This document discusses organic plum production. It notes that plums share many of the same pests and diseases as other stone fruits like peaches. Major diseases of plums include brown rot, black knot, and leaf scald. Regular applications of wettable sulfur and following good sanitation practices are important for organic disease control. New research also indicates that brown rot can be controlled organically using kaolin clay and sulfur sprays. The document provides information on controlling major plum pests like plum curculio and discusses disease resistant plum varieties.
Fruit Drop its Causes and Measures to ControlMd Mohsin Ali
Fruit drop is a premature shedding of fruits before harvesting for commercial purpose. There are so many reasons for fruit drop like internal (Hormonal balance, morphological and genetically) and external (biotic and abiotic) factors. Fruit drop is very much serious in some fruits like apple, peach, currant, mango, citrus etc. Fruit drop may occur at various stages of fruit growth, starting right from fruit setting till its harvesting. It may be natural, environmental or pest related. Losses due to fruit drop at various stages have long been a serious threat to the fruit growers. After determining the actual cause of fruit drop, adoption of a suitable control measure can bring relief to the growers. Among different drops, pre-harvest drop is of great economic importance which can cause serious crop loss to farmer.
References:
1. Fundamental of fruit production - K. Usha, Madhubala Thakre, Amit Kumar Goswami and Nayan Deepak, G
2. Fruit Drop Is Caused By - https://tipoftime.com/wp-content/uploads/uyqubb/fruit-drop-is-caused-by-ddb908
Bioeradication:research and insights on five common invasive plants in centr...Richard Gardner
This presentation will discuss the effects of native organism systems on five common invasive non-native plants, i.e. bioeradication. Research over the last several years has shown that native organism systems are beginning to eradicate various invasive non-native plants from local ecosystems in central Pennsylvania and nearby states. This is very different than the magic bullet approach of biocontrol in that it relies on mutualistic native systems instead of a single non-native organism. The concept is based on Darwinian evolution over the (extended) period of time it takes a system to develop. Naturally, this approach is slower than biocontrol. However, instead of “control” with all the potential consequences of introducing another non-native into an ecosystem, the goal is extinction of the target non-native with lower ecosystem risk and lower negative environmental impact.
Biocontrol and Bioeradication PPT given Nov. 21, 2013Richard Gardner
Biocontrol and Bioeradication research presented to the Muhlenberg Botany Society on Nov. 21, 2013 focusing on using native organisms to eradicate non-native invasive plants. This presentation describes my latest research on a variety of plants such as Ailanthus altissima, Rosa multiflora, ,
Fruit Drop its Causes and Measures to ControlMd Mohsin Ali
Fruit drop is a premature shedding of fruits before harvesting for commercial purpose. There are so many reasons for fruit drop like internal (Hormonal balance, morphological and genetically) and external (biotic and abiotic) factors. Fruit drop is very much serious in some fruits like apple, peach, currant, mango, citrus etc. Fruit drop may occur at various stages of fruit growth, starting right from fruit setting till its harvesting. It may be natural, environmental or pest related. Losses due to fruit drop at various stages have long been a serious threat to the fruit growers. After determining the actual cause of fruit drop, adoption of a suitable control measure can bring relief to the growers. Among different drops, pre-harvest drop is of great economic importance which can cause serious crop loss to farmer.
References:
1. Fundamental of fruit production - K. Usha, Madhubala Thakre, Amit Kumar Goswami and Nayan Deepak, G
2. Fruit Drop Is Caused By - https://tipoftime.com/wp-content/uploads/uyqubb/fruit-drop-is-caused-by-ddb908
Bioeradication:research and insights on five common invasive plants in centr...Richard Gardner
This presentation will discuss the effects of native organism systems on five common invasive non-native plants, i.e. bioeradication. Research over the last several years has shown that native organism systems are beginning to eradicate various invasive non-native plants from local ecosystems in central Pennsylvania and nearby states. This is very different than the magic bullet approach of biocontrol in that it relies on mutualistic native systems instead of a single non-native organism. The concept is based on Darwinian evolution over the (extended) period of time it takes a system to develop. Naturally, this approach is slower than biocontrol. However, instead of “control” with all the potential consequences of introducing another non-native into an ecosystem, the goal is extinction of the target non-native with lower ecosystem risk and lower negative environmental impact.
Biocontrol and Bioeradication PPT given Nov. 21, 2013Richard Gardner
Biocontrol and Bioeradication research presented to the Muhlenberg Botany Society on Nov. 21, 2013 focusing on using native organisms to eradicate non-native invasive plants. This presentation describes my latest research on a variety of plants such as Ailanthus altissima, Rosa multiflora, ,
Information Technology in Sports (by Chris and Sean)ChrisEluva
This is our Professional skills assignment 4 (2BCT2) .
We used these slides to discuss the idea of how I.T is used in sports now and how it will be used in the future.
It is primarily made from images acquired from Google !! (We couldn't find much creative commons images).
We've used examples like the hawk eye system, IT in Olympics, Rugby ref cam etc.. to illustrate our topic.
Meditech SpO2 Module MD100 is a Low-power oxygen monitor module; the SPO2 Module is used in the sampling inspection or measurement of the patient's oxygen saturation and pulse rate. As to the average oxygen saturation, low-power module can send instantaneous blood oxygen saturation. It is very useful, especially in the sleep research. The SPO2 module applies to infants, newborns and adults.
The man I had to kill - Available in the main ebookstores
Jack Settano couldn't known that going into that hotel room that night his future could have changed. But surely he knew that saving that woman's life would have sanctioned his death sentence. And now someone was looking for him in the snowy city streets with orders to kill him. Because you can hide your past, but you can't fool your destiny. Especially for those who - like Jack Settano - destiny had made a murderess of profession.
It is about the major pest of cabbage ways to tackle the pest in an organized manner with lesser environmental damage alongside with the help of IPM principles.
Here is small ppt on pesticide safety
I am seeing a weakness in training workers on handling pesticides.
I try to avoid food where the pesticide is sprayed directly on the part you are eating.
Thank Rachel Allshiny for the work on this.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
1. IS A PROJECT OF THE NATIONAL CENTER FOR APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY
Plums, apricots, cherries, peaches, and nectarines (fuzzless peaches) are all stone fruits (Prunus
spp.) and share most of the same diseases and pests. Almost every peach pest is also a plum
pest, so most of the pest and disease information in ATTRA’s Organic and Low-Spray Peach
Production publication is applicable to plums as well. The present document, therefore, will be
limited to problems and considerations peculiar to plums. Organic fertilization and weed
control techniques are covered in ATTRA’s Overview of Organic Fruit Production.
Much of the basic information on tree fruit production will be the same whether the grower
uses low-spray, organic, or conventional pest and fertility management. For instance, variety
choices must be made with cold-hardiness and chilling requirements in mind. Also, pruning
and training should be approximately the same for both kinds of culture. Since this type of
information is readily available through conventional sources, it will not be touched on here.
Local Cooperative Extension offices or State Extension Horticulture Specialists may be able to
provide general plum culture information. You may also wish to consult one of the many
books that are available on commercial fruit production. Enclosed are an article from National
Gardening and a chapter from the book Ecological Fruit Production in the North, both of which
discuss basic plum culture.
Plum Pox Scare
Plum pox is a viral disorder that affects members of the genus Prunus. It is considered the most
devastating disease of stone fruits in Europe, infecting over 100 million trees there. Late in 1999,
plum pox was identified in North America for the first time in a small number of orchards in
Adams County, Pennsylvania. The virus can be vectored only by aphids or through asexual
propagation (grafting, budding, cuttings, etc.), and it is generally accepted that the virus entered
the U.S. via illegally transported propagation material. Natural transmission via aphids is very
slow (probably less than a quarter mile per year). Because of the localized nature of this
infection and the slow natural transmission rate, the USDA and Penn State University personnel
think that eradication efforts will be successful in eliminating this pocket of PPV in the United
States.
Again, because of the nature of the spread of this disease, you’re not likely to see it. Still,
because of the economic importance of this disease, it pays to be wary. Below are some of the
symptoms on plum foliage and fruit. Please note that many of these symptoms could be
confused with those caused by other diseases; therefore, rather than relying on this written
description, please go to the following Penn State website designed to help orchardists identify
this disease and distinguish it from other diseases: <http://ppvbooklet.cas.psu.edu/>.
Leaves: speckled pattern, blotches, ring spots, necrotic areas, and uniform distribution of these
symptoms. Fruit: deformities, ring spots, necrotic spotting, speckled pattern, and blotches.
LOW-SPRAY AND ORGANIC
PLUM PRODUCTION
By Guy Ames, NCAT Agriculture Specialist
August 2001
CURRENT TOPIC
2. 2
As the authors of Ecological Fruit Production in the North say, “Plums are affected by a variety of
bizarre and somewhat disgusting diseases” (1). Black knot, bacterial spot, leaf scald, and plum
pocket can all cause serious damage to the tree. Brown rot is the major disease of the fruit, and
it can claim the entire harvest in a wet year if precautions are not taken. Regular sprays of
wettable sulfur and the sanitation program outlined below are probably a must for any
commercial venture (2):
• Encourage air movement with site selection and open pruning.
• Prune out all dead wood and cankers and destroy them.
• Remove mummies—the shriveled, rotted fruit from last season.
• Thin fruits so that they don't touch.
• Remove and destroy infected fruit promptly.
• Apply wettable sulfur every 10 to 14 days from petal fall until harvest. Spray more often
during wet seasons. Sprays may not be needed in dry seasons if the other steps are
followed.
On an encouraging note, there is progress being made in research on controlling brown rot
organically. USDA researcher Dr. Michael Glenn (personal communication, July 2001) says that
his preliminary research indicates that brown rot can be controlled with regular, protective
sprays of Surround (a specific kaolin clay formulation registered as organic) mixed with
sulfur and lime-sulfur. This research will probably be finalized and made public before July
2002.
More on brown rot is presented in ATTRA's Organic and Low-Spray Peach Production publication.
Black knot, another fungal disease, produces distorted, gall-like growths on branches. Trees
should be checked several times throughout the season, and the knots pruned out by making
cuts 3 to 4 inches below the knot. Pruners should be sterilized between cuts by dipping them in
a 10% bleach or Lysol® solution. A single lime-sulfur spray before budswell (same material and
timing as for peach leaf curl) will reduce black knot problems and also control plum pockets.
There is some varietal resistance to most of the various diseases. However, there is no known
resistance to leaf scald among the European plums. Moreover, there is no biological or chemical
control for this bacterial disease. Luckily, leaf scald is largely restricted to the southeastern U.S.,
and there is resistance to leaf scald in certain Japanese, American, and Japanese-American
hybrids.
Researchers at Auburn University are focusing on detecting and incorporating disease
resistance as part of their Japanese plum breeding program. For instance, they have found that
‘AU-Producer’, ‘Morris’, ‘Explorer’, and ‘AU-Cherry’ are all highly tolerant of leaf scald (3).
‘AU-Rosa’, one of the more recent releases from the Auburn program, is resistant to leaf scald,
bacterial canker, bacterial spot, and black knot (4). The enclosed article titled "Plum Crazy" has
an excellent discussion of plum varieties, including their relative disease resistance.
In the eastern half of the U.S., plums share with apples and peaches one very important insect
pest, the plum curculio. Without proper control, this pest can damage a large percentage of the
crop. Wounds from curculio feeding also function as entry sites for the brown rot organism.
3. 3
Currently, the best organic control for the control of plum curculio is Surround, the kaolin clay
product mentioned above. Although not acceptable for growers who have to meet organic
standards, two sprays of Imidan® (a synthetic pesticide), one at petal fall and one 10 to 14 days
later, usually provide excellent control. Other control strategies (including potential organic
controls) are discussed in the Organic and Low-Spray Peach Production publication, as are other
arthropod pests of plum, including oriental fruit moth, aphids, mites, and trunk borers.
References:
1) Hall-Beyer, Bart and Jean Richard. 1983. Ecological Fruit Production in the
North. Jean Richard Publishing Co., Trois-Rivieres, Quebec, Canada. p. 84.
2) Olcott-Reid, Brenda. 1987. A wealth of plums: Part two. Organic Gardening.
February. p. 92.
3) Tangsukkasemsan, B., J.D. Norton, and G.E. Boyhan. 1995. The occurrence of plum leaf
scald on plum cultivars in Alabama. HortScience. June. p. 437.
4) Anon. 1995. Variety spotlight. American Fruit Grower. April. p. 10.
Enclosures:
Olcott-Reid, Brenda. 1988. Plum crazy. National Gardening. July. p. 25–31, 59.
Hall-Beyer, Bart and Jean Richard. 1983. Ecological Fruit Production in the North. Jean
Richard Publishing Co., Trois-Rivieres, Quebec, Canada. p. 81–90.
The ATTRA Project is operated by the National Center for Appropriate Technology under a grant from the Rural Business-Cooperative Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture. These organizations do not recommend or endorse products, companies, or individuals.