The document discusses grape breeding, focusing on the botanical aspects of Vitis vinifera, including its origin and objectives for developing new cultivars. It highlights the historical introduction of grape varieties in India and the various methods used for breeding, such as hybridization, clonal selection, mutation breeding, and polyploidy. Additionally, it mentions specific promising hybrids and cultivars developed for various uses, including table grapes, raisins, and wine production.

1. BREEDING IN GRAPES
Lecture #10

2. • Botanical name: Vitis vinifera L.
• Family: Vitaceae
• Chromosome number: 2n=2x=38.
• Origin: Caspian and Black sea region.

3. • Germplasm resources
• Field gene banks of grapes are maintained at
Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology, IARI,
New Delhi, Indian Institute of Horticulture
Research, Bangalore, Ganesh Khand Botanical
Garden, Pune etc.
• Further, 616 genotypes of grapes are maintained at
IIHR, Bangalore.

4. • Objectives
• Objectives of breeding for grapes are:
• To develop early maturing, seedless and sweet cultivars for
table purpose.
• To induce resistance to anthracnose, Phylloxera and
chaffer beetle.
• To develop varieties with medium vigor and productive
basal bud, which can be trained on head or pandal system
of training.
• For the tropics the objectives of breeding should be:
• To develop high yielding and high quality varieties with
increased fruitfulness of basal buds, less degree of apical
dominance, suitability for different purpose such as table,
raisin, wine and juice and resistance to diseases.
• To develop root stocks resistant to salinity, nematodes and
drought.

5. • Introduction
• Grapes are reported to have been introduced in
Tropical India about 2600 years ago in 620 BC
(Olmo, 1976).
• Commercial cultivation did not start until the
beginning of 20th Century. During 1930, Shree
R.S.Pillay, identified Anab-e-Shahi from the
collections of Nawab Baquer Ali Khan and
subsequently its commercial cultivation picked up
in South India.
• Bhokri and Cheema Sahebi in Maharashtra, Bhokri
and Muscat Hamberg in Tamil Nadu and Bangalore
Blue in Karnataka are the introductions.

6. • The commercial varieties of grapes were
introduced into India mostly by invaders
• of Iran and Afghanistan (Thaper, 1960).
Muhammed Bin Tughlaq introduced, Bhokri,Fakhri
and Sahebi cultivars in Aurangabad (Daulatabad) in
1338.
• Large scale introduction in a planned manner were
initiated at Lyallpur as early as 1928, when S.B.S.Lal
Singh, was Head of Department of Horticulture,
introduced as many as 116 grapes varieties from
different grape growing countries.
• The earlier promising introduction include,
Thompson Seedless, Perlette, Beauty Seedless,
from USA,
• Kishmish Beli and Kishmish Charni from USSR

7. • The cultivars like Ruby Seedless,Gordo
Blano,(Reisling, MS 18-55,MS 19-77,MS 16-
2,Wortly Hall hybrids from Australia.
• Totlocha from Brazil Flame Seedling
1281,Dogridge,Pride,Dixie,Wedor and Black
Cornith-2 from USA.
• Surnak Kitabiskij, Pozdrijwir and Shirajx-6 from
USSR.
• Malvasiafina (Douro), Boal De Alicante, Tinta Deira
Preta, Jampal, Tinta Roriz,from Portugal.
• 0912 Horizon (SW) , 0913 Leon Millet, Foch and
0912 Swanson Red from Canada for wine, raisin
and table purposes have been introduced and are
under evaluation.

8. Thompson Seedless

9. • Selection:
• the population of seedlings from open pollinated
seeds is a potential source for selection of desirable
type e.g. Cheema Sahebi (Sel-7), Selection-49.
• Some promising seedlings from open pollinated
population of Pandhari Sahebi and Kabul Monukka
were also selected.
• Clonal selection:
• Pusa Seedless from Thompson Seedless:
Developed at IARI, New Delhi. It differs from the
parent in respect of having more elongated berries.
Vine vigorous and heavy yielding. TSS 22-24%,
acidity 0.77% and juice content 65%. It ripens in the
middle of June.

10. • HS 37-6 from Perlette: Developed at HAU, Hissar.
This cultivar is 15 days earlier in maturity than the
parent.

11. • Hybridization
• In India, hybridization work was started in 1958 at
IARI, New Delhi. The purpose of hybridization at
IARI, New Delhi was to develop early maturing, high
yielding, better quality seedless varieties with
resistant to biotic stresses.
• However, IIHR, Bangalore, started breeding
programme in 1968, with objective to develop
superior varieties for table, raisins, wine and juice.
• On the basis of types of parent used, it can be
grouped into two.
• (a) Interspecific / Intergeneric hybridization
• (b) Interspecific or intervarietal hybridization.

12. • Interspecific / Intergeneric hybridization
• Muscadinia is a rich source of resistance to diseases
and pests and also possesses a unique and
delightful flavor and aroma.
• The crosses between Vitis and Muscadinia which
differ in chromosome number.
• Crossing within Muscadinia has given outstanding
self fertile cultivars like Tarheel (M.rotundifolia x
M.munsoniana), South Land, Magron, Regale (Cold
hardy) Sterling (cold hardy) and Triumph.
• Telki 5A (V.berlendieri x V.riparia) highly resistant to
Phylloxera, tolerant to lime soils and moderately
resistant to nematodes, Harmony(1613x V.champini
planchon cv.Dogridge) has been developed as a
result of interspecific hybridization.

13. • Intervarietal hybridization:
• A few promising hybrids identified through inter
varietal hybridization at IARI were.
Hybrid Parentage
Hybrid 62-37 Hur x Pusa Seedless
H62-65 Hur x Pusa Seedless
H-62-20 Hur x Black Hamburg
H-62-67 Hur x Bharat Early
H-63-10 Bhokri x Pearl of Casaba
H-63-32 Bhokri x Pearl of Casaba
Pusa Navrang Madeleine Angevinex Rubi Red
Pusa Urvashi Hur x Beauty Seedless

14. • The promising hybrids developed at IIHR, Bangalore
were..
Hybrid Parentage
Arkawati Black Champa x Thomson Seedless
Arka Kanchan Anab-e-Shahi x Queen of the VineYards
Arka Shyam Bangalore Blue x Black Champa
Arka Hans Bangalore Blue x Anab-e-Shahi
Arka Chitra Angur Kalan x Anab-Shahi
Arka Krishna Black Champa x Thompson Seedless
Arka Majestic Angur Kalan x Black Champa
Arka Neelmani Black champa x Thompson Seedless
Arka Soma Anab –e-Shahi x Queen of the Vine Yards
Arka Thrishna Bangalore Blue x Convert Large Black
Arka Shweta seedless Anab-e-Shahi x Thompson Seedless

15. • Hybridization technique:
• Emasculation of small flowers of grapes is a tedious
job. Since the grape is self fertile emasculation is
most essential for making desired crosses.
• Use of reflexed stamens and functionally female
cultivars like Hur, Angoor Kalan, Banquiabyad,
Katta, Kurgan as female parents can help in
eliminating the tedious task of emasculation.
• Aqueous solutions of maletic hydrazide (MH) at 400
to 750 ppm, 2,3,4 Tri iodo – benzoic acid (TIBA) at
400 to 500 ppm and 1,2 dichloro-isobutyrate (FW-
450) at 0.30% applied twice to 13 to 15 days old
inflorescence induced pollen sterility.

16. • Mutation breeding
• The important mutagens used in grape breeding
are physical mutagens (χ ray and γ rays ) and
chemical mutagens (Ethyl Methane Sulphonate
(EMS),N-Nitroso-N-Methyl Urethane (NMUT) and
N-Nitrose-N-Methyl-Urea (NMU).
• Further, induced mutations have resulted in a few
improved varieties, New Perlette (Loose Perlette)
with comparatively loose bunch has been evolved
with χ rays (2.5 KR) treatment.
• Red Niagara having red fruit from Niagara and
Robin Cardinal an early maturing variety from
Cardinal are other important induced mutants in
grapes.

17. LOOSE PERLETTE

18. • Polyploidy breeding:
• Polyploidy breeding has immense importance in
the improvement of table grapes.
• The chief benefit from polyploidy is the increase in
berry size.
• The crossing of diploid with induced tetraploids
may help in evolving new triploid seedless grapes.
• Marvel Seedless from Delight, Early Niable
(Campbell x Niagra), Lonetto, Early Giant from
Campbell, Muscat Common Hall from Muscat
Alexandria, Black King from Campbell etc. are
important examples of polyploidy