This document discusses pulmonary hypertension and outlines various modalities used to diagnose it, including x-ray, CT, and echocardiography. By the time a diagnosis is made, 90% of patients will have an abnormal chest x-ray showing signs like an enlarged right ventricle, right atrium, and pulmonary vessels. CTPA provides detail of pulmonary vessels and can detect emboli, while HRCT is useful for underlying lung conditions. Echocardiography estimates pulmonary pressures, assesses right ventricular size and function, and can detect valve issues or shunts that may be causing pulmonary hypertension.
This presentation is almost a complete Pictoral view of Radiograph chest.
This presentation will help radiologist in daily reporting.
This presentation will help physicians, surgeons, anesthetist and almost all medical professionals in diagnosing commonly presenting cardiac diseases.
This will also help all in preparaing TOACS examination.
This presentation is almost a complete Pictoral view of Radiograph chest.
This presentation will help radiologist in daily reporting.
This presentation will help physicians, surgeons, anesthetist and almost all medical professionals in diagnosing commonly presenting cardiac diseases.
This will also help all in preparaing TOACS examination.
Newborn Care: Skills workshop Gestational age and weight.Saide OER Africa
Newborn Care was written for healthcare workers providing special care for newborn infants in level 2 hospitals. It covers: resuscitation at birth, assessing infant size and gestational age, routine care and feeding of both normal and high-risk infants, the prevention, diagnosis and management of hypothermia, hypoglycaemia, jaundice, respiratory distress, infection, trauma, bleeding and congenital abnormalities, communication with parents
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
3. Overview
• Normal pulmonary circulation :
1. High-flow with low-resistance circuit capable of
accommodating the entire right ventricular
output at one fifth the pressure of the systemic
circulation level.
2. The right ventricle functions primarily as a flow-
generator pump and is particularly sensitive to
increases in its afterload.
3. Increased pulmonary artery pressure and
pulmonary vascular resistance
characterize pulmonary hypertension.
4. Pulmonary Hypertension
• Pulmonary hypertension. Chest radiograph in a patient with secondary pulmonary hypertension
reveals enlarged pulmonary arteries. This patient was found to have an atrial septal defect.
5. Natural History
• Resting mean pulmonary arterial pressure of
25 mmHg or more, or >30 mmHg with
exercise.
• Primary (Idiopathic) or secondary (many
known causes).
• Dyspnea (during exercise) , edema , and
abdominal distention (signs of elevated right
side pressure)
8. Plain X-ray
• By time of diagnosis , 90% of
patients have already
abnormalities.
• (low sensitivity and specificity)
• Findings:
1. Elevated apex due to right
ventricular hypertrophy (a
decrease in retrosternal area)
2. Enlarged right atrium (opacity
over right retrosternal space).
3. Enlarged pulmonary arteries.
9. Plain X-ray
4.Right hilar enlargement, can be
on both sides.
5.Pruning of peripheral
pulmonary vessels.
The X-ray shows gross enlargement of the
cardiac silhouette. The right border extends
far to the right indicating gross right atrial
enlargement .The right atrial enlargement may
be due to severe pulmonary hypertension and
right ventricular failure.
10. Plain X-ray
• Chest radiograph reveals enlargement of the pulmonary vasculature and
the central pulmonary arteries (arrows).
• Secondry hypertension By atrial septal defect.
11. Plain X-ray
• PA film of chest in a patient with
primary pulmonary HTN showing
right heart and main pulmonary with
its right and left branches.
• Lateral CXR of the same patient,
showing enlarged pulmonary artery.
12. Plain X-ray
• Cardiomegaly and prominent bilateral pulmonary arteries in the hilar areas can be
seen in the posteroanterior chest radiograph from a patient with idiopathic
pulmonary arterial hypertension. The lateral view also reveals enlarged pulmonary
arteries and cardiomegaly without any evidence of congestive heart failure.
14. Computed Tomography
• CT is good , noninvasive , used to
confirm presence of pulmonary
hypertension.
• CT pulmonary angiogram (CTPA)
is useful in delineating the
anatomic detail of the pulmonary
vasculature.
• CTPA is the best method for
demonstrating emboli.
• Contrast-enhanced images may
show intraluminal abnormalities
in the arteries and veins and can
detect emboli if it’s large.
CT pulmonary angiogram demonstrates
clots in both the right and left main
pulmonary arteries.
15. Computed Tomography
• Findings in CT :
• Extra cardiac vascular signs:
• Enlarged pulmonary trunk >29 mm diameter is often used as a general predictive cut-off
• Enlarged pulmonary arteries
• Mural calcification in central pulmonary arteries
• Evidence of previous pulmonary emboli
• Cardiac signs :
• Right ventricular hypertrophy: defined as wall thickness of more than 4 mm
• Straightening or bowing (towards the left ventricle) of the interventricular septum
• Right ventricular dilatation
• Decreased right ventricular ejection fraction
• Dilatation of the inferior vena cava and hepatic veins
• Pericardial effusion
• Parenchymal signs:
• Centrilobular ground-glass nodules (Cholesterol granuloma).
• Neovascularity: tiny serpiginous intrapulmonary vessels that often emerge from centrilobular arterioles.
16. CT of Idiopathic Pulmonary HTN
Axial contrast-enhanced CT scan obtained at initial
presentation shows central pulmonary artery
dilatation with aneurysmal enlargement of the left
lower lobe pulmonary artery (*) but no evidence of
intraluminal thrombi.
Axial contrast-enhanced CT scan obtained 2 years
later shows wall-adherent apposition thrombi(a
complication) (arrowheads) with recanalization
(arrows) in the pulmonary artery trunk and the right
main pulmonary artery. The left lower lobe
pulmonary artery (*) remains enlarged.
17. CT of Idiopathic Pulmonary HTN
• Spiral CT scan in a patient with pulmonary hypertension reveals
enlarged pulmonary arteries and an absence of thrombosis.
18. Computed Tomography
• High-resolution CT (HRCT)
scanning of the chest has a
role in the evaluation of
pulmonary HTN in patients
with suspected diffuse lung
disease, eg (COPD ,
interstitial lung disease).
• Axial contrast-enhanced CT image obtained
with lung window settings shows severe
emphysema with loss of lung parenchyma,
contributors to pulmonary hypertension.
19. CT of Pulmonary HTN with Thrombus
CTEPH1/3
• CTEPH in a 59-year-old man with a systolic pulmonary artery pressure of 100 mm Hg.
• Axial contrast-enhanced CT scan shows a thrombotic mass (straight arrows) in the right main
pulmonary artery, an intraluminal web (curved arrow) in the left lower lobe pulmonary
artery, and bronchial artery collateral vessels (arrowheads).
20. CT of Pulmonary HTN with Thrombus
CTEPH2/3
• Coronal reformatted image from contrast-enhanced CT more clearly
depicts collateral vessels (arrow).
21. CT of Pulmonary HTN with Thrombus
CTEPH3/3
• Axial contrast-enhanced CT scan shows a wall-adherent soft tissue mass (arrow) in the
right atrium, a finding that was confirmed to be a thrombus at pulmonary
thromboendarterectomy.
23. Echocardiography
• It’s performed to estimate the pulmonary artery systolic pressure and to
assess right ventricular size, thickness, and function.
• In addition, echocardiography can evaluate right atrial size, left ventricular
systolic and diastolic function, and valve function, while detecting
pericardial effusions and intracardiac shunts.
• Echocardiography uses Doppler ultrasound to estimate the pulmonary
artery systolic pressure. This technique takes advantage of the tricuspid
regurgitation that usually exists. The maximum tricuspid regurgitant jet
velocity is recorded and the pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) is
then calculated:
PASP = (4 x [TRV]2) + RAP
24. Echocardiography
• Main findings are :
1. Right ventricular
enlargement (RVE).
2. Right ventricular
hypertrophy (RVH).
3. Right atrial enlargement
(RAE).
4. Functional tricuspid
regurgitation (TR) with a
high velocity regurgitant jet
by Doppler (TR jet), and a
mid-systolic notch on the
pulmonary artery Doppler
flow tracing (PA flow).
5. The interventricular septum
is shifted toward the left
ventricular cavity.
25. Echocardiography
• Panel A: Apical four-chamber
view from a patient with severe
idiopathic pulmonary arterial
hypertension associated with
tricuspid regurgitation. There is a
large apex-forming right ventricle
(RV), large right atrium (RA), and
small left ventricle (LV) and left
atrium (LA).
• Panel B: Agitated saline contrast
is injected intravenously and
results in RA and RV
opacification; four bubbles are
seen in the LV (arrow), possibly
due to right-to-left flow across a
patent foramen ovale.
26. Echocardiography
• Panel C shows an apical four
chamber view from a
patient with a large left-to-
right shunt due to an atrial
septal defect (ASD). The RV
is apex-forming but the RV
and RA are not as large as in
panel A.
• Panel D: Contrast is injected
intravenously and a few
bubbles are seen in the LV;
more importantly, there is a
prominent negative contrast
(nc) effect due to opacified
atrial blood.
27. Echocardiography
• Two-dimensional echocardiogram (parasternal short axis view at the level of the
aortic valve) with color flow Doppler shows significant left to right atrial flow
through two atrial septal defects.
28. Echocardiography
• The apical four chamber view from a 2-D echocardiogram with color flow
Doppler shows a small muscular ventricular septal defect (VSD) associated
with left to right shunting of blood.
29. Echocardiography
• The short axis view from a 2-D echocardiogram shows significant right
ventricular pressure and volume overload as a result of pulmonary
hypertension.
30. Echocardiography
• The short axis view from a 2-D echocardiogram shows significant
right ventricular pressure and volume overload as a result of
pulmonary hypertension.
31. Echocardiography
The short axis view at the level of the mitral chordae from a patient with advanced
pulmonary hypertension shows substantial morphologic changes, including severe
hypertrophy of the right ventricular (RV) wall, dilation of the RV chamber and
hypertrophy of the right side of the septum. The septum is flattened, strongly
suggesting pressure overload in the RV; this septal shape imparts a "D shape" to the left
ventricle (LV) which has relatively thin walls.
32. Echocardiography
• The four chamber view from a 2-D echocardiogram with color flow Doppler shows
significant tricuspid regurgitation with a dilated right atrium. There is a prosthetic
mitral valve suggesting that the etiology for tricuspid regurgitation is pulmonary
hypertension resulting from previous mitral valve disease.
33. Echocardiography
• The four chamber view from a 2-D echocardiogram with color flow
Doppler shows significant tricuspid regurgitation. There is enlargement of
the left atrium and limited mobility of the mitral valve which shows
doming in diastole, suggesting that tricuspid regurgitation is the result of
pulmonary hypertension due to mitral stenosis.
34. Summary
• By the time the diagnosis of pulmonary
arterial hypertension is made, 90% of patients
have an abnormal chest radiograph.
• Not specific nor sensitive.
• Main findings:
1. Enlarged right ventricle.
2. Enlarged right atrium.
3. Enlarged pulmonary vessels.
35. Summary
• CTPA is for the anatomic detail of the
pulmonary vasculature.
• CTPA is the best method for demonstrating
emboli.
• HRCT is for associated with lung diseases.
• Findings may be cardiac , vascular extra-
cardiac , and parenchymal.
36. Summary
• On echocardiography:
1. Right atrial and ventricular enlargement.
2. Paradoxical movement of the interventricular
Septum
3. Tricuspid regurgitation.
• Doppler echocardiography is the most reliable
noninvasive method for estimating pulmonary artery
pressure.
37. Sources
1-Pulmonary Hypertension Imaging.
Author: Davinder Jassal; Chief Editor: Eugene C Lin, MD.
2-Pulmonary hypertension by Dr Yuranga Weerakkody and Dr Frank
Gaillard et al.
3-CT Findings in Diseases Associated with Pulmonary Hypertension: A
Current Review
Claudia Grosse, MD, and , Alexandra Grosse, MD
4-Clinical features and diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension in adults
Author Lewis J Rubin, MD
William Hopkins, MD
5-Pulmonary hypertension in the elderly, part 1: Evaluation: Page 8 of 11
By Cynthia L. Bone-larson, MD, PhD and Kevin M. Chan, MD
6-CARDIOLOGY X-RAY QUIZ 9
By Prof. Dr. Johnson Francis, MD, DM, FACC, FRCP Edin, FRCP London