The document discusses various anatomical landmarks that are visible on dental radiographs. It begins by describing the radiographic appearance of tooth structures like enamel, dentin, cementum and the pulp. It then discusses supporting structures like the periodontal ligament space, lamina dura, alveolar crest and trabecular bone. Finally, it outlines the radiographic features of anatomical landmarks in the maxilla like the intermaxillary suture, anterior nasal spine, maxillary sinus and zygomatic process. It also describes landmarks in the mandible such as the mental foramen, mandibular canal, mylohyoid ridge and coronoid process.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
this contains the occlusal radiography methods for both maxillary and mandibular different occusal radiographic techniques, principles, classification, indications
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
this contains the occlusal radiography methods for both maxillary and mandibular different occusal radiographic techniques, principles, classification, indications
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
1. Classification of Bones of the Head & Neck
2. Bones of the Viscerocranium
3. Bones of the Neurocranium
4. The Auditory Ossicles
5. The Hyoid Bone
6. The Cervical Vertebrae
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
3. Tooth Anatomy
Teeth are composed primarily of dentin, with an enamel cap over
the coronal portion and a thin layer of cementum over the root
surface.
Radiographic Appearance of Enamel
ENAMEL appears more radio-opaque than other tissues.
It is 90% mineral causes greator attenuation of X-ray photons.
4. RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE
OF DENTIN
75% mineral content less radiopaque than enamel.
Radiopacity similar to bone.
ENAMELODENTINAL JUNCTION appears as a distinct
interface separating these two structures.
5. Radiographic appearance of
CEMENTUM
50%mineral content and it appears as a very thin layer on the
root surface.
It is usually not so apparent radiographically.
CERVICAL BURNOUT
Radiographs sometimes show diffuse radiolucent areas
with ill defined borders present on the mesial or distal
aspects of the teeth in the cervical region.
These regions appear between the edge of the enamel cap
and the crest of the alveolar ridge.
6. REASON FOR CERVICAL
BURNOUT
Normal configuration of the affected teeth, results in
decreased X-ray absorption in the areas in question.
Perception of these areas is due to contrast with the
adjacent ,relatively radiopaque enamel and alveolar –
bone.
It should not be confused with root caries which has
similar appearance.
7. Radiographic Appearance of the
Pulp
It is composed of soft tissues so it appears radiolucent.
Pulp chambers and root canals extend from the interiors of the
chamber till the root apices.
It is seen radiographically also as apical foramen.
In some cases, it may exit on the side of the canal.
Lateral canals may end at the apex as a discernible foramen
or may exit at the side of the root.
9. The pulp canals of a developing tooth root diverge and walls of the
root taper to a knife edge.
A radiolucent area is seen surrounding it in the trabecular bone. It
is surrounded by the hyperostotic bone.
IT IS THE DENTAL PAPILLA WITH ITS BONY CRYPT.
Its radiographic evaluation helps in determining the stage of
maturation of the developing tooth.
11. RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF THE
PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT SPACE
It is composed of collagen so appears as a radiolucent
space between the root and lamina dura.
It is thinner in the middle of the root and slightly wider
near the alveolar crest and the apex ,suggesting that the
fulcrum of the physiologic movements is in the region
where PDL is thinnest.
12. RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF
LAMINA DURA
It is a thin radiopaque layer of dense bone surrounding the tooth
socket.
Its radiographic appearance is due to attenuation of the X-ray beam as
it passes tangentially through the thickness of the bone.
It is thicker than the surrounding trabecular bone and thickness
increases with increase in amount of occlusal stress.
13. RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF
ALVEOLAR CREST
It is the radiopaque gingival margin of the alveolar
process which surrounds the teeth.
It is considered normal if it is 1.5mm or less from the
CEJ.
It shows apical recession with the age or periodontal
disease.
14. RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF
THE CANCELLOUS BONE
Also called as the trabecular bone or the spongiosa.
Lies between the cortical plates in both the jaws.
It is composed of thin radiopaque plates and rods surrounding many
small radiolucent pockets of marrow.
In posterior maxilla, it is similar to anterior maxilla but marrow spaces
are larger.
15. ANATOMIC LANDMARKS OF MAXILLA
Intermaxillary suture
Anterior nasal spine
Nasal fossa and Nasal septum
Incisive foramen
Superior foramina of nasopalatine canal
Lateral fossa
Nose
Nasolacrimal canal
Maxillary sinus
Zygoma & zygomatic process of maxilla
Nasolabial fold
Pterygoid plates
16. RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES
INTERMAXILLARY SUTURE
Also called as median suture.
In IOPA, it appears as a thin radiolucent line in the midline
between the two portions of premaxilla.
It extends from the alveolar crest between the central
incisors superiorly through the anterior nasal spine and
continues posteriorly between the maxillary palatine process
to the posterior aspect of the hard palate.
17. RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURE
Anterior Nasal Spine
Mostly seen on IOPA of maxillary central incisors.
Located in midline1.5-2cm above the alveolar crest.
It is radiopaque and usually V-shaped.
18. RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES
NASAL FOSSA & NASAL
SEPTUM
The nasal cavity shows the hazy shadow of the
inferior nasal conchae extending from the right and
left lateral walls
Floor of Nasal
Fossa
Nasal
Septum
19. RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES
INCISIVE FORAMEN
Also called as NASOPALATINE or ANTERIOR
PALATINE FORAMEN.
It is the oral terminatus of the nasopalatine canal.
It transmits the nasopalatine vessels and nerves.
Lies in the midline of palate behind the central incisors at
the junction of the median palatine and incisive sutures.
Radiographic image variability is due to:
1.Different angles of the X-ray beam.
2.Variability in its anatomic size.
IT IS FREQUENTLY THE POTENTIAL SITE
OF CYST FORMATION.
20. Radiographic features of Superior
Foramina of the Nasopalatine
canal
The nasopalatine canal originates at two foramina in floor of the
nasal cavity.
Radiographically, it can be recognized as two radiolucent areas above
the apices of the central incisors in floor of the nasal cavity near its
anterior border and both the sides of the septum.
Lateral wall of
nasopalatine
canalSuperior
foramina
21. RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF
THE LATERAL FOSSA
Also called as INCISIVE FOSSA.
Appears as depression in the maxilla near the
apex of the lateral incisor .
Appears diffusely radiolucent in the IOPA.
22. RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF
THE NASOLACRIMAL CANAL
The nasal and maxillary bones form the
nasolacrimal canal.
It runs from the medial aspect of the antero inferior
border of the orbit inferiorly, to drain under the
inferior conchae into the nasal cavity.
23. RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF
NOSE
The soft tissue of the nose is frequently seen in the
projections of the maxillary central and lateral
incisors ,superimposed over the roots of these
teeth.
Image appears uniformly opaque with a sharp
border.
24. RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES
NASOLABIAL FOLD
An oblique line demarcating a region that
appears to be covered by a slight radio opacity
frequently traverses periapical radiographs of
the premolar region.
25. RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF
MAXILLARY SINUS
MAXILLARY SINUS is an air containing cavity
lined by mucous membrane.
Appears as the three sided pyramid .
Base -formed by mesial wall adjacent to nasal
cavity.
Apex –extending laterally into the zygomatic
process of maxilla.
26. MAXILLARY SINUS
On the IOPA, maxillary sinus appears as a thin
,delicate radiopaque line.
It extends from the distal aspect of the canine to
the posterior wall of the maxilla above the
tuberosity.
Around the age of puberty, its floor coincides with
the floor of the nasal cavity.
27. MAXILLARY SINUS
In response to the loss of function (associated with loss
of posterior teeth) the sinus may expand further into the
alveolar bone , occasionally extending to the alveolar
ridge.
Thin radiolucent lines of the uniform width are found
within the image of the maxillary sinus.
These are shadows of the neuro -vascular canals that
accommodate the posterior superior vessels and
nerves.
28. RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES
ZYGOMATIC PROCESS AND
ZYGOMATIC BONE
The zygomatic process of the maxilla is an extension of
the lateral maxillary surface that arises in the region of the
apices of the first and the second molars and serves as
the articulation for the zygomatic bone.
Appears as a U-shaped radiopaque line with rounded
ends projected in the apical region of the first and second
molars.
29. RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES
PTERYGOID PLATES
The medial and lateral pterygoid plates lie immediately
posterior to the tuberosity of maxilla.
They cast a single radiopaque shadow without any evidence of
trabeculation.
Extending inferiorly from the medial pterygoid plate, the
hamular process may be seen.
31. RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES
SYMPHYSIS
The region of mandibular symphysis in infants
demonstrate a radiolucent line through the midline
of the jaw between the images of the forming
deciduous central incisors.
The suture usually fuses by the end of 1st
year of
life and is no longer radiographically apparent.
32. RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURE
GENIAL TUBERCLES
These are tiny bumps of bone that serve as attachment
for the genioglossus and geniohyoid muscles.
Present on lingual side.
On IOPA, appears as ring shaped radiopacity below the
apices of mandibular incisors.
33. RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURE
LINGUAL FORAMEN
It is a hole or tiny opening located on the internal surface of mandible
and surrounded by the genial tubercles.
Radiographically, appears as a radiolucent dot inferior to the apices
of the mandibular incisors.
34. RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES MENTAL
RIDGE
It is a linear prominence of cortical bone located on the external
surface extending from the premolar region to the midline and slopes
upward.
Radiographically, appears as a radiopaque band that extends from the
premolar region to the incisor region.
36. RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURE
MENTAL FORAMEN
Located on the external surface of the mandible as an
opening in the region of the mandibular premolars.
Mental nerves and blood vessels exit through it.
Radiogarphically, it appears as a small ovoid
radiolucent area located below the apices of the
premolars.
37. RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES
MANDIBULAR CANAL
Tube like passage extending from the mandibular
foramen to the mental foramen and contains
inf.alv. Nerves and blood vessels.
Appears as a radiolucent band outlined by two
radiopaque lines of cortical plate.
38. RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES
NUTRIENT CANALS
Nutrient canals are tube like passage-ways
through bone that contains nerves and blood
vessels that supply the teeth.
Radiographically seen as vertical radiolucent lines.
More prominent in anterior mandible where bone is
thin.
39. RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES
MYLOHYOID RIDGE
Linear prominence of bone located on the internal surface
of mandible.
Extends from the molar region downward and forward
towards the lower border of mandibular symphysis.
On IOPA, appears as radiopaque band extending
downward from molars.
40. RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES
EXTERNAL OBLIQUE RIDGE
Linear prominence of bone located on external
surface of mandible extending downwards and is a
continuation of anterior border of ramus.
It appears as a radiopaque band extending
downwards and forwards from ant. border of
mandible & ends in 3rd
molar region.
41. RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES
SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND
FOSSA
Depressed area of bone located on the internal surface of
mandible.
Submandibular salivary gland lies in this fossa.
It appears as a radiolucent area in the molar region below
the mylohyoid ridge.
42. RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES
INTERNAL OBLIQUE RIDGE
Linear prominence of bone located on internal surface of
mandible extending downwards and forwards from ramus.
It appears as a radiopaque band extending downwards from
ramus.
44. RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES
CORONOID PROCESS
It is a marked prominence of bone on the ant. ramus of
the mandible.
Not seen on a mandibular IOPA but appears on a
maxillary molars IOPA.
It is seen as a triangular radiopacity superimposed over
or inferior to maxillary tuberosity.
45. RESTORATIVE MATERIALS
Vary in their radiographic appearance.
Depend primarily on their thickness, density and
atomic number.
A variety of restorative materials may be
recognized on intra oral radiographs.