotechnology.
Avocado is a nutritious fruit. But awareness about it in Pakistan is not significant. Actually many people think that it does not grow in Pakistan. So here is the file comprising basic information about the production technology.
Avacado diseases By Allah Dad Khan Provincial Coordinator IPM KPK MINFALMr.Allah Dad Khan
This document summarizes several common diseases that affect avocado trees:
- Anthracnose causes chlorotic and necrotic spots on leaves and fruit and can lead to defoliation. It is caused by the fungus Glomerella cingulata and spreads through rain splash. Management includes pruning dead material and maintaining dry conditions.
- Scab appears as brown or purple spots on fruit and is caused by the fungus Sphaceloma perseae. High humidity encourages its spread. Copper fungicides and tolerant varieties can help control it.
- Phytophthora root rot causes black lesions on roots and leads to premature leaf drop and yield decline. The oomycete Phytoph
The pineapple is a tropical and subtropical fruit .
Pineapple (Ananas comosus) is one of the commercially important fruit crops of India.
Total annual world production is estimated at 14.6 MT of fruits.
India is the fifth largest producer of pineapple with an annual output of about 1.2 MT.
common throughout the Bromeliaceae but Ananus is typically diploid (2n=2X=50)while pseudananas is tetraploid (2n=4X=100).Some triplod genotype with 2n=3x=75(e.g. Cayenne BR59,Spanish GU75-2 and DOS indios BR47)have also reported to exist.
Other leading producers are Thailand, Philippines, Brazil, China, Nigeria, Mexico, Indonesia, Colombia and USA.Cultivation of pineapple originated in Brazil.
This document provides information on pear and jackfruit breeding. It discusses the classification, origin, species, cultivars, genetics, breeding objectives, approaches, and current improvement efforts for both crops. For pear breeding, it outlines the key species, objectives like increasing yield and quality, and approaches such as hybridization and mutation breeding. For jackfruit, it discusses classification, origin, species, cultivars, genetics, flowering biology, breeding objectives like increasing pulp percentage and yield, and current selection efforts. The document thus provides a high-level overview of pear and jackfruit breeding programs.
This document provides information about avocados, including their botanical name (Persea americana), family (Lauraceae), origin (tropical America), and chromosome number (2n=24). It then discusses four physiological disorders that can affect avocados: grey pulp caused by moisture stress and sunlight; tip burn caused by chloride toxicity and high temperatures; pulp spot caused by moisture loss during post-harvest handling; and mesocarp discolouration caused by the polyphenol oxidase enzyme and increasing ethylene levels. Remedies for each disorder are also provided, such as proper irrigation management, incorporation of organic matter, and preventing cut surfaces from direct contact with air.
1) Peach breeding aims to develop varieties with better fruit quality, long shelf life, resistance to pests and diseases, and tolerance to high temperatures. Approaches include introduction, selection, hybridization, and mutation breeding.
2) Important breeding objectives are reducing chilling requirements, developing dwarf varieties suitable for high-density planting, and increasing resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.
3) Future work includes utilizing genetic resources from related species and incorporating molecular marker technologies to efficiently transfer important traits into new varieties.
“Advances in breeding of aonla ”
“Advances in breeding of aonla , breeding method of aonla ppt, new breeding method of aonla by gangaram rana, “Advances in breeding of aonla igkv , mutation breeding of aonla
Center of Origin, Diversity in horticultural crops, Ishita Dey
This presentation summarizes Nikola Vavilov's theory of centers of origin for crop plants from 1926. It identifies 8 main centers: China, India, Central Asia, Asia Minor, Mediterranean, Abyssinia, Central America, and South America, as well as 3 subsidiary centers. The presentation then provides examples of key crops originating from each center. It also discusses primary, secondary, and micro centers of origin. Finally, it outlines 8 key gene centers within India and lists some prominent crops originating from each center, including the Western and Eastern Himalayas, North-Eastern Region, Gangetic Plains, Indus Plains, Eastern and Western Peninsular Regions, and Island Regions.
This document summarizes information about breeding in avocados. It discusses the taxonomy and genetic resources of avocados, focusing on the three main races: Mexican, Guatemalan, and West Indian. The breeding objectives are outlined as developing high yielding cultivars with regular bearing, dwarfing rootstocks, and disease resistance. Breeding methods discussed include selection of superior cultivars, hybridization between the races to extend harvest seasons, and induced polyploidy, though fruit set is reduced with polyploidy.
This document provides information on peach breeding and characteristics. It discusses the scientific classification of peaches, describes peach flower and bud structures, and lists breeding objectives such as developing cultivars with low chilling requirements. It also outlines ideal peach tree characteristics and fruit traits. The document details breeding methods used such as introduction and selection of varieties from other regions, hybridization, and clonal selection. It discusses modern approaches like using molecular markers for genetic evaluation and development of peach germplasm collections.
The document provides information on banana breeding approaches. It discusses the origin and diversity of banana germplasm resources that are conserved in field gene banks and in vitro. The major objectives of banana breeding programs are outlined, which include developing varieties with traits like dwarf stature, disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and fruit quality. The genomic classification of banana varieties is explained based on their parentage from Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana. Important cultivated varieties from different genomic groups are also highlighted.
This document discusses breeding methods and objectives for improving citrus crops. It covers the botany, taxonomy, centers of diversity, history of improvement efforts, problems in breeding, objectives, floral biology, pollen storage and viability, and introduction of new germplasm for breeding programs in India. The goal of citrus breeding programs is to develop varieties with traits like early maturity, high yield, fruit quality, disease resistance, and suitability for different growing regions.
The document provides information on pear breeding including the origin, domestication, genetic resources, centers of diversity, species, floral biology, pollination, problems in breeding, introduction, clonal selection, hybridization, mutation, molecular breeding and fruit quality of pears. It discusses how pears were domesticated in various regions during the 19th century and introduces some improved varieties developed through introduction, selection, hybridization and mutation breeding.
“Advances in breeding of mango ”
Advances breeding of Mango, breeding of mango, mutation breeding og mango ,breeding of mango by gangaram rana ppt , breeding of mango in igkv
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CANOPY TYPE ON PRODUCTION AND QUALITY OF FRUIT CROPSAmanDohre
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CANOPY TYPE ON PRODUCTION AND QUALITY OF FRUIT CROPS
Different canopy types have varying effects on the production and quality of fruit crops. Open canopies, characterized by sparse foliage and ample light penetration, promote fruit ripening, coloration, and sugar accumulation, enhancing fruit quality attributes such as taste and appearance. However, they may be prone to sunburn and require careful irrigation management to prevent water stress. Dense canopies, with thick foliage cover, provide shade and protection against sunburn but may inhibit fruit ripening and reduce fruit quality due to limited light penetration and air circulation. Balanced canopies, achieved through proper pruning and canopy management, optimize light exposure and airflow, ensuring optimal fruit production and quality.
This document discusses breeding techniques in plums. It begins by providing the scientific classification of plums, noting they are in the genus Prunus, subgenus Prunus. It then describes the two main species of plums grown worldwide - European plums (Prunus domestica) and Japanese plums (P. salicina). The document outlines plum flowering and pollination, describing flowers and noting most varieties are self-fertile. It concludes by listing some popular plum varieties and discussing plum germplasm collection and breeding programs.
“Advances in breeding of grapes ”
Advances breeding of Grape, breeding of grape, mutation breeding of grape, biotechnology breeding of grape ppt, breeding of grape by gangaram rana, Advances breeding of Grape in igkv ,
The document provides information on the litchi plant, including its botanical name, family, origin in China, climate adaptability, and pollination. It notes litchi has two species, Litchi chinensis and L. philippinesis. Key information includes the plant's heterostyle dichogamy, stimulative parthenocarpy, panicle inflorescence, edible fleshy aril, and cross pollination by honey bees. The document also discusses desirable cultivar characteristics like fruit weight, shape, shelf life, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.
Malus germplasm collections contain over 6734 apple accessions, with over 5000 maintained in field collections. Several research centers in India focus on collecting and conserving apple germplasm, especially in the North West Himalayan region. Breeding objectives for apple include developing varieties with traits like early maturity, high yields, red color, and resistance to diseases and pests. Rootstock breeding aims to create stocks with traits like productivity, tree size control, and resistance to soil problems and woolly aphid. Methods used in apple crop improvement include introduction, selection, hybridization, mutation, and biotechnology.
Avocado is a nutritious fruit. But awareness about it in Pakistan is not significant. Actually many people think that it does not grow in Pakistan. So here is the file comprising basic information about the production technology.
Avacado diseases By Allah Dad Khan Provincial Coordinator IPM KPK MINFALMr.Allah Dad Khan
This document summarizes several common diseases that affect avocado trees:
- Anthracnose causes chlorotic and necrotic spots on leaves and fruit and can lead to defoliation. It is caused by the fungus Glomerella cingulata and spreads through rain splash. Management includes pruning dead material and maintaining dry conditions.
- Scab appears as brown or purple spots on fruit and is caused by the fungus Sphaceloma perseae. High humidity encourages its spread. Copper fungicides and tolerant varieties can help control it.
- Phytophthora root rot causes black lesions on roots and leads to premature leaf drop and yield decline. The oomycete Phytoph
Turner Hass is a large-fruited sport of Hass avocado that produces 10% heavier crops than regular Hass. It has richer flavor than Hass but slightly trails in dry matter accumulation. The fruit is approximately 17% larger than Hass with higher flesh recovery. About 1% of Turner Hass fruit has natural chimera markings but is marketed as regular Hass. Two new rootstock varieties, SHSR-02 and SHSR-04, show potential for high production and disease resistance across different environments. SHSR-02 has good uniformity and resistance to Phytophthora root rot. SHSR-04 has significantly better health than other rootstocks and is easy to clone.
Alternate bearing in avocado is caused by heavy crops reducing resources for the next season. Nutrition plays a role and proper phosphorus control is important. Nutrient needs depend on yield, soil type, and climate. Nitrogen controls the vegetative-reproductive balance and timing of applications can reduce alternate bearing. More research is still needed on seasonal uptake patterns and fine-tuning fertilization recommendations to local conditions.
This document summarizes the history and current status of the New Zealand avocado industry. It discusses key events from the 1920s to present day, including the establishment of commercial orchards and industry organizations. Production has grown significantly since the 1990s and projections estimate continued expansion to over 7 million trays by 2015. The document also outlines New Zealand's competitive advantages in export markets and strategic focus on the Pacific Rim region.
Alternate bearing in avocados is genetically encoded and can be difficult to manage. It is usually precipitated by abnormal crops that stress the tree's resources. While alternate bearing indexes show it is a problem globally, management strategies like pruning, nutrition timing, and growth regulators can help reduce its amplitude. Achieving the proper balance of vegetative and reproductive growth is key to stabilizing yields from year to year.
This document provides information on avocados, including that they are native to Mexico and Central America, they grow on perennial plants, and prefer tropical or subtropical climates with temperatures between 26-30°C. It also outlines common pests like avocado thrips and diseases like anthracnose that affect avocados, as well as cultivation practices like irrigation, fertilizing, and harvesting the fruit.
In this presentation we are talking about the environmental factors : climate,rain seasons,major soils and management them by scientific methods to achieve a high yield in the production.
Note: Most of data and maps selected from the trusted websites of the Research centers and other univeristies
Avocado Pilot grew from three years of grappling with one question. Could I re-think everything I knew about strategic and scenario planning and global transition and make it useful to anybody figuring out what to do next with their lives? The results of my research and trial runs surprised me. We are all players in the Personal Revolution thanks to the combination of social media, ever smarter phones and a fast proliferating network society that is transforming work, play, family and identity. We all need futurist thinking tools to design and redesign our lives. Knowing how precious time is to the people who most need it, I compressed the seven modules into a “power weekend” at fabulous venues to Re-Cycle Re-Juvenate and Re-Design. Visit the website and book your flight!
This document proposes developing a commercial jackfruit industry in Karnataka, India by establishing a Jackfruit Institute and processing centers. It notes that 75% of jackfruit in Karnataka is currently wasted, representing lost economic and food security opportunities. It discusses how case studies of other crop commercialization (potato, pineapple, pomegranate) and precedents in other regions show the need for variety research, processing technology development, and strategic marketing. The national and international markets for jackfruit products are growing, indicating it is the right time for Karnataka to invest in its jackfruit industry.
Delicious Health Benefits of Avocado – 10 Reasons Why You Should Eat More Avocados Every Day
Check out the full article here: http://servingjoy.com/delicious-health-benefits-of-avocado/
Grant Thorp - Orchard and canopy management (integrated orchard management)MacadamiaSociety
This document summarizes a presentation about opportunities to improve macadamia canopy management through more intensive growing systems. It notes that macadamias, like other crops, could benefit from further developing growing techniques to increase yields. Specifically, it suggests manipulating tree architecture and light interception through improved pruning and training systems, as well as investigating new cultivars and rootstocks to better control tree size and flowering. Adopting approaches used successfully in other tree crops, like avocados, through slender pyramid training systems could help intensify macadamia production.
Mexico and California are the two largest producers of avocados. Mexico provides 68% of the world's avocados while California produces 90% of the US supply. There are over 30 varieties of avocados with Hass being the most popular due to its ability to produce fruit year-round. Avocados are high in nutrients and contain monounsaturated fat that can help with weight loss. They are used in many dishes from guacamole to salads to sandwiches.
This document provides information about avocados from several presenters. It discusses the botanical classification of avocados, their nutritional profile including fiber and healthy fats, tips for selecting, storing and eating avocados. The history of avocados is covered, noting they were originally described as "poor man's butter." Presenters include a biologist, chefs and nutritionists who provide details on avocado varieties, health benefits, and demonstrate how to make avocado juice.
B.sc. agri i po h unit 4.3 cultivation practices of grapeRai University
This document provides information on cultivation practices of grapes. It discusses the botany of grapes, varieties commonly grown in India such as Thompson Seedless and Anab-e-Shahi, and cultivation methods including propagation, training, pruning, fertilization and pest/disease management. Climate and soil requirements are also outlined. Major grape growing regions in India are described.
The document discusses the morphology, anatomy, and reproductive structures of gymnosperms. It focuses on Cycas, describing its external morphology such as its unbranched stem covered in persistent leaf bases and pinnately compound leaves. Internally, it notes Cycas has monoxylic wood and coralloid roots that form a symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria. It also details the structures and development of male and female reproductive organs in Cycas, which are dioecious and wind pollinated. Cycas reproduces sexually through seeds and vegetatively through bulbils.
The document summarizes information about avocados, including their origins, production, uses, and health benefits. It notes that Mexico and California are the two largest producers, with Mexico providing 68% of the world's avocados. Avocados are versatile and commonly eaten in guacamole, on sandwiches, and with various meats and fish. They are high in beneficial fats and nutrients.
This document discusses post-harvest handling systems of tropical fruits in Malaysia. It provides an overview of fruit production and consumption in the country. Some of the main challenges with post-harvest handling identified are rough transportation practices, lack of cooling facilities, and inadequate training. Solutions proposed include improving technology transfer related to harvesting, packaging, storage and other post-harvest processes, as well as increasing cooperation across government agencies and the private sector.
Integrated Pest Management- floricultureDeepak Kamboj
IPM is a pest management system that in the context of associated environment and population dynamics, utilizes all the appropriate techniques to minimize the pest population levels below those causing economic injury.
Pineapple heart rot is caused by the oomycete pathogens Phytophthora parasitica and Phytophthora cinnamomi. The fungi infect pineapple plants through irrigation water and rain splash, colonizing the plant roots and basal leaves. Symptoms include yellowing and browning of leaf tips and a soft, watery rot at the base of leaves. Severe infections can spread up the plant stem and rot developing fruit. The disease is managed through use of disease-free planting material, crop rotation, resistant varieties, and fungicide applications.
Phytophthora cinnamomi, commonly known as Pc, is a soil-borne root rot fungus that infects and kills many plant species. It spreads through the soil and water on infected roots and releases spores that can remain dormant until conditions are suitable for infection. Pc favors wet, acidic soils and has been detected in several areas of South Australia, including the Fleurieu Peninsula. While there is no cure, its spread can be prevented by understanding its lifecycle and limiting movement between infected and uninfected areas.
This document discusses the early history of plant pathology and the role of fungi in plant diseases. It describes how ancient texts like the Rig Veda and Vraksha Ayurveda showed early understanding of plant diseases and their microbial causes. Throughout history, plant diseases were often attributed to supernatural causes. However, in the 17th-18th centuries, scientists like Anton van Leeuwenhoek and Pier Antonio Micheli began careful microscopic study of fungi and their role in plant diseases. This laid the foundations for the modern science of plant pathology.
This document provides a case study on Phytophthora pod rot, a fungal disease of the cocoa tree Theobroma cacao. It discusses the disease cycle and symptoms, including necrotic lesions and rotting of cocoa pods. The disease is caused by the oomycete Phytophthora and has several species that are major pathogens. It is responsible for approximately 70% of global cocoa crop losses. Management strategies discussed include fungicide application, phytosanitation like pruning diseased material, and breeding resistant varieties, but note that an integrated approach is needed to effectively control the disease.
Sue Thompson DAFF Queensland, discusses symptoms, hosts, survival and how to reduce survival of Diaporthe /Phomopsis spp inoculum in the field. Adapted from a soybean research meeting in Griffith, NSW on 23 September 2014. More information at http://www.extensionaus.com.au/
Major diseases of jackfruit include die back caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae, and fruit rots caused by Rhizopus artocarpus and Phytopthora palmivora. Die back results in discoloration and wilting of branches from the tip downwards. Fruit rots lead to soft rotting of young fruits. Management strategies include pruning, removing diseased plant material, and spraying fungicides like carbendazim, thiophanate methyl, and benomyl. Minor diseases include leaf spot caused by Phyllosticta artocarina and pink disease caused by Botryobasidium salmonicola, which can be controlled by spraying fungicides.
This document provides information on several fungal, bacterial, viral, nematode, phytoplasmal and spiroplasmal diseases that affect citrus plants. It discusses the pathogens, symptoms, and management strategies for key diseases such as gummosis caused by Phytophthora species, citrus scab caused by Elsinoë fawcetti, and powdery mildew caused by various Oidium fungi. The document is intended as a reference for identifying and managing important citrus diseases.
This document discusses plant diseases, their importance, causes, and principles of disease control. It notes that plant diseases have impacted humanity throughout history, causing famines from crop losses of 30-50% in some areas. Environmental factors like temperature, humidity, soil properties, and nutrients can influence disease development. Control methods aim to exclude, eradicate, or protect against pathogens using practices like sanitation, crop rotation, and regulating the environment, along with developing host resistance. The key message is that prayer and respecting one's mother are more protective than any security.
This document discusses plant diseases, their importance, causes, and principles of disease control. It notes that plant diseases have impacted humanity throughout history, causing famines. While diseases are natural, annual crop losses of 30-50% are common in developing countries. Major disease factors include temperature, humidity, soil properties, and nutrients. Control methods center on exclusion, eradication, protection, and improving host resistance/immunity. The key is that a mother's prayers are the best protection, so we shouldn't hurt our mothers with our words.
In nature, insects use organic compounds called pheromones to communicate with each other, sending signals to help them attract a mate, send alarm signals or otherwise affect behaviour.
Insect Science's focus is on developing responsible pest-management solutions for the monitoring and control of insects that cause damage to commercial crops, stored food such as grains, and pests found in the home and garden.
We have spent over two decades researching insects and their behaviour in order to develop innovative products that imitate natural processes. As such, we are a leader in the development and manufacture of semiochemical* based products – an important building block of sustainable responsible pest management (RPM) strategies that form part of a broader integrated pest management (IPM) strategy.
With the help of our targeted pest-management solutions, farmers and homeowners can produce environmentally safe crops and plants with zero harmful residues.
Who is Insect Science?
Insect Science® is a semiochemical company in South Africa where a young innovative team pursues responsible solutions to pest management.
This document discusses various plant diseases and their causes. It notes that 20% of crop yields are lost globally due to plant pathogens, varying by country. Several historical examples of devastating plant diseases are provided, such as the Irish potato famine caused by late blight which led to mass starvation and emigration. The causes of plant diseases are categorized as biotic (living organisms like fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, etc.), mesobiotic (viruses, viroids), and abiotic (environmental factors). Details are given on the characteristics and examples of diseases caused by various fungi, bacteria, viruses, phytoplasmas, nematodes, protozoa, and parasitic plants.
This document discusses quarantine restrictions and the movement of agricultural products, seeds, and planting materials. It describes the goal of quarantine programs to mitigate pest risks through exclusion, surveillance, early detection, and containment. Pests of quarantine significance are those not present in a country and known to cause economic damage. Pathways for pest entry include both natural means like wind and human-mediated means like cargo. Examples are given of introduced pests in India and recommendations are made for efficient pathogen testing, international cooperation, restricting contaminated germplasm, and education and staff training.
Introduction importance scope and objectives of plant pathologyAnurAg Kerketta
This document provides an introduction to the field of plant pathology by defining it as the study of plant diseases, their causes, and management. It discusses how plant pathology relates to other sciences and its key objectives, which include studying the etiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, and control of plant diseases. The document emphasizes the importance of plant pathology, noting that diseases cause billions in annual crop losses worldwide. It provides examples of historical famines and epidemics caused by plant diseases. Finally, it outlines the broad scope of plant pathology in surveying, identifying, assessing, and developing management strategies for economically important plant diseases.
This document discusses organic plum production. It notes that plums share many of the same pests and diseases as other stone fruits like peaches. Major diseases of plums include brown rot, black knot, and leaf scald. Regular applications of wettable sulfur and following good sanitation practices are important for organic disease control. New research also indicates that brown rot can be controlled organically using kaolin clay and sulfur sprays. The document provides information on controlling major plum pests like plum curculio and discusses disease resistant plum varieties.
Biological control approaches in tomato pestsSalu Maharjan
Tomato crops are affected by number of insect pests, but all of them do not cause economic damage. The major insect pests of tomato along with the their biological control is given in this slide.
Mastigomycotina includes chytrids and oomycetes that have both beneficial and harmful aspects. Chytrids are important for decomposition of organic matter in soil and aquatic ecosystems. Some chytrids and oomycetes can be used as research tools or for biological control of pests. However, chytrids can also cause diseases in amphibians and plants. Many oomycetes are plant pathogens that cause serious diseases in crops like potato, grape, and crucifers. They can also disrupt aquatic ecosystems and damage seedlings.
This document provides information on various diseases that affect corn in the Philippines. It discusses 78 total diseases which are broken into 6 bacterial, 54 fungal, 9 nematodal and 9 viral diseases. For several key diseases, it describes the causal organism, symptoms, and recommended control measures. The diseases covered in more detail include downy mildew, banded leaf and sheath blight, northern leaf blight, southern leaf blight, brown spot, leaf rust, stalk rots caused by Pythium, Fusarium, bacteria, ear rots, corn smut, maize dwarf mosaic virus, and purple sheath stain.
The 2005-2009 Australian Avocados marketing strategy aimed to position avocados as a versatile and indispensable ally for time-poor families through a multi-channel campaign emphasizing their health benefits and many uses, and the 2010-2013 strategic plan shifted the focus to everyday applications and building confidence in regular avocado consumption.
Infocado collects data from various modules along the avocado supply chain, including packhouse dispatch, short and seasonal forecasts, wholesaler receivals and sales, and quality metrics. It also obtains retail price and scan data from other sources. This data is compiled into weekly reports on dispatch, forecasts, and wholesaler activity. Quarterly and individual reports are also prepared. Quality information is analyzed and reported showing factors like internal damage levels by type. The collected data provides supply chain visibility and is used to inform planning and decision making.
The document summarizes the agenda and purpose of the Infocado Summit 2010 conference in Melbourne. The summit focused on improving the avocado industry's crop data collection system to better manage supply and demand, reducing price fluctuations. Attendees would discuss how to make the Infocado system more effective and how consumer data could help boost avocado sales potential. The goal was to expand industry knowledge and contacts to strengthen supply chains for all members.
The document summarizes the global avocado industry in 2010. It provides data on production seasons, expected volumes, market distribution and growth projections for the major avocado producing countries. Total global avocado production was over 2 million metric tons for 2010-2011, with Mexico, Chile, Peru and South Africa being the largest producers. Most countries expected production to increase over the next few years through expanding hectares of avocado trees.
This document discusses using market and shopper insights to drive business growth. It provides a case study on fresh produce sales in Australia, noting that Queensland is outperforming while New South Wales is declining. Pre-packed fruits and vegetables are growing faster than loose options. The document suggests ways insights could be used, such as adjusting supply to states, considering pre-packaging, and targeting families and young adults. A second case study examines apples sales in South Australia, which are lagging the overall market.
Martin Kneebone from Freshlogic presented on the fruit and vegetable market over the next 10 years. He discussed macro trends impacting the food market like changing demographics and advancing technologies. The presentation covered current market settings for fruit and vegetables including production, imports, exports, and retail sales. Key drivers shaping the market were identified as well as implications for different players in the supply chain. The presentation concluded by outlining possible developments over the next decade such as more processed foods, imports, control of producer inputs, ethical considerations, new distribution channels, and the impact of social media.
The document discusses building sustainable value chains. It emphasizes the importance of understanding consumers and being relevant to their needs and trends. Value chain design should be based on segmentation and differentiation, designing from the "outside in" based on heterogeneous consumer demands. Value chain management principles include adding more value at lower cost and faster while being sustainable. It involves a paradigm shift from an introspective to outward looking approach with strategic focus, suppliers having major design responsibility, and long-term cooperative partnerships.
1) Concentrate sprays using 3x the volume of dilute sprays provided higher and more even pesticide deposits on avocado trees compared to conventional dilute sprays.
2) The addition of an organosilicone adjuvant like Du-Wett further improved deposition from concentrate sprays and spray distribution within trees.
3) Commercial orchard trials demonstrated that concentrate sprays using 3x the volume plus an adjuvant provided equivalent or better pest and disease control compared to conventional dilute sprays, and improved fruit quality and marketability.
This document discusses heat, light, and water stress in crops and how it can impact yield and quality. It notes that high temperatures can damage plants by impairing photosynthesis and increasing water loss. The document then introduces particle film technologies (PFTs), specifically the product Screen, which contains kaolin particles that reflect light and help keep plant canopies cooler, reducing heat stress. Some growers have reported decreased sunburn and increased premium fruit yields after applying Screen to their avocado blocks.
1) Consumer research on avocados in 2009 found that while price was now the top purchase trigger, quality and presentation remained important. Focus groups found consumers were more price conscious but still accepted some inconsistencies with avocados.
2) Avocado usage has increased, with over 60% of most adult age groups eating them. However, some wastage remains an issue. Avocados are used throughout the week especially at lunch and dinner.
3) Avocados are seen as both an occasional treat and an everyday food. Their creamy texture adds enjoyment to dishes as the "star" or "wow" element, especially in salads and sandwiches. Their roles spans from gourmet to everyday
This document summarizes a presentation on integrated pest management in avocados. It discusses monitoring orchards for pests and determining if they are causing problems. If they are problems, the options for control measures are outlined, including doing nothing and relying on natural controls, or using various chemical or biological controls. It emphasizes using a systematic process of monitoring, assessing problems, considering non-chemical options, deciding on and applying measures, and reassessing their effectiveness. The goal is to make informed decisions as part of an ongoing process of intelligent pest management.
The document outlines HAL's avocado strategy and implementation plan for 2009/2010. The key objectives were to expand consumer usage of avocados by demonstrating their versatility, and to give consumers confidence by showing how to incorporate avocados into meals via recipes and highlighting their health benefits. The strategy involved a "Add an Avo" communications message alongside food inspiration content on television, in magazines, and online to inspire consumers to add avocados to their meals. HAL planned television sponsorships, in-show integrations, online support, and magazine placements targeting mothers and those interested in food and health.
This document discusses avocado production in South Africa and the performance of different avocado rootstocks. It notes that the largest avocado producer in South Africa, Westfalia Technological Services, has been breeding and testing rootstocks for disease resistance and yield. Their rootstock called Dusa has dominated sales and plantings in South Africa and California due to its excellent performance and tolerance to Phytophthora root rot. Commercial evaluations on farms show higher yields from trees grafted to Dusa compared to other rootstocks like Duke 7. Westfalia will continue breeding programs to develop improved rootstocks.
The document outlines a marketing strategy for Australian avocados in the food service industry. It aims to 1) leverage avocados' strengths as healthy and tasty by positioning them as adding value to menus, 2) focus on promoting hot dishes for winter to drive usage, and 3) show chefs how avocados can lift perceptions and sales by adding flavor and excitement to dishes. The strategy then provides details on positioning avocados, developing the right menu strategies, targeting specific customer segments, and launching programs over three years to penetrate menus and measure success.
- The document discusses collecting retail price data for avocados from stores in major Australian cities on a weekly basis to provide transparency on prices paid by consumers.
- Consumer research was also conducted on the probability of purchase at different price points and how this varies by income.
- Historical catalogue special pricing data from major supermarkets in Sydney, Brisbane, Melbourne and Perth from 2009 is presented to show pricing trends over time.
- The collected price data will be reported weekly and linked with other industry data to provide a more complete picture of pricing and returns to growers.
Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd) is the smallest plant pathogen and can cause significant yield loss in avocado crops. Three strains of ASBVd exist which are difficult to distinguish. ASBVd is transmitted through seed, grafting, pruning tools, and root grafting but not insects. The document describes developing a new diagnostic PCR assay with an internal control for more accurate detection of ASBVd. A survey of over 2100 avocado trees in Australia found only one symptomatic tree, indicating ASBVd is now very rare due to the successful Avocado Nursery Voluntary Accreditation Scheme but could still be eradicated.
Maluma was selected in the early 1990s in South Africa as a chance seedling of unknown parentage similar to Hass. It has been granted plant breeder's rights in South Africa and registration is pending in several other countries. Maluma bears fruit earlier than Hass, has a constant and high bearing pattern, and is highly productive even at high densities without growth retardants. It offers advantages over Hass such as disease resistance, attractive appearance, excellent taste, and suitability for early season markets.
This document summarizes a trial of avocado rootstocks in Queensland, Australia that aimed to identify superior rootstocks. It found that the Ashdot rootstock produced the highest yields for both Hass and Shepard varieties. For clonal rootstocks, BC62 consistently produced the highest yields over four seasons and was the most vigorous tree. The trial was supported by industry groups and conducted over multiple years on 11 hectares with monitoring of yields, quality, health and compatibility.
The document summarizes an Australian rootstock program for avocados. It discusses how rootstocks can provide benefits like disease resistance, dwarfing, and improved yield and fruit quality. The program evaluates rootstocks from three botanical races grafted to Hass and Shepard varieties on both seedling and cloned rootstocks. Trials at multiple sites in Australia assess effects on yield, production efficiency, disease resistance, and postharvest quality. Preliminary results found seedling rootstocks SHSR-02 and VelvickD and cloned varieties VelvickCP, Zutano, and Duke 7 performed well overall. However, site history and environment significantly influence results, and there is no evidence cloned rootstocks universally outyield seedlings.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
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This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
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Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and Milvus
Randy ploetz
1. STATUS, IMPACT AND
MANAGEMENT OF
THE MAJOR DISEASES
OF AVOCADO
Randy Ploetz
University of Florida
Homestead, FL USA
kelly12@ufl.edu
http://trec.ifas.ufl.edu/personnel_faculty_randy_ploetz.shtml
4th Australian and New Zealand Avocado Grower’s Conference, Cairns, 21-24 July 2009
21-
3. Disease Overview
•Important avocado diseases
•Impacts
•Geographic distributions
•Symptoms, causes and behaviour
(epidemiology)
•Management
•New and emerging diseases
4. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
23 July, Breakout 7: Plant health - A
•Managing Phytophthora cinnamomi. Dann and Pegg
cinnamomi.
•Improved timing of phosphonate injections for Pc control
in New Zealand. Partridge
5. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
•Most important disease of avocado worldwide
6. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
•Most important disease of avocado worldwide
•PRR has crippled avocado production in tropical
America (avocados must be imported into Puerto
Rico)
7. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
•Most important disease of avocado worldwide
•PRR has crippled avocado production in tropical
America, destroyed important germplasm
collections (e.g. Zamarano)
Zamarano)
8. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
•Most important disease of avocado worldwide
•PRR has crippled avocado production in tropical
America, destroyed important germplasm
collections (e.g. Zamarano), and requires intense
Zamarano),
management in many areas
9. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
•Most important disease of avocado worldwide
•PRR has crippled avocado production in tropical
America, destroyed important germplasm
collections, and requires intense management
•In Australia, losses of A$40 million/yr; in California,
losses of US$44 million in 1989
10. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
•Most important disease of avocado worldwide
•PRR has crippled avocado production in tropical
America, destroyed important germplasm
collections, and requires intense management
•In Australia, losses of A$40 million/yr; in California,
losses of US$44 million in 1989
•PRR can kill or greatly debilitate trees,
11. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
•Most important disease of avocado worldwide
•PRR has crippled avocado production in tropical
America, destroyed important germplasm
collections, and requires intense management
•In Australia, losses of A$40 million/yr; in California,
losses of US$44 million in 1989
Vincent Wager
•PRR can kill or greatly debilitate trees, but is often
misdiagnosed
California – avocado decline in poorly drained soil
12. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
•Most important disease of avocado worldwide
•PRR has crippled avocado production in tropical
America, destroyed important germplasm
collections, and requires intense management
•In Australia, losses of A$40 million/yr; in California,
losses of US$44 million in 1989
•PRR can kill or greatly debilitate trees, but is often
Flooded 2 weeks
misdiagnosed
- P. cinnamomi +P. cinnamomi
California – avocado decline in poorly drained soil
Florida – tree mortality after hurricanes
13. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
•Most important disease of avocado worldwide
•PRR has crippled avocado production in tropical
America, destroyed important germplasm
collections, and requires intense management
•In Australia, losses of A$40 million/yr; in California,
losses of US$44 million in 1989
•PRR can kill or greatly debilitate trees, but is often
misdiagnosed
California – avocado decline in poorly drained soil
Florida – tree mortality after hurricanes
Peru – orchard decline
14. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
Geographic distribution of Phytophthora cinnamomi
15. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
Symptoms
Dark, necrotic feeder roots
16. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
Symptoms
George Zentmyer
Defoliation
Wilting
Ken Pegg
17. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
Salvador Ochoa
Symptoms
Excessive set of small fruit
Small, round fruit
Salvador Ochoa
18. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
Symptoms
Nonuniform distribution of affected trees
19. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
Symptoms
Ken Pegg
Sparse, chlorotic foliage
20. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
Symptoms
“Hotspots”
21. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands
Botryose hyphal thickenings Oospore
Chlamydospores
Sporangium
22. The most important diseases
Other Phytophthora spp. cause trunk diseases
and fruit rots
Trunk cankers:
•P. boehmeriae (Mexico)
•P. cinnamomi (Australia, Brazil, Cameroon, South Africa and USA)
•P. citricola (Mexico and USA)
•P. heveae (Guatemala and Mexico)
•P. palmivora (Honduras)
(Honduras)
23. The most important diseases
Other Phytophthora spp. cause trunk diseases
and fruit rots
Trunk cankers:
•P. boehmeriae (Mexico)
•P. cinnamomi (Australia, Brazil, Cameroon, South Africa and USA)
•P. citricola (Mexico and USA)
•P. heveae (Guatemala and Mexico)
•P. palmivora (Honduras)
(Honduras)
Fruit rots:
•P. boehmeriae (Mexico)
•P. citricola (USA)
•P. cactorum (Spain)
Salvador Ochoa
25. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
Management
•Cultural
http://www.dieback.net.au/howhelp_learning.php
14 online publications
26. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
Management
•Cultural
In areas where P. cinnamomi is not found, exclusion is
most important
27. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
Management
•Cultural
In areas where P. cinnamomi is not found, exclusion is
most important. Pathogen/disease-free plants are
Pathogen/disease-
essential. Clean soil and irrigation water are musts
ANVAS accredited nurseries
28. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
Management
•Cultural
In areas where P. cinnamomi is not found, exclusion is
most important. Pathogen/disease-free plants are
Pathogen/disease-
essential.
Pathogen-infested soil or water can have
serious consequences in the nursery and field
29. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
Management
•Cultural
In areas where P. cinnamomi is not found, exclusion is
most important. Pathogen/disease-free plants are
Pathogen/disease-
essential.
Do not treat plants in the
nursery with metalaxyl or
phosphonates
30. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
Management
•Cultural
In areas where P. cinnamomi is not found, exclusion and
sanitation are most important. Pathogen/disease-free
Pathogen/disease-
plants are also essential.
Surface water is often infested with
pathogens; it should be disinfested. When
it is available, well water should be used.
31. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
Management
•Cultural
In areas where P. cinnamomi is not found, exclusion is
most important. Pathogen/disease-free plants are
Pathogen/disease-
essential.
Composting…
32. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
Management
•Cultural
In areas where P. cinnamomi is not found, exclusion is
most important. Pathogen/disease-free plants are
Pathogen/disease-
essential.
heat
treatment…
33. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
Management
•Cultural
In areas where P. cinnamomi is not found, exclusion is
most important. Pathogen/disease-free plants are
Pathogen/disease-
essential.
and solarization
effectively disinfest
soil
34. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
Management
•Cultural
When P. cinnamomi is present, site
selection (avoiding heavy or poorly drained soil),
35. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
Management
•Cultural
When P. cinnamomi is present, site
selection, raised beds,
36. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
(PRR)
Management
•Cultural
When P. cinnamomi is present, site
Selection, raised beds, the use
of composts
37. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
Management
•Cultural
When P. cinnamomi is present, site
Selection, raised beds, the use
of composts, and soil amendments
(e.g. gypsum, organic matter) can be
beneficial
38. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
Management
•Cultural
•Resistant rootstocks
-Australia (Whiley)
(Whiley)
-Israel (Ben Yaacov)
Yaacov)
-Mexico (?)
-South Africa (Merensky and FABI)
(Merensky FABI)
-Spain ((Gallo-Llobet)
)
-US (University of Florida and USDA; University of
California at Riverside)
39. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
Management
•Cultural
•Resistant rootstocks
UC Riverside Plant Pathology Department
George Zentmyer Mike Coffey John Menge Greg Douhan
40. The most important diseases
UCR
Phytophthora root rot (PRR) 116 advanced lines
Management 55 tested in field
•Cultural Three will be released soon:
•Resistant rootstocks ‘Zentymyer’, ‘Uzi’ and ‘Steddom’
Zentymyer ’, ‘Steddom’
‘Hass’ on ‘Dusa’
‘Hass’ on ‘Eddie’
41. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
Management
•Cultural
•Resistant rootstocks
•Numbers game - Success depends on screening many
seedlings
n = 2,355
42. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
Management
•Cultural
•Resistant rootstocks
•Numbers game
PRR-tolerant individuals are uncommon!
43. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
Management
•Cultural
•Resistant rootstocks
•Success depends on screening large numbers of
seedlings
Selections must be cloned
44. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
Management
•Cultural
•Resistant rootstocks
•Chemical
Difficult prior to acylalinines (e.g. metalaxyl)
metalaxyl)
45. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
Management
•Cultural
•Resistant rootstocks
•Chemical
Difficult prior to acylalinines (e.g. metalaxyl)
metalaxyl)
-expensive before patent lapse
-not effective in badly damaged trees (xylem mobile)
-resistance
-enhanced breakdown
46. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
Management
•Cultural
•Resistant rootstocks
•Chemical
Difficult prior to acylalinines (e.g. metalaxyl)
metalaxyl)
-expensive
-not effective in badly damaged trees (xylem mobile)
-resistance
-enhanced breakdown
Aliette,
Aliette, phosphoric acid products (phosphonates)
(phosphonates)
47. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
Management
•Cultural
•Resistant rootstocks
•Chemical
Difficult prior to acylalinines (e.g. metalaxyl)
metalaxyl)
-expensive
-not effective in badly damaged trees (xylem mobile)
-resistance
-enhanced breakdown
Aliette,
Aliette, phosphoric acid products
-active ingredient is xylem and phloem mobile: products
can be injected for eventual redistribution to roots
-Australia successfully contests Rhone-Poulenc’s patent
Rhone-
48. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
Management
Ken Pegg Tony Whiley
•Cultural
•Resistant rootstocks
•Chemical
Difficult prior to acylalinines (e.g. metalaxyl)
metalaxyl)
-expensive
-not effective in badly damaged trees (xylem mobile)
-resistance
-enhanced breakdown
Aliette,
Aliette, phosphoric acid products
-xylem and phloem mobile: can be injected for eventual
redistribution to roots
- Australia successfully contests Rhone-Poulenc’s patent
Rhone-
Pioneers in the use of phosphonates to manage PRR
49. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
Management
•Cultural
•Resistant rootstocks
•Chemical
Phosphonates can be injected into severely affected trees
50. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
Management
•Cultural
•Resistant rootstocks
•Chemical
Phosphonates can be injected into severely affected trees,
and in trees that have begun to recover can be applied as
foliar sprays
51. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
Management
•Cultural
•Resistant rootstocks
•Chemical
Phosphonates can be injected into severely affected trees
or in trees that have begun to recover can be applied as
foliar sprays, trunk sprays
52. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
Management
•Cultural
•Resistant rootstocks
•Chemical
Phosphonates can be injected into severely affected trees,
or in trees that have begun to recover can be applied as
foliar sprays, trunk sprays, or soil drenches (albeit less
effectively)
53. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
Management
•Cultural
•Resistant rootstocks
•Chemical
•Biological
Considerable interest
Cook, R.J. and Baker,
K.F. 1983. The Nature
and Practice of
Biological Control of
Plant Pathogens.
54. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
Management - Bacillus sp. + Bacillus sp.
•Cultural
•Resistant rootstocks
•Chemical
•Biological
Considerable interest Ken Pegg
Most success reported in glasshouse trials
55. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
Management
•Cultural
•Resistant rootstocks
•Chemical
•Biological
Considerable interest
Most success reported in glasshouse trials
Transferring glasshouse results to the field is a major
challenge
56. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
Management
•Cultural
•Resistant rootstocks
•Chemical
•Biological
Considerable interest
Australia California
Most success reported in glasshouse trials
Transferring glasshouse results to the field a major
challenge
Greatest success with natural disease suppression (e.g.
Ashburner system)
57. The most important diseases
Phytophthora root rot (PRR)
Management
•Cultural
•Resistant rootstocks
•Chemical
•Biological
Considerable interest
Most success reported in glasshouse trials
Transferring glasshouse results to the field a major
challenge
Natural disease suppression
Holistic combinations of 2 or more cultural, rootstock,
chemical and biological tactics are most effective
58. The most important diseases
Pre-
Pre- and post-harvest fruit diseases
post-
22 and 23 July, Breakouts 6 and 10: Fruit quality
Impacts of fruit disease management on quality. Dann
and Coates
59. The most important diseases
Pre-
Pre- and post-harvest fruit diseases
post-
Anthracnose
•Most important fruit disease in humid environments
60. The most important diseases
Pre-
Pre- and post-harvest fruit diseases
post-
Anthracnose
•Most important fruit disease in humid environments
•Pre-harvest
Pre-
Salvador Ochoa
Salvador Ochoa
Dov Prusky
61. The most important diseases
Pre-
Pre- and post-harvest fruit diseases
post-
Anthracnose
•Most important fruit disease in humid environments
•Pre-harvest and post-harvest damage can occur;
Pre- post-
losses of up to 37% have been reported
Dov Prusky
Univ Hawaii
62. The most important diseases
Pre-
Pre- and post-harvest fruit diseases
post-
Anthracnose
•Most important fruit disease in humid environments
•Pre- and post-harvest damage can occur; losses of up
Pre- post-
to 37% have been reported
•Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and in cooler environs
gloeosporioides,
C. acutatum, are responsible
acutatum, CABI
CABI
Glomerella cingulata
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Colletotrichum acutatum
63. The most important diseases
Pre-
Pre- and post-harvest fruit diseases
post-
Anthracnose
•Most important fruit disease in humid environments
•Pre- and post-harvest damage can occur; losses of up
Pre- post-
to 37% have been reported
•Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and in cooler environs
gloeosporioides,
C. acutatum, are responsible
acutatum,
•Conidia are most important inoculum,
inoculum,
64. The most important diseases
Pre-
Pre- and post-harvest fruit diseases
post-
Anthracnose
•Most important fruit disease in humid environments
•Pre- and post-harvest damage can occur; losses of up
Pre- post-
to 37% have been reported
•Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and in cooler environs
gloeosporioides,
C. acutatum, are responsible
acutatum,
•Conidia are most important inoculum, and latent
inoculum,
infections are responsible for post-harvest disease
post-
Melanized appressoria are
responsible structures; they
germinate/infect as fruit ripen
65. The most important diseases
Salvador Ochoa
Pre-
Pre- and post-harvest fruit diseases
post-
Anthracnose
Tony Whiley Salvador Ochoa
•Most important fruit disease in humid environments
•Pre- and post-harvest damage can occur; losses of up
Tony Cooke
to 37% have been reported
Greg Johnson
•Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes, and in cooler environs
Dothiorella fruit rot
C. acutatum, are responsible
•Latent infections usually most important and are
Stem-end rot
responsible for post-harvest disease
Stem-
Stem-end rots and Dothiorella fruit rot
•Most important fruit diseases after anthracnose
66. The most important diseases
Pre-
Pre- and post-harvest fruit diseases
post- John Menge
Anthracnose
•Most important fruit disease in humid environments
•Pre- and post-harvest damage can occur; losses of up
Pre- post-
to 37% have been reported
•Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes, and in cooler environs
gloeosporiodes,
C. acutatum, are responsible
acutatum,
•Latent infections usually most important and are
responsible for post-harvest disease
post-
Stem-
Stem-end rots and Dothiorella fruit rot
•Most important fruit diseases after anthracnose
•Pathogens are endophytes, also affect other organs
endophytes,
67. The most important diseases
Pre-
Pre- and post-harvest fruit diseases
post-
B. rhodina (Lasiodiplodia
theobromae)
Anthracnose
•Most important fruit disease in humid environments
•Pre- and post-harvest damage can occur; losses of up
Pre- post-
to 37% have been reported
B. ribis
•Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes, and in cooler environs
gloeosporiodes,
C. acutatum, are responsible
acutatum,
•Latent infections usually most important and are
responsible for post-harvest disease
post-
Stem-
Stem-end rots and Dothiorella fruit rot
Fusicoccum aesculi
•Most important fruit diseases after anthracnose
B. obtusa
•athogens are endophytes, also affect other organs
endophytes,
•Diverse pathogens, often Botryosphaeria spp.
69. The most important diseases
Scab Univ California
Salvador Ochoa
Physical abrasion –
superficial resemblence
to scab
Univ California
Ken Pernezny John Menge
70. The most important diseases
Scab
•Serious problem in humid tropics and subtropics –
significant losses (abscised immature fruit, culled mature
fruit)
71. The most important diseases
Scab
•Serious problem in humid tropics and subtropics –
significant losses (abscised immature fruit, culled mature
fruit)
•Only young fruit are susceptible – post-harvest diseases
post-
are associated with cracks in mature fruit
Anthracnose development
associated with scab damage
72. The most important diseases
Scab
•Serious problem in humid tropics and subtropics –
significant losses (abscised immature fruit, culled mature
fruit)
•Only young fruit are susceptible – post-harvest diseases
post-
are associated with cracks in mature fruit
•Sphaceloma perseae is an American pathogen, also
found in S Africa and elsewhere in Eastern Hemisphere
(not present in New Zealand and Australia)
73. The most important diseases
Scab
•Serious problem in humid tropics and subtropics –
significant losses (abscised immature fruit, culled mature
fruit)
•Only young fruit are susceptible – post-harvest diseases
post-
are associated with cracks in mature fruit
•Sphaceloma perseae is an American pathogen, also
found in S Africa and elsewhere in Eastern Hemisphere
(not present in New Zealand and Australia)
•Cool, wet weather critical for infection, eventual disease
development
74. The most important diseases
Scab
•Serious problem in humid tropics and subtropics –
significant losses (abscised immature fruit, culled mature
fruit)
•Only young fruit are susceptible – post-harvest diseases
post-
are associated with cracks in mature fruit
•Sphaceloma perseae is an American pathogen, also
found in S Africa and elsewhere in Eastern Hemisphere
(not present in New Zealand and Australia)
•Cool, wet weather critical for infection, eventual disease
development
•Considerable variation in cultivar susceptibility
•Early fungicide applications are critical (vs anthracnose,
(vs
SER)
75. The most important diseases
Sunblotch
23 July, Breakout 15: Plant health – B
Better control of avocado sunblotch disease through
improved diagnostic technologies. Geering
76. The most important diseases
Sunblotch
•Widespread problem which decreased in importance
as cause and epidemiology better understood.
77. The most important diseases
Sunblotch
•Widespread problem which decreased in importance
as cause and epidemiology better understood.
•Symptoms conspicuous, but their absence unreliable
indicators of absence of pathogen
George Zentmyer
‘Fuerte’ ‘Hass’
Howard Ohr
Howard Ohr
78. The most important diseases
Sunblotch
•Widespread problem which decreased in importance
as cause and epidemiology better understood.
•Symptoms conspicuous, but their absence unreliable
indicators of absence of pathogen - symptomless
infection and its impact not well understood (dwarfing,
reduced fruit set?)
79. The most important diseases
Sunblotch
•Widespread problem which decreased in importance
as cause and epidemiology better understood.
•Symptoms conspicuous, but their absence unreliable
indicators of absence of pathogen - symptomless
infection and its impact not well understood (dwarfing,
reduced fruit set?)
•Pathogen, Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd), is the
smallest to affect any plant
80. The most important diseases
Sunblotch
•Widespread problem which decreased in importance
as cause and epidemiology better understood.
•Symptoms conspicuous, but their absence unreliable
indicators of absence of pathogen - symptomless
infection and its impact not well understood (dwarfing,
reduced fruit set?)
•Pathogen, Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd), is the
smallest to affect any plant
•ASBVd is disseminated mechanically, via root grafts
and pollen, and in infected bud wood
81. The most important diseases
Sunblotch
•Widespread problem which decreased in importance
as cause and epidemiology better understood.
•Symptoms conspicuous, but their absence unreliable
indicators of absence of pathogen - symptomless
infection and its impact not well understood (dwarfing,
reduced fruit set?)
•Pathogen, Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd), is the
smallest to affect any plant
•ASBVd is disseminated mechanically, via root grafts
and pollen, and in infected bud wood
•New trees should be established with ASBVd-free
materials (ANVAS accredited nurseries)
82. The most important diseases
Armillaria root rot
•Widespread problem, wide host range
83. The most important diseases
Armillaria root rot
•Widespread problem, wide host range
•Lethal but, unlike PRR, develops slowly
84. The most important diseases
Armillaria root rot
•Widespread problem, wide host range
•Lethal but, unlike PRR, develops slowly
•Indistinct aboveground symptoms, but presence of
basidiocarps can aid diagnosis John Menge
85. The most important diseases
Armillaria root rot
•Widespread problem, wide host range
•Lethal but, unlike PRR, develops slowly
•Indistinct aboveground symptoms, but presence of
basidiocarps can aid diagnosis
•Below ground presence of white rhizomorphs also assists
diagnosis John Menge
86. The most important diseases
Armillaria root rot
•Widespread problem, wide host range
•Lethal but, unlike PRR, develops slowly
•Indistinct aboveground symptoms, but presence of
basidiocarps can aid diagnosis
•Below ground presence of white rhizomorphs also assist
diagnosis
•“Armillaria mellea” now recognized as a species complex
87. The most important diseases
Armillaria root rot
•Widespread problem, wide host range
•Lethal but, unlike PRR, develops slowly
•Indistinct aboveground symptoms, but presence of
basidiocarps can aid diagnosis
•Below ground presence of white rhizomorphs also assist
diagnosis
•“Armillaria mellea” now recognized as a species complex
•A. socialis typically does not produce basidicarps or
rhizomorphs
88. The most important diseases
Armillaria root rot
•Widespread problem, wide host range
•Lethal but, unlike PRR, develops slowly
•Indistinct aboveground symptoms, but presence of
basidiocarps can aid diagnosis
•Below ground presence of white rhizomorphs also assist
diagnosis
•“Armillaria mellea” now recognized as a species complex
•A. socialis typically does not produce basidicarps or
rhizomorphs
•Species that are responsible in many areas have not
been identified
89. The most important diseases
Armillaria root rot
•Widespread problem, wide host range
•Lethal but, unlike PRR, develops slowly
•Indistinct aboveground symptoms, but presence of
basidiocarps can aid diagnosis
•Below ground presence of white rhizomorphs also assist
diagnosis
•“Armillaria mellea” now recognized as a species complex
•A. socialis typically does not produce basidicarps or
rhizomorphs
•Species that are responsible in many areas have not
been identified
•Management: Sanitation and fumigation
90. The most important diseases
Rosellinia root rot (aka Dematophora or white root
rot)
•Temperate/subtropical disease with wide host range
91. The most important diseases
Rosellinia root rot (aka Dematophora or white root
rot)
•Temperate/subtropical disease with wide host range
•Serious problem in Israel and Spain, less important
elsewhere (e.g. California, Mexico)
92. The most important diseases
Rosellinia root rot (aka Dematophora or white root
rot)
•Temperate/subtropical disease with wide host range
•Serious problem in Israel and Spain, less important
elsewhere (e.g. California, Mexico)
•Affected roots are covered by cottony white mycelium of
the pathogen, Rosellinia necatrix (Dematophora necatrix)
A. Sztejnberg
C. Lopez
93. The most important diseases
Rosellinia root rot (aka Dematophora or white root
rot) Rosellinia pepo
•Temperate/subtropical disease with wide host range
•Serious problem in Israel and Spain, less important
elsewhere (e.g. California, Mexico)
•Affected roots are covered by cottony white mycelium of
the pathogen, Rosellinia necatrix (Dematophora necatrix)
• Two other species affect avocado in subtropics and
tropics, cause black root rot
Rosellinia bunodes
94. The most important diseases
Rosellinia root rot (aka Dematophora or white root
rot) C. Lopez
•Temperate/subtropical disease with wide host range
•Serious problem in Israel and Spain, less important
elsewhere (e.g. California, Mexico)
•Affected roots are covered by cottony white mycelium of
the pathogen, Rosellinia necatrix (Dematophora necatrix)
• Two other species affect avocado in subtropics and
tropics, cause black root rot
•White and black root rot cause general symptoms
aboveground similar to those caused by other root
diseases
95. The most important diseases
Rosellinia root rot (aka Dematophora or white root
rot)
•Temperate/subtropical disease with wide host range
•Serious problem in Israel and Spain, less important
elsewhere (e.g. California, Mexico)
•Affected roots are covered by cottony white mycelium of
the pathogen, Rosellinia necatrix (Dematophora necatrix)
• Two other species affect avocado in subtropics and
tropics, cause black root rot
•White and black root rot cause general symptoms
aboveground
•Pathogens move via hyphae/infested host material;
management requires removal of affected trees, roots
96. New diseases
23 July, Breakout 15: Plant health – B
•Preparing for biosecurity issues. Fraser
•Laurel wilt: A global threat to avocado production. Ploetz
97. New diseases
23 July, Breakout 15: Plant health – B
•Preparing for biosecurity issues Fraser
•Laurel wilt: A global threat to avocado production Ploetz
New pathogen (new encounter)
99. New diseases Xyleborus glabratus
mycangial x-section
Raffaelea lauricola
100. New diseases
Laurel wilt – pathogen movement
Port Wentworth, GA Original host(s)?
101. New diseases
23 July, Breakout 15: Plant health – B
•Preparing for biosecurity issues Fraser
•Laurel wilt: A global threat to avocado production Ploetz
New pathogen, new encounter disease
New host, previously described pathogens
102. New diseases
Diseases caused by Botryosphaeria spp..
spp..
Botryosphaeria australis
B. dothidea
B. lutea
B. parva
McDonald et al. 2009. Phytopathology 99:S81.
Branch dieback, California
103. New diseases
Diseases caused by Botryosphaeria spp..
spp..
Fruit rot, Taiwan
Ni et al. 2009. Plant Disease 93:760
Neofusicoccum mangiferae
104. New diseases
23 July, Breakout 15: Plant health – B
•Preparing for biosecurity issues Fraser
•Laurel wilt: A global threat to avocado production Ploetz
New pathogen, new encounter disease
New host, previously described pathogen
Old pathogen (new host
105. New diseases
Leaf scorch, distortion and
defoliation
Costa Rica, Xylella fastidiosa
Salvador Ochoa
Salvador Ochoa
106. New diseases
23 July, Breakout 15: Plant health – B
•Preparing for biosecurity issues Fraser
•Laurel wilt: A global threat to avocado production Ploetz
New pathogen, new encounter disease
New host, previously described pathogen
Old pathogen (new host, climate change?)
107. New diseases
23 July, Breakout 7: Plant health - A
Phellinus noxius: brown root rot in avocado. Smith
CMI
Michelle Grose
108. Summary
•Important avocado diseases
Of the diseases that have global
distributions, PRR, anthracnose and SER
have the greatest impacts
109. Summary
•Important avocado diseases
Of the diseases that have global
distributions, PRR, anthracnose and SER
have the greatest impacts
Depending upon the location, markets and
resources for management, diseases with
restricted distributions can also be
destructive to (e.g. Armillaria root rot,
Rosellinia root rot, sunblotch)
sunblotch)
110. Summary
•Important avocado diseases
Of the diseases that have global
distributions, PRR, anthracnose and SER
have the greatest impacts
Depending upon the location, markets and
resources for management, diseases with
restricted distributions can also be
destructive to (e.g. Armillaria root rot,
Rosellinia root rot, sunblotch), or potentially
sunblotch),
devastate (i.e. laurel wilt), local production
111. Summary
•Important avocado diseases
•Management
Awareness of existing diseases and the
prompt diagnosis of new or unrecognized
problems are essential
112. Summary
•Important avocado diseases
•Management
Awareness of existing diseases and the
prompt diagnosis of new or unrecognized
problems are essential
Effective and economically justified
measures to manage diseases depend on
accurate understandings of the causes of
and extent to which different diseases
impact production
113. Summary
•Important avocado diseases
•Management
•New and emerging diseases
With increased international travel and
commerce, new production practices, and
changing environments, new diseases will
arise or emerge worldwide.
114. Summary
•Important avocado diseases
•Management
•New and emerging diseases
With increased international travel and
commerce, new production practices, and
changing environments, new diseases will
arise or emerge worldwide. Now, more than
ever, effective plant health quarantines are
needed.
115. Thank you
•Avocados Australia and the New Zealand Avocado
Growers Association
•The ANZAGC09 meeting organizers
For research support:
•Florida Avocado Committee
•University of Florida, IFAS Vice President
•Pine Island Nursery
•Zill High Performance Plants, Inc.
•USDA, T-STAR Special Grants
•Miami-Dade County Commission
•USDA-APHIS
For slides and information: Tony Cooke, Steve Fraedrich, Seymour Goldweber,
Greg Johnson, Bud Mayfield, John Menge, Salvador Ochoa, Howard Ohr, Ken Pegg,
Jorge Pena, Ken Pernezny, Dov Prusky, Bob Rabaglia, Jason Smith, Daniel Teliz,
Mike Thomas, Tony Whiley and George Zentmyer