“Advances in breeding of mango ”
Advances breeding of Mango, breeding of mango, mutation breeding og mango ,breeding of mango by gangaram rana ppt , breeding of mango in igkv
“Advances in breeding of guava ”
Advances breeding of Guava, breeding of guava by gangaram rana, breeding of guava in igkv, cultivation of guava, new technology of guava breeding, poly ploide breeding of guava, mutation breeding of guava
“Advances in breeding of grapes ”
Advances breeding of Grape, breeding of grape, mutation breeding of grape, biotechnology breeding of grape ppt, breeding of grape by gangaram rana, Advances breeding of Grape in igkv ,
There is a huge demand for Mango worldwide. Hence, exporting to other countries we earn foreign currency. And, especially in Bangladesh, the suitable climate and soil condition is a positive sign of Mango cultivation. With the help of cut-edged technology here is a possibility of increased production.
Pract no. 9 (b) floral biology of mangotusharamodugu
Scientific Name: Mangifera indica L.
Common Names: Mamidi, Am
Chromosome number : 2n = 2x = 40
The origin of mango is Indo – Burma region.
In India Mango is acclaimed as “King of fruits”.
Floral Biology :
Inflorescence :
Inflorescence is a large and terminal panicle.
The branching of the inflorescence is usually tertiary, rarely quaternary, but the ultimate branching is always cymose.
The mango inflorescence or panicle bears mainly two types of flowers – male and hermaphrodite.
The panicle bear 500-6000 flowers of which 1-70% are bisexual, remaining are male depending on the cultivar and temperature during its development. The percentage of perfect flowers varies between 0.74 per cent in Rumani, 16.41 to 55.7 per cent in Neelum and up to 69.8 per cent in Langra.
Canopy management is a vital part of fruit cultivation. It influences the quality and quantity of fruits. Thus directly or indirectly, it involves farmers benefit and yield increase.
Since litchi originated in China and it has been under cultivation there for more than 2200 years, more than 200 litchi varieties exist in China.
The variation in climatic factors, sometimes leads to greater fluctuation in yield of a litchi orchard.
Therefore, a right variety should be selected for plantation at a particular area though, all the litchi varieties have a wide range of adaptability; yield, fruit quality and acceptability may be region or location specific.
Snapmelon (Cucumis melo var. momordica Duth. and Full) is an important member of the family Cucurbitaceae, with a chromosome no. 24, which comprises of 117 genera and 825 species in warmer parts of the world (Gopalakrishnan.,2007). Snapmelon is commonly known as ‘Phoot’ which means to ‘split’. The dessert form of Cucumis melo L. is a distinct group distributed and adapted well essentially under humid tropics of South India. Snapmelon is a locally grown dessert melon in Goa and coastal Maharashtra known as ‘Chibud’, in areas of Karnataka as ‘Hibadihannu’ or ‘Phoottikai’ and in Kerala it is known as ‘Pottuvellari’. Yet in northern India large scale cultivation of ‘phoot’ is confined to the states of UP, Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab and Bihar. In arid area like Bikaner from Rajasthan nearly 28.70 % farmers out of 37.75% vegetable growers grow snap melon as a sole crop in kharif and rabi season as well.( Meena., S.R. et al., 2009)
The use of snapmelon is extremely diverse, depending on the type of fruit. Sweet types are consumed as dessert, while non-sweet types are used as vegetableThey are good sources of vitamin C, sugars, minerals and dietary fibre. The fruit of snapmelon contains 3% carbohydrate, 0.3% protein, 0.1 % fat, 95.7 % moisture, 265 IU Vitamin A 100g-1 and 10mg Vitamin C 100g-1 (Peter and Hazra, 2012). Seed contains 12.5 to 39.1 % edible oil. Besides nuitritional factor vegetable is used as a medicine in treating burns , abrasions and coolness of the body.
India being centre of origin, snapmelon has accumulated wide range of genetic variability with respect to the fruits are size small to large, rough and smooth, either oval or cylindrical in shape with a mealy, somewhat insipid or slightly sour flesh which burst on maturity. The productivity and quality are highly variable and sometimes results in low economic returns to the growers. Fruit cracking, low shelf life and lack of transportation & storage facilities are being the most common constraints.
The pineapple is a tropical and subtropical fruit .
Pineapple (Ananas comosus) is one of the commercially important fruit crops of India.
Total annual world production is estimated at 14.6 MT of fruits.
India is the fifth largest producer of pineapple with an annual output of about 1.2 MT.
common throughout the Bromeliaceae but Ananus is typically diploid (2n=2X=50)while pseudananas is tetraploid (2n=4X=100).Some triplod genotype with 2n=3x=75(e.g. Cayenne BR59,Spanish GU75-2 and DOS indios BR47)have also reported to exist.
Other leading producers are Thailand, Philippines, Brazil, China, Nigeria, Mexico, Indonesia, Colombia and USA.Cultivation of pineapple originated in Brazil.
“Advances in breeding of mango ”
Advances breeding of Mango, breeding of mango, mutation breeding og mango ,breeding of mango by gangaram rana ppt , breeding of mango in igkv
“Advances in breeding of guava ”
Advances breeding of Guava, breeding of guava by gangaram rana, breeding of guava in igkv, cultivation of guava, new technology of guava breeding, poly ploide breeding of guava, mutation breeding of guava
“Advances in breeding of grapes ”
Advances breeding of Grape, breeding of grape, mutation breeding of grape, biotechnology breeding of grape ppt, breeding of grape by gangaram rana, Advances breeding of Grape in igkv ,
There is a huge demand for Mango worldwide. Hence, exporting to other countries we earn foreign currency. And, especially in Bangladesh, the suitable climate and soil condition is a positive sign of Mango cultivation. With the help of cut-edged technology here is a possibility of increased production.
Pract no. 9 (b) floral biology of mangotusharamodugu
Scientific Name: Mangifera indica L.
Common Names: Mamidi, Am
Chromosome number : 2n = 2x = 40
The origin of mango is Indo – Burma region.
In India Mango is acclaimed as “King of fruits”.
Floral Biology :
Inflorescence :
Inflorescence is a large and terminal panicle.
The branching of the inflorescence is usually tertiary, rarely quaternary, but the ultimate branching is always cymose.
The mango inflorescence or panicle bears mainly two types of flowers – male and hermaphrodite.
The panicle bear 500-6000 flowers of which 1-70% are bisexual, remaining are male depending on the cultivar and temperature during its development. The percentage of perfect flowers varies between 0.74 per cent in Rumani, 16.41 to 55.7 per cent in Neelum and up to 69.8 per cent in Langra.
Canopy management is a vital part of fruit cultivation. It influences the quality and quantity of fruits. Thus directly or indirectly, it involves farmers benefit and yield increase.
Since litchi originated in China and it has been under cultivation there for more than 2200 years, more than 200 litchi varieties exist in China.
The variation in climatic factors, sometimes leads to greater fluctuation in yield of a litchi orchard.
Therefore, a right variety should be selected for plantation at a particular area though, all the litchi varieties have a wide range of adaptability; yield, fruit quality and acceptability may be region or location specific.
Snapmelon (Cucumis melo var. momordica Duth. and Full) is an important member of the family Cucurbitaceae, with a chromosome no. 24, which comprises of 117 genera and 825 species in warmer parts of the world (Gopalakrishnan.,2007). Snapmelon is commonly known as ‘Phoot’ which means to ‘split’. The dessert form of Cucumis melo L. is a distinct group distributed and adapted well essentially under humid tropics of South India. Snapmelon is a locally grown dessert melon in Goa and coastal Maharashtra known as ‘Chibud’, in areas of Karnataka as ‘Hibadihannu’ or ‘Phoottikai’ and in Kerala it is known as ‘Pottuvellari’. Yet in northern India large scale cultivation of ‘phoot’ is confined to the states of UP, Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab and Bihar. In arid area like Bikaner from Rajasthan nearly 28.70 % farmers out of 37.75% vegetable growers grow snap melon as a sole crop in kharif and rabi season as well.( Meena., S.R. et al., 2009)
The use of snapmelon is extremely diverse, depending on the type of fruit. Sweet types are consumed as dessert, while non-sweet types are used as vegetableThey are good sources of vitamin C, sugars, minerals and dietary fibre. The fruit of snapmelon contains 3% carbohydrate, 0.3% protein, 0.1 % fat, 95.7 % moisture, 265 IU Vitamin A 100g-1 and 10mg Vitamin C 100g-1 (Peter and Hazra, 2012). Seed contains 12.5 to 39.1 % edible oil. Besides nuitritional factor vegetable is used as a medicine in treating burns , abrasions and coolness of the body.
India being centre of origin, snapmelon has accumulated wide range of genetic variability with respect to the fruits are size small to large, rough and smooth, either oval or cylindrical in shape with a mealy, somewhat insipid or slightly sour flesh which burst on maturity. The productivity and quality are highly variable and sometimes results in low economic returns to the growers. Fruit cracking, low shelf life and lack of transportation & storage facilities are being the most common constraints.
The pineapple is a tropical and subtropical fruit .
Pineapple (Ananas comosus) is one of the commercially important fruit crops of India.
Total annual world production is estimated at 14.6 MT of fruits.
India is the fifth largest producer of pineapple with an annual output of about 1.2 MT.
common throughout the Bromeliaceae but Ananus is typically diploid (2n=2X=50)while pseudananas is tetraploid (2n=4X=100).Some triplod genotype with 2n=3x=75(e.g. Cayenne BR59,Spanish GU75-2 and DOS indios BR47)have also reported to exist.
Other leading producers are Thailand, Philippines, Brazil, China, Nigeria, Mexico, Indonesia, Colombia and USA.Cultivation of pineapple originated in Brazil.
Broad bean, Lima Bean, Jack bean, Ullucus.pptxjana861314
Production technology of Broad bean, Lima Bean, Jack bean, Ullucus from chromosomal level to the harvest and post harvest techniques for the under utilized vegetable crops. Helps to know the pest and disrases of the underutilized crops .this presentation also help to know the nutritional and antinutritional factors present in the underutilized bean and tubers.
BRINJAL CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BRINJAL Arvind Yadav
BRINJAL CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BRINJAL .BRINJAL
Botanical name : Solanum melongena
Family : Solanaceae
Chromosome No. : 2n = 24
Origin : India
Common name : Eggplant, Aubergine.
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
The document describes in detail the systematics, origin and distribution of sugarcane, the history of sugarcane in Zimbabwe and different hybridization methods of sugarcane.
Origin, Distribution, Botanical description, Cytogenetics, Genetic resources, Climate and soil, Propagation, Manures and fertilizers, Irrigation, Interculture, Use of PGR, Plant protection, Harvesting, Yield and Storage of Spine gourd
Okra breeding methods, objectives and important varietiesVikraman A
In this presentation I given information about okra crop for origin and distribution, breeding objectives and methods and some important varieties with description.
Embryo culture is a laboratory method for producing plant lets from a fertilized or unfertilized embryo in invitro condition. there are several advantages are associated with the embryo culture like production of haploid plants, making distant crosses successful, sometimes aborted embryos can be rescued from a unsuccessful hybridization.
The main objective of anther culture is production of haploid plants, which are useful in rapid production of homozygous lines and also production of doubled haploids (DH). Anther culture or pollen culture provides certain advantages over conventional breeding strategies like production of homozygous lines which takes 5-7 generations in case of conventional breeding strategies.
The Yamada et al., and Guha and Ramachandra are first to produce the haploid plants through anther culture in 1936 and 1964 respectively.
N6 is the popular media for used for anther culture.
This presentation deals with procedure, applications, limitations associated with the Anther culture.
General steps in biotechnology: and Various sterilization techniques followed in a tissue culture lab space, such as autoclaving, filtering, flame sterilization, chemical sterilization, UV radiation etc.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
2. • Botanical name: Vitis vinifera L.
• Family: Vitaceae
• Chromosome number: 2n=2x=38.
• Origin: Caspian and Black sea region.
3. • Germplasm resources
• Field gene banks of grapes are maintained at
Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology, IARI,
New Delhi, Indian Institute of Horticulture
Research, Bangalore, Ganesh Khand Botanical
Garden, Pune etc.
• Further, 616 genotypes of grapes are maintained at
IIHR, Bangalore.
4. • Objectives
• Objectives of breeding for grapes are:
• To develop early maturing, seedless and sweet cultivars for
table purpose.
• To induce resistance to anthracnose, Phylloxera and
chaffer beetle.
• To develop varieties with medium vigor and productive
basal bud, which can be trained on head or pandal system
of training.
• For the tropics the objectives of breeding should be:
• To develop high yielding and high quality varieties with
increased fruitfulness of basal buds, less degree of apical
dominance, suitability for different purpose such as table,
raisin, wine and juice and resistance to diseases.
• To develop root stocks resistant to salinity, nematodes and
drought.
5. • Introduction
• Grapes are reported to have been introduced in
Tropical India about 2600 years ago in 620 BC
(Olmo, 1976).
• Commercial cultivation did not start until the
beginning of 20th Century. During 1930, Shree
R.S.Pillay, identified Anab-e-Shahi from the
collections of Nawab Baquer Ali Khan and
subsequently its commercial cultivation picked up
in South India.
• Bhokri and Cheema Sahebi in Maharashtra, Bhokri
and Muscat Hamberg in Tamil Nadu and Bangalore
Blue in Karnataka are the introductions.
6. • The commercial varieties of grapes were
introduced into India mostly by invaders
• of Iran and Afghanistan (Thaper, 1960).
Muhammed Bin Tughlaq introduced, Bhokri,Fakhri
and Sahebi cultivars in Aurangabad (Daulatabad) in
1338.
• Large scale introduction in a planned manner were
initiated at Lyallpur as early as 1928, when S.B.S.Lal
Singh, was Head of Department of Horticulture,
introduced as many as 116 grapes varieties from
different grape growing countries.
• The earlier promising introduction include,
Thompson Seedless, Perlette, Beauty Seedless,
from USA,
• Kishmish Beli and Kishmish Charni from USSR
7. • The cultivars like Ruby Seedless,Gordo
Blano,(Reisling, MS 18-55,MS 19-77,MS 16-
2,Wortly Hall hybrids from Australia.
• Totlocha from Brazil Flame Seedling
1281,Dogridge,Pride,Dixie,Wedor and Black
Cornith-2 from USA.
• Surnak Kitabiskij, Pozdrijwir and Shirajx-6 from
USSR.
• Malvasiafina (Douro), Boal De Alicante, Tinta Deira
Preta, Jampal, Tinta Roriz,from Portugal.
• 0912 Horizon (SW) , 0913 Leon Millet, Foch and
0912 Swanson Red from Canada for wine, raisin
and table purposes have been introduced and are
under evaluation.
9. • Selection:
• the population of seedlings from open pollinated
seeds is a potential source for selection of desirable
type e.g. Cheema Sahebi (Sel-7), Selection-49.
• Some promising seedlings from open pollinated
population of Pandhari Sahebi and Kabul Monukka
were also selected.
• Clonal selection:
• Pusa Seedless from Thompson Seedless:
Developed at IARI, New Delhi. It differs from the
parent in respect of having more elongated berries.
Vine vigorous and heavy yielding. TSS 22-24%,
acidity 0.77% and juice content 65%. It ripens in the
middle of June.
10. • HS 37-6 from Perlette: Developed at HAU, Hissar.
This cultivar is 15 days earlier in maturity than the
parent.
11. • Hybridization
• In India, hybridization work was started in 1958 at
IARI, New Delhi. The purpose of hybridization at
IARI, New Delhi was to develop early maturing, high
yielding, better quality seedless varieties with
resistant to biotic stresses.
• However, IIHR, Bangalore, started breeding
programme in 1968, with objective to develop
superior varieties for table, raisins, wine and juice.
• On the basis of types of parent used, it can be
grouped into two.
• (a) Interspecific / Intergeneric hybridization
• (b) Interspecific or intervarietal hybridization.
12. • Interspecific / Intergeneric hybridization
• Muscadinia is a rich source of resistance to diseases
and pests and also possesses a unique and
delightful flavor and aroma.
• The crosses between Vitis and Muscadinia which
differ in chromosome number.
• Crossing within Muscadinia has given outstanding
self fertile cultivars like Tarheel (M.rotundifolia x
M.munsoniana), South Land, Magron, Regale (Cold
hardy) Sterling (cold hardy) and Triumph.
• Telki 5A (V.berlendieri x V.riparia) highly resistant to
Phylloxera, tolerant to lime soils and moderately
resistant to nematodes, Harmony(1613x V.champini
planchon cv.Dogridge) has been developed as a
result of interspecific hybridization.
13. • Intervarietal hybridization:
• A few promising hybrids identified through inter
varietal hybridization at IARI were.
Hybrid Parentage
Hybrid 62-37 Hur x Pusa Seedless
H62-65 Hur x Pusa Seedless
H-62-20 Hur x Black Hamburg
H-62-67 Hur x Bharat Early
H-63-10 Bhokri x Pearl of Casaba
H-63-32 Bhokri x Pearl of Casaba
Pusa Navrang Madeleine Angevinex Rubi Red
Pusa Urvashi Hur x Beauty Seedless
14. • The promising hybrids developed at IIHR, Bangalore
were..
Hybrid Parentage
Arkawati Black Champa x Thomson Seedless
Arka Kanchan Anab-e-Shahi x Queen of the VineYards
Arka Shyam Bangalore Blue x Black Champa
Arka Hans Bangalore Blue x Anab-e-Shahi
Arka Chitra Angur Kalan x Anab-Shahi
Arka Krishna Black Champa x Thompson Seedless
Arka Majestic Angur Kalan x Black Champa
Arka Neelmani Black champa x Thompson Seedless
Arka Soma Anab –e-Shahi x Queen of the Vine Yards
Arka Thrishna Bangalore Blue x Convert Large Black
Arka Shweta seedless Anab-e-Shahi x Thompson Seedless
15. • Hybridization technique:
• Emasculation of small flowers of grapes is a tedious
job. Since the grape is self fertile emasculation is
most essential for making desired crosses.
• Use of reflexed stamens and functionally female
cultivars like Hur, Angoor Kalan, Banquiabyad,
Katta, Kurgan as female parents can help in
eliminating the tedious task of emasculation.
• Aqueous solutions of maletic hydrazide (MH) at 400
to 750 ppm, 2,3,4 Tri iodo – benzoic acid (TIBA) at
400 to 500 ppm and 1,2 dichloro-isobutyrate (FW-
450) at 0.30% applied twice to 13 to 15 days old
inflorescence induced pollen sterility.
16. • Mutation breeding
• The important mutagens used in grape breeding
are physical mutagens (χ ray and γ rays ) and
chemical mutagens (Ethyl Methane Sulphonate
(EMS),N-Nitroso-N-Methyl Urethane (NMUT) and
N-Nitrose-N-Methyl-Urea (NMU).
• Further, induced mutations have resulted in a few
improved varieties, New Perlette (Loose Perlette)
with comparatively loose bunch has been evolved
with χ rays (2.5 KR) treatment.
• Red Niagara having red fruit from Niagara and
Robin Cardinal an early maturing variety from
Cardinal are other important induced mutants in
grapes.
18. • Polyploidy breeding:
• Polyploidy breeding has immense importance in
the improvement of table grapes.
• The chief benefit from polyploidy is the increase in
berry size.
• The crossing of diploid with induced tetraploids
may help in evolving new triploid seedless grapes.
• Marvel Seedless from Delight, Early Niable
(Campbell x Niagra), Lonetto, Early Giant from
Campbell, Muscat Common Hall from Muscat
Alexandria, Black King from Campbell etc. are
important examples of polyploidy