This document provides information on crop improvement and recent advances in apples. It discusses the botanical details of apples, including their origin, chromosome number, and pollination method. It then covers the importance and uses of apples, their nutritional value, present production scenarios, centers of diversity, cytogenetics, floral biology, inheritance of traits, genetic resources, breeding methods including introduction, selection, hybridization and mutation, important varieties from different regions, and future directions for apple breeding focusing on wider adaptability, improved quality, and disease/pest resistance.
Since litchi originated in China and it has been under cultivation there for more than 2200 years, more than 200 litchi varieties exist in China.
The variation in climatic factors, sometimes leads to greater fluctuation in yield of a litchi orchard.
Therefore, a right variety should be selected for plantation at a particular area though, all the litchi varieties have a wide range of adaptability; yield, fruit quality and acceptability may be region or location specific.
“Advances in breeding of mango ”
Advances breeding of Mango, breeding of mango, mutation breeding og mango ,breeding of mango by gangaram rana ppt , breeding of mango in igkv
Since litchi originated in China and it has been under cultivation there for more than 2200 years, more than 200 litchi varieties exist in China.
The variation in climatic factors, sometimes leads to greater fluctuation in yield of a litchi orchard.
Therefore, a right variety should be selected for plantation at a particular area though, all the litchi varieties have a wide range of adaptability; yield, fruit quality and acceptability may be region or location specific.
“Advances in breeding of mango ”
Advances breeding of Mango, breeding of mango, mutation breeding og mango ,breeding of mango by gangaram rana ppt , breeding of mango in igkv
“Advances in breeding of grapes ”
Advances breeding of Grape, breeding of grape, mutation breeding of grape, biotechnology breeding of grape ppt, breeding of grape by gangaram rana, Advances breeding of Grape in igkv ,
“Advances in breeding of guava ”
Advances breeding of Guava, breeding of guava by gangaram rana, breeding of guava in igkv, cultivation of guava, new technology of guava breeding, poly ploide breeding of guava, mutation breeding of guava
“Advances in breeding of banana ”
Advances breeding of Banana, breeding of banana , breeding of banana by gangaram rana, Advances breeding of Banana igkv, mutation breeding of banana, biotechnology of banana, seed production breeding of banana,
Origin, distribution, area & production, taxonomy, floral biology, varieties, and species, objective of breeding in different countries and major breeding programmes, approaches and achivements
For improvement of Fruit Cultivars Through approaches and new transgenic technologies can be applied in order to quickly incorporate traits of economic importance
Advances in Apple Breeding (Sanjay Chetry).pptxsanjaychetry2
The cultivated apple is likely the result of interspecific hybridization and at present the binomial Malus x domestica has been generally accepted as the appropriate scientific name (Korban and Skirvin, 1984). It belongs to the family Rosaceae and subfamily Maloideae and haploid chromosome number is x = 17 and somatic chromosome is 2x =34. The genus Malus has 25 to 30 species and several subspecies of so-called crab apples(Malus baccata). Apple is an allopolyploid, but behaves like a diploid. While diploids are frequent, triploids can occur spontaneously in crosses between diploids. Such triploids have larger leaves and fruit than their diploid relatives but are pollen sterile and cannot supply pollen for fertilization. Many popular cultivars (‘Jonagold,’ ‘Mutsu’) are triploids and prized for their quality and fruit size. Many Malus species have been used and continue to be used in breeding, with the increased recognition of the value of diversity and a means to study genes present in these relatives of cultivated apple.
There are over 30 primary species of apple and most can be readily hybridized (Korban 1986, Way et al. 1991). The cultivated apple is likely the result of initial domestication followed by inter-specific
hybridization (Harris et al. 2002). Its primary wild ancestor is M. sieversii whose range is centered at the border between western China and the former Soviet Union. Apples are the main forest tree there and display the full range of colors, forms and tastes found in domesticated apples across the world (Forsline et al. 1994, Hokanson et al. 1997). The domesticated apple has been referred to with the epithet Malus x domestica (Korban and Skirvin 1984), although recently Mabberley et al. (2001) proposed that Malus pumila should properly refer to the domesticated apple and its presumed wild relative M. sieversii. Other species of Malus which contributed to the genetic background of the apple likely include: M. orientalis of Caucasia, M. sylvestris from Europe, M. baccata from Siberia, M. mandshurica from Manchuria, and M. prunifolia from China. It is likely that these species hybridized with domesticated apples as they were spread by humans (Harris et al. 2002).
Malus has 25 to 30 species and several sub-species, many of which are cultivated as ornamental trees for their profuse blossoms and attractive fruits. Many of the species intercross freely and semi selfincompatibility is common. Trees grown from collection of Malus are frequently inter-specific or inter-varietal hybrids. The cultivated apple is botanically Malus domestica Borkh. Malus baccata (Crab apple) and M. sikkimensis occur wild in India. M. baccata var. himalaica in North Western region and Meghalaya and M. baccata var. dirangensis in Arunachal Pradesh. Seven ecotypes of M. baccata have also been collected from different temperate region. (Randhawa, 1987). Varietal diversity of apple in Indian Himalayas is primarily introduction from Europe and North American
“Advances in breeding of grapes ”
Advances breeding of Grape, breeding of grape, mutation breeding of grape, biotechnology breeding of grape ppt, breeding of grape by gangaram rana, Advances breeding of Grape in igkv ,
“Advances in breeding of guava ”
Advances breeding of Guava, breeding of guava by gangaram rana, breeding of guava in igkv, cultivation of guava, new technology of guava breeding, poly ploide breeding of guava, mutation breeding of guava
“Advances in breeding of banana ”
Advances breeding of Banana, breeding of banana , breeding of banana by gangaram rana, Advances breeding of Banana igkv, mutation breeding of banana, biotechnology of banana, seed production breeding of banana,
Origin, distribution, area & production, taxonomy, floral biology, varieties, and species, objective of breeding in different countries and major breeding programmes, approaches and achivements
For improvement of Fruit Cultivars Through approaches and new transgenic technologies can be applied in order to quickly incorporate traits of economic importance
Advances in Apple Breeding (Sanjay Chetry).pptxsanjaychetry2
The cultivated apple is likely the result of interspecific hybridization and at present the binomial Malus x domestica has been generally accepted as the appropriate scientific name (Korban and Skirvin, 1984). It belongs to the family Rosaceae and subfamily Maloideae and haploid chromosome number is x = 17 and somatic chromosome is 2x =34. The genus Malus has 25 to 30 species and several subspecies of so-called crab apples(Malus baccata). Apple is an allopolyploid, but behaves like a diploid. While diploids are frequent, triploids can occur spontaneously in crosses between diploids. Such triploids have larger leaves and fruit than their diploid relatives but are pollen sterile and cannot supply pollen for fertilization. Many popular cultivars (‘Jonagold,’ ‘Mutsu’) are triploids and prized for their quality and fruit size. Many Malus species have been used and continue to be used in breeding, with the increased recognition of the value of diversity and a means to study genes present in these relatives of cultivated apple.
There are over 30 primary species of apple and most can be readily hybridized (Korban 1986, Way et al. 1991). The cultivated apple is likely the result of initial domestication followed by inter-specific
hybridization (Harris et al. 2002). Its primary wild ancestor is M. sieversii whose range is centered at the border between western China and the former Soviet Union. Apples are the main forest tree there and display the full range of colors, forms and tastes found in domesticated apples across the world (Forsline et al. 1994, Hokanson et al. 1997). The domesticated apple has been referred to with the epithet Malus x domestica (Korban and Skirvin 1984), although recently Mabberley et al. (2001) proposed that Malus pumila should properly refer to the domesticated apple and its presumed wild relative M. sieversii. Other species of Malus which contributed to the genetic background of the apple likely include: M. orientalis of Caucasia, M. sylvestris from Europe, M. baccata from Siberia, M. mandshurica from Manchuria, and M. prunifolia from China. It is likely that these species hybridized with domesticated apples as they were spread by humans (Harris et al. 2002).
Malus has 25 to 30 species and several sub-species, many of which are cultivated as ornamental trees for their profuse blossoms and attractive fruits. Many of the species intercross freely and semi selfincompatibility is common. Trees grown from collection of Malus are frequently inter-specific or inter-varietal hybrids. The cultivated apple is botanically Malus domestica Borkh. Malus baccata (Crab apple) and M. sikkimensis occur wild in India. M. baccata var. himalaica in North Western region and Meghalaya and M. baccata var. dirangensis in Arunachal Pradesh. Seven ecotypes of M. baccata have also been collected from different temperate region. (Randhawa, 1987). Varietal diversity of apple in Indian Himalayas is primarily introduction from Europe and North American
PPT apple breeding
Apple Advances Breeding , apple breeding of igkv, gangaram rana apple breeding , mutation breeding of apple, cultivation of apple, polyploide breeding of apple , apomaxis breeding of apple
its a improved presentation about kiwi fruit along with available info in slide share by other authors.
interested to have a copy mail panchaal94@gmail.com
Citrus fruits originated in the tropical and sub tropical regions of South East Asia, particularly India and China. North East India is the native place of juice many citrus species.
This presentation by Morris Kleiner (University of Minnesota), was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/crps.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
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Sharpen existing tools or get a new toolbox? Contemporary cluster initiatives...Orkestra
UIIN Conference, Madrid, 27-29 May 2024
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f you offer a service on the web, odds are that someone will abuse it. Be it an API, a SaaS, a PaaS, or even a static website, someone somewhere will try to figure out a way to use it to their own needs. In this talk we'll compare measures that are effective against static attackers and how to battle a dynamic attacker who adapts to your counter-measures.
About the Speaker
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Diogo Sousa, Engineering Manager @ Canonical
An opinionated individual with an interest in cryptography and its intersection with secure software development.
0x01 - Newton's Third Law: Static vs. Dynamic Abusers
Apple breeding
1. Crop improvement and recent
advances in APPLE
Presentation
on
SUBMITTED TO:
Dr. M.R. Choudhary
SUBMITTED BY:
Praveen Choyal
DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE
SKN College Of Agriculture, Jobner
(Jaipur)
2. INTRODUCTION
Botanical name : Malus x domestica
Family : Rosaceae
Origin : Asia Minor to western Himalayas
Chromosome no. : 2n = 34
Type of fruit : Pome
Edible portion : Fleshy thalamus
Photoperiodism : Long day plant
Fruit bearing habit : Axillary bearing on old season growth
Self-incompatibility : Gametophytic SI
Pollination : Entomophilous
3. IMPORTANCE AND USES
Carbohydrate found in apple consists of sugars, starch, hemi-
cellulose, cellulose and pectic substances.
The apple fruits have been found to contain appreciable amount
of sorbitol and various sugars (sucrose, glucose, fructose).
The major acids in apple are recorded malic.
Apple is believed to reduce the incidence of dental problems,
helps to control obesity and supply extra energy for heavy
exercise.
4. The various products like jam, jelly, preserve, slices,
apple butter, apple chips, apple rings, wine, juice, cider and
powder are prepared from apple.
5. NUTRITIONAL VALUE
INGREDIENT QUANTITY
Moisture : 86 %
Carbohydrates : 14.5 %
Protein : 0.3 %
Potassium : 110 mg /100 g
Phosphorus : 10 mg /100 g
Calcium : 6 mg /100 g
Iron : 0.3 mg /100 g
Vit. A : 90-120 IU /100 g
Vit. C : 5-40 mg /100 g
Thiamine : 10 mg/100 g
Energy : 200 calories/100 g
6. PRESENT SCENERIO
China is leading country in apple production in world
(48.3%).
Apple ranks forth in area (3,05,000ha) and seventh in
production (22,65000MT) among all fruits in India.
Jammu & Kashmir leads in area as well as production (66%)
of apple in India followed by Himachal Pradesh.
Leading importer of Indian apple is Bangladesh (73.94%).
7. CENTRE OF DIVERSITY
The cultivated apple (Malus x domestica) is originated in
South-Western Asia, in the Caucasus region near Gilan in
Turkistan.
The first apple orchard in Himachal Pradesh was established at
Bandrole in Kullu Valley by Captain A.A. Lee around 1870.
The major apple producing countries in the world are china,
USA, India, Polland, Italy, France, Iran, Brazil and Russian
Federation.
8. CYTOGENETICS
The present cultivated apple (Malus x domestica) originated as
a result of inter-specific hybridization.
The main ancestor of cultivated apple is Malus sieversii which
is found between Western China and USSR, to the edge of
Caspian Sea.
It has arisen as a amphidiploid of two primitive forms one
have a basic chromosome number of 8 and the other 9.
9. BOTANY & FLORAL BIOLOGY
The genus Malus has 25 species and several sub species.
(1) Malus domestica (Cultivated apple) :
• The tree is round headed, grows up to a height of 10 m or
more, deciduous rarely evergreen with spiny branches.
• The flowers are white to pink or carmine in cymes, petals
usually sub or bilocular or obovate.
• Stamens 15-30 with usually yellow anthers.
• Ovary is inferior, 3-5 cells, styles 2-5, connate at base.
• The fruit is pome, usually without grit-cells, persistent or
deciduous calyx with depression at either end.
• Edible portion is fleshy thalamus.
10.
11. continue…..
(2.) Malus baccata (Siberian crab) : It grows wild from Siberia to
Manchuria and the Himalayan region. It is a spreading tree, flowers
are white and showy. Fruits yellow or red, firm and translucent.
(3.) Malus sylvestris (Wild crab apple) : It considered to be native of
Western Asia and South Eastern Europe. Trees are large. There are
several cultivars differing in form, size, colour and taste.
(4.) Malus floribunda (Flowering Crab) : It is native of Japan. Trees
are small and thorny. Flowers are highly ornamental, rose-red
colour. Fruits are small in size and red in colour. Resistant to scab
and good pollinizer.
12. continue…..
(5.) Malus aungstifolia (Narrow-leaved Crab-apple) : Leaves
are small, narrow and lanceolate. Flowers are pink in colour,
fruits small.
(6.) Malus coronaria (American Crab-apple) : Trees are small,
bushy and thorny. Flowers are large with persistent calyx.
Fruits are greenish yellow, fragrant and waxy.
(7.) Malus soulardii ( Soulard Crab-apple) : It is a natural
hybrid of M. pumila X M. ioensis. Trees are small. Fruits are
large with good aroma.
(8.) Malus ioensis : Trees are small, flowers large, fruits are
green with light coloured spots.
13.
14.
15. INHERITANCE OF IMPORTANT TRAITS
Compact growth habit and cold hardiness controlled by
polygenes.
Fruit colour is controlled by three independent genes A, B & C.
i. Yellow – dominant gene
ii. Red – two dominant genes
iii. Green – Recessive genes
Cream yellow flesh colour in Cox’s Orange Pippins is
controlled by single dominant gene.
Resistance to powdery mildew is controlled by single dominant
gene (Pl2).
Scab resistance is controlled partial polygenic (Vf)
16. GENETIC RESOURCES
WILD SPECIES : RESISTANCE TO BIOTIC &
ABIOTIC STRESS
M. floribunda,
M. astrosanguinea
: Resistance to scab disease
M. zumi : Resistance to powdery mildew and
codling moth
M. robusta : Resistance to powdery mildew
M. hupehensis : Resistance to wooly apple aphid
M. siversii : Sucker free species
M.sieboldii : Apomixis Species
17. SOURCE OF GENES FOR DESIRABLE TRAITS
S.NO. IMPORTANT TRAITS : VARITIES
1. High Yield : Scarlet Gala, Red Fuzi
2. Colour Strains : Royal Delicious, Vance Delicious, Top
Red, Hardeman, Red Gold, Skyline
Supreme
3. Low Chilling : Vared, Michael, Tropical Beauty, Maayan,
Schlomit
4. Early Maturity : Yandik-oveske, Papisovka Canniaga
5. Scab Resistance : Prima, Priscilla, Liberty, Fordous, Sir Prize,
Red Free, Mac Free, Freedom, Honey
Crisp, Jona Gold,
6. Wooly Aphid Resistance : Northern Spy
7. Flavour Rich : Honey Crisp
8. Green colour : Baldwin, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Black
Bendavis, Pippins
18. LIMITATION
Long juvenile period
Alternate bearing habit
Self-incompatibility
Polygenic control of most of the horticultural traits
Large population required to recover re-combinations
20. INTRODUCTION
It is an approach of introducing a new genotype or a
group of genotypes into a new environment where
they were not being grown before.
From USA : Red Delicious, Starking Delicious
From Israel : Mayan, Michael, Schlomit, Vared
21. SELECTION
Most of the commercial apple cultivars are chance seedling
selections.
The ‘Delicious’ apple (Iowa, 1872) and ‘Golden Delicious’
(West Virginia, 1905) still dominates the apple production in
the world.
In apple, selection had resulted in several spur type varieties
(Red Spur Delicious, Golden Spur Delicious), colour sports
(Royal Red, Vance Delicious), low chilling varieties (Vared,
Michael, Tropical Beauty) and Scab resistant varieties (Prima,
Pricilla, Liberty).
22. HYBRIDIZATION
Thomas Andrew Knight (1759-1838) pioneered the controlled
crossing in a apple and produced first cultivar of known parentage.
The systematic work was initiated in kashmir in 1956 with a view
to combine high dessert quality of Delicious group with good
keeping quality of Ambri; at Himachal Pradesh in 1960 and at
Chaubattia in 1970.
The systemic improvement work in apple in India has been carried
out at FRS, Mashobra (H.P.), FRS, Shalimar (J&K) and HETC,
Chaubattia (Uttaranchal) resulting in release of a number of
improved varieties.
23. INSTITUTE HYBRID PARENTS
FRS, Shalimar Lal Ambri : Red Delicious x Ambri
(J&K) Sunheri : Ambri x Golden Delicious
FRS, Mashobra Akbar : Ambri x Cox’s Orange Pippins
(H.P.) Ambred : Red Delicious x Ambri-57
Ambstarking : Starking Delicious x Ambri-81
Ambryol : Starking Delicious x Ambri-84
Ambrich : Rich-a-red x Ambri-15
HETC,
Chaubattia
Chaubattia Princess : Red Delicious x Early Shanbury
(Uttaranchal) Chaubattia Anupam : Red Delicious x Early Shanbury
Continue…..
24. MUTATION BREEDING
Richared budsport of Red Delicious
Vance Delicious bud mutant of Delicious
Red Elstar natural mutant of Elstar
25. Recommended varieties of apple in different states:
SEASON HIMACHAL PRADESH JAMMU & KASHMIR UTTARANCHAL
EARLY Tydemans Early, Michael,
Molies Delicious,
Schlomit, Starkrimson
Irish Peach, Benoni Early Shanbury, Fenny,
Benoni, Chaubattia Princess
MID Starking Delicious, Red
Delicious, Richared,
Vance Delicious, Top Red,
Red Chief, Oregon Spur,
Red Spur, Red Gold
Jonathan, Cox’s Orange
Pippins, Red Gold, Queen’s
Apple, Rome Beauty, Scarlet
Siberian
Red Delicious, Starking
Delicious, Mclntosh,
Cortland, Golden Delicious,
LATE Golden Delicious, Yellow
Newton, Winter Banana,
Granny Smith
King Pippin, Kerry Pippin,
Lal Ambri, Sunheri, Golden
Delicious, Red Delicious,
Ambri, Baldwin, Yellow
Newton, White Dotted Red
Rymer, Buckingham
26. VARIETIES BELONGS TO YEAR FEATURES
Ambrosia British
Columbia,
Canada
1980s Cream-coloured flesh with a sweet, crisp,
aromatic flavour and low acidity.
Anna Israel 1965 Colour is yellow with a red blush. This
variety does not grow well in the cold and
prefers heat and humidity.
Baldwin Massachusetts
, US
1740 Sweet to subacid flavour. Also known as
"Woodpecker".
Blenheim
Orange
England 1740 Has greenish-yellow to orange skin
streaked with red. Distinctive nutty
flavour excellent for cooking.
Cox's Orange
Pippin
England 1829 Valued for its aromatic "orange" colour
and flavour.
IMPORTANT VARIETIES
27. Empire New York 1966 Lovely white subacid flesh. Tangy taste. Ruby red
colour.
Fuji Japan 1930 Sweet, crisp, dense flesh is very mildly flavoured.
One of the most widely grown apple varieties in
the world.
Gala New Zealand 1970 Thin, tannic skin is yellow-green with a red blush
overlape with reddish-orange streaks.
Golden
Delicious
US 1914 Uniform light green-yellow coloration, very sweet.
A good pollinator.
Granny Smith Australia 1868 Also noted as common pie apple. Lime green
colouring. Extremely tart.
Honeycrisp US 1960 Very crisp white flesh is slightly tart with a strong
honey-like sweetness.
Jonathan New York 1820 Tart taste. Mostly red apple with patches of lime
green. Does well in cooler areas; frost resistance
28. Liberty New York 1978 disease-resistant.
McIntosh Ontario,
Canada
1811 A popular, cold-tolerant eating apple in North
America.
Northern
Spy
New York 1800 Tart, firm, stores very well. Noted for being
excellent choice for making American-style apple
pie.
Pink Pearl California, US 1944 bright pink flesh, Sweet. Possibly has crab apple
in its ancestry. Makes cider have a reddish tint if
pressed.
Red
Delicious
Lowa, US 1870 First marketed as "Delicious" or "Stark's
Delicious," name changed to "Red Delicious" in
1914.
Red Prince Netherlands 1994 White flesh is crisp, sweet and juicy, with hints of
cherry and almond.
Stark
Earliest
US 1938 Does nicely in fruit salads. Red striping on light
background. Ripens in summer.
