This document discusses plant diseases, their importance, causes, and principles of disease control. It notes that plant diseases have impacted humanity throughout history, causing famines from crop losses of 30-50% in some areas. Environmental factors like temperature, humidity, soil properties, and nutrients can influence disease development. Control methods aim to exclude, eradicate, or protect against pathogens using practices like sanitation, crop rotation, and regulating the environment, along with developing host resistance. The key message is that prayer and respecting one's mother are more protective than any security.

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Amjad Khan Afridi
Plant Disease And Its Importance
Plant disease, an impairment of the normal state of a plant that interrupts or modifies its
vital functions.
Plant diseases are known from times preceding the earliest writings.
Plant disease outbreaks with similar far-reaching effects in more recent times include
 Late blight of potato in Ireland (1845–60)
 Powdery and downy mildew of grape - France (1851 and 1878)
 coffee rust - Ceylon (starting in the 1870s);
 Sigatoka leaf spot and panama disease of banana - central America (1900–65)
 Black stem rust of wheat - (1916, 1935, 1953–54)
Loss of crops from plant diseases may result in hunger and starvation, especially in less
developed countries where access to disease-control methods is limited and annual losses of 30
to 50 percent are common for major crops. In some years, losses are much greater, producing
catastrophic results for those who depend on the crop for food.
Major disease outbreaks among food crops have led to famines and mass migrations throughout
history. The devastating outbreak of late blight of potato (Phytophthora infestans) that began in
Europe in 1845 and brought about the Irish famine caused starvation, death, and mass migration
of the Irish population.
Diseases — a normal part of nature:
Plant diseases are a normal part of nature and one of many ecological factors that help
keep the hundreds of thousands of living plants and animals in balance with one another.
Plant cells contain special signaling pathways that enhance their defenses against insects,
animals, and pathogens.
One such example involves a plant hormone called jasmonate (jasmonic acid).
In the absence of harmful stimuli, jasmonate binds to special proteins, called JAZ proteins, to
regulate plant growth, Pollen production, and other. it also increase the defense mechanism of
plants.
Disease development and transmission
Pathogenesis and saprogenesis

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Pathogenesis is the stage of disease in which the pathogen is in intimate association with
living host tissue.
Three fairly distinct stages are involved:
Inoculation: transfer of the pathogen to the infection court, or area in which invasion of
the plant occurs (the infection court may be the unbroken plant surface, a variety of wounds, or
natural openings.
Incubation: the period of time between the arrival of the pathogen in the infection court
and the appearance of symptoms
Infection: the appearance of disease symptoms accompanied by the establishment and
spread of the pathogen.
Environmental factors affectingdisease development
Temperature:
Each pathogen has an optimum temperature for growth. In addition, different growth
stages of the fungus, such as the production of spores, their germination, and the growth of the
mycelium, may have slightly different optimum temperatures.
Relative humidity :
Relative humidity is very critical in fungal spore germination and the development of
storage rots. High humidity favours development of the great majority of leaf and fruit diseases
caused by fungi and bacteria. Moisture is generally needed for fungal spore germination, the
multiplication and penetration of bacteria, and the initiation of infection.
Soil moisture:
High or low soil moisture may be a limiting factor in the development of certain root rot
diseases. High soil-moisture levels favour development of destructive water mold fungi, such as
species of Aphanomyces, Pythium, and Phytophthora.
Soil pH
Soil pH, a measure of acidity or alkalinity, markedly influences a few diseases, such as
common scab of potato and club root of crucifers (Plasmodiophora brassicae).
Growth of the potato scab organism is suppressed at a pH of 5.2 or slightly below (pH 7
is neutral; numbers below 7 indicate acidity, and those above 7 indicate alkalinity). Scab is not
normally a problem when the natural soil pH is about 5.2.

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Soil type
Certain pathogens are favoured by loam soils and others by clay soils. Phymatotrichum root
rot attacks cotton and some 2,000 other plants Phymatotrichum fungus is serious only in black
alkaline soils—pH 7.3 or above—that are low in organic matter.
Soil fertility:
Greenhouse and field experiments have shown that raising or lowering the levels of
certain nutrient elements required by plants frequently influences the development of some
infectious diseases.
Disease Symptoms
Plant disease
symptoms
Description and causes Examples
Water-soaking A water-soaked, translucent condition of
tissues caused by water moving from host
cells into intercellular spaces
late blight lesions on potato and tomato
leaves; bacterial soft rot of fleshy
vegetables
Wilting Temporary or permanent drooping of leaves,
shoots, or entire plants from lack of water
bacterial wilt of cucumber; Fusarium
wilt of tomato
Abnormal coloration Yellowing, reddening, bronzing, or purpling
in localized areas of leaves where
chlorophyll has been destroyed; may be due
to a variety of causes
cabbage and aster yellows; halo blight of
beans; potassium or phosphorus
deficiency
Necrotic Localized or general death of cells or
disintegration of tissues
Leaf spot
Blast Sudden blighting or death of young buds,
flowers, or young fruit; failure to produce
fruit or seeds
Botrytis blight of peony buds; oat blast
Blight Sudden or total discoloration and killing of
large numbers of blossoms, leaves, shoots, or
limbs or the entire plant; usually young
tissues are attacked; the disease name is
often coupled with the name of the host and
the part attacked—blossom blight, twig
blight, tip blight
Leaf blight
Canker A definite, dead, often sunken or swollen and Nectria canker of hardwoods

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cracked area on a stem, limb, trunk, tuber, or
root surrounded by living tissues
Damping-off Decay of seed in soil, rapid death of
germinating seedlings before emergence, or
emerged seedlings suddenly wilting, toppling
over, and dying from rot at or near the soil
line
Nursery
Dieback Progressive browning and death of shoots,
branches, and roots starting at the tips
Diebacks in rose
Firing Drying and dying of leaves
Fleck A small, white to translucent spot or lesion
visible through a leaf
ozone injury
Mummification Final stage in certain fruit rots, in which the
dried, shriveled, and wrinkled fruit is called a
"mummy"
Downy mildew in grapes
Net necrosis An irregular crisscrossing of dark brown to
black lines giving a netted appearance
in potato tubers of plants with virus leaf
roll
Pitting Small dead areas within fleshy or woody
tissue that appears healthy externally;
definite sunken grooves or pits are formed
virus stem-pitting in apple
Rot Decomposition and putrefaction of cells,
later of tissues and organs; the rot may be
dry, firm, watery, or mushy and is
characterized by such names as hard rot, soft
rot, dry rot, black rot, and white rot
bacterial soft rot; berry rot; bud rot; bulb
rot
Scald Blanching of young fruit, foliage, and shoot
tissue; generally superficial
sunscald; apple and pear scald
Scorch Sudden death and "burning" of large,
indefinite areas in leaves and fruit
toxicity from pesticides and air
pollutants; drought; wind; lack or excess
of some nutrient
Spot A definite, localized, round to regular lesion,
often with a border of a different colour,
characterized as to location (leaf spot, fruit
spot) and colour (brown spot, black spot); if
numerous or if spots enlarge and merge, a
gray leaf spot of tomato; black spot of
rose; tar spot of maple

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large irregular blotch or blight may develop
Principles of disease control
Exclusion and avoidance
The principle of exclusion and avoidance is to keep the pathogen away from
the growing host plant. This practice commonly excludes pathogens by disinfection of plants,
seeds, or other parts, using chemicals or heat. Inspection and certification of seed and other
planting stock help ensure freedom from disease.
Plant disease and its importance
Eradication
Eradication is concerned with elimination of the disease agent after it has become
established in the area of the growing host or has penetrated the host. Such measures include
crop rotation, destruction of the diseased plants, elimination of alternate host plants, pruning,
disinfection, and heat treatments.
Protection
The principle of protection involves placing a barrier between the pathogen and the
susceptible part of the host to shield the host from the pathogen. This can be accomplished by
regulation of the environment, cultural and handling practices, control of insect carriers, and
application of chemical pesticides.
Regulation of the environment
Selection of outdoor growing areas where weather is unfavourable for disease is a method of
controlling disease by regulating the environment.
Cultural practices
Selection of the best time and depth of seeding and planting is an effective cultural practice
that reduces disease impact. Adjustment of soil moisture is another cultural practice of wider
spread usefulness. Adjustment of soil pH also leads to control of some diseases.
Regulation of fertility level and nutrient balance:
Potash and nitrogen, and the balance between the two, may affect the incidence of certain
bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases of corn, cotton, tobacco, and sugar beet. Adjusting the soil

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pH, adding chelated or soluble salts to the soil, or spraying the foliage with these or similar salts
is a corrective measure.
Control of insect vectors
There are many examples in which losses by bacteria, viruses, and mycoplasma-like disease
agents can be reduced by controlling aphids, leafhoppers, thrips, beetles, and other carriers of
these agents.
Biological control:
Biological control of plant diseases involves the use of micro organisms other than humans
to reduce or prevent infection by a pathogen. These organisms are called antagonists; they may
occur naturally within the host’s environment, or they may be purposefully applied to those parts
of the potential host plant where they can act directly or indirectly on the pathogen.
To sum up
The crop loss due to diseases is estimated to be approximately 30-50%. Cultivated plants are
often more susceptible to diseases than are their wild relatives. Important environmental factors
that may affect development of plant diseases are temperature, relative humidity, soil moisture,
soil pH, soil type, and soil fertility. Each pathogen has an optimum temperature for growth .
High soil-moisture levels favour development of destructive water mold fungi, such as species of
Aphanomyces, Pythium, and Phytophthora. High humidity favours development of the great
majority of leaf and fruit diseases caused by fungi and bacteria. Soil pH, a measure of acidity or
alkalinity, markedly influences a few diseases, such as common scab of potato and clubroot
(Plasmodiophora brassicae) of crucifers. Raising or lowering the levels of certain nutrients also
influences the development of some infectious diseases.
Most control measures are directed against inoculums of the pathogen and involve the principles
of exclusion and avoidance, eradication, protection, host resistance and selection, and therapy.
Thousands of securities can not protect you,but There is only the Prayers of your Mother
protect you.
Do not hurt your Mother with your words, Because she learnt you how to speak