Radioactivity
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
7 likes•1,412 views
This document discusses radioactivity and the uses of radioisotopes. It covers: - Fundamentals of radioisotopes, which are isotopes that undergo radioactive decay. Examples given are uranium-238 and radium-226. Artificial radioisotopes are manufactured in nuclear reactors. - Applications of radioisotopes in medicine, agriculture, archaeology, and industries. In medicine, radioisotopes are used for cancer treatment, detecting blood clots and tumors, sterilizing medical equipment, and powering heart pacemakers. In agriculture, they are used for pest control, studying plant growth, developing new plant species, and food preservation. In archaeology, carbon-14 dating is used to estimate the age
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Radioactive isotopes in medicine
Nuclear medicine uses radioactive isotopes to provide diagnostic information about organ function and treat diseases. Diagnostic techniques involve injecting radioactive tracers that emit gamma rays and accumulate in organs, allowing imaging. Positron emission tomography (PET) uses isotopes produced in cyclotrons to provide precise images. Common isotopes used include technetium-99m for bone and heart imaging, iodine-131 for thyroid conditions, and fluorine-18 in PET scans to detect cancers. Therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals can also be used to destroy malfunctioning cells through beta radiation localization.
PHYSICS F5 (Radioactivity)
Radioisotopes, proper management of handling radioactive substances, negative effects of radioactive substances, pro and cons
Particle accelerator
The document discusses particle accelerators and nuclear physics. It provides definitions of particle accelerators and describes their basic working principle of using electromagnetic fields to accelerate charged particles. It discusses different types of particle accelerators like linear accelerators, cyclotrons, synchrotrons and their components and working. The largest particle accelerators in the world, like the LHC and RHIC, are mentioned. Applications of particle accelerators discussed include uses in medicine, industry, DNA research and treating cancer.
Chapter 22.3 : Nuclear Radiation
The document discusses key concepts related to nuclear radiation including:
1) Defining the units roentgen and rem used to measure radiation exposure and dose, distinguishing that rem factors in human tissue effects.
2) Describing three common radiation detection devices - film badges, Geiger-Müller counters, and scintillation counters.
3) Outlining applications of radioactive nuclides including radioactive dating, medical uses like cancer treatment, tracing movement in the body, and extending food shelf life.
Dosimetry
This document discusses various concepts related to dosimetry including absorbed dose, equivalent dose, effective dose, and radioactivity. It also describes different types of radiation monitoring devices and personnel dosimeters used to measure radiation exposure, such as ionization chambers, Geiger counters, film badges, and thermoluminescent dosimeters. The key principles of operation and advantages and disadvantages of each method are provided. Recommended diagnostic reference levels and maximum exposure limits for patients and staff are also mentioned.
Compton effect
DOWNLOAD THE POWERPOINT FILE FROM HERE:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/d8zbqyvc81pgg5w/compton%20effect.pptx?dl=0
Describing Compton Effect from Quantum Mechanics. Presented in East West University.
Cyclotron
The document summarizes key aspects of a cyclotron, which is a device that accelerates charged particles outwards in a spiral path using crossed electric and magnetic fields. It was invented in 1929 and the first operational cyclotron was built in 1932 by Ernest Lawrence. Cyclotrons work by subjecting particles to an oscillating electric field while they travel in a circle due to a static magnetic field. Modifications allow relativistic speeds. Cyclotrons are used in nuclear physics experiments and for producing isotopes for PET imaging and particle cancer therapy. Limitations include inability to accelerate neutral particles or electrons.
RADIATION DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT ppt 2.pptx
This document discusses various types of radiation detectors. It begins by explaining the need for detectors to measure ionizing radiation since our senses cannot detect it. The key detection methods discussed are ionization, luminescence, photographic effect, thermoluminescence, chemical effect, and biological effect. Specific detector types covered in detail include gas-filled detectors like ionization chambers and Geiger counters, scintillation detectors, semiconductor detectors, and dosimeters. The document provides information on how each type of detector works and its applications.
Recommended
Radioactive isotopes in medicine
Nuclear medicine uses radioactive isotopes to provide diagnostic information about organ function and treat diseases. Diagnostic techniques involve injecting radioactive tracers that emit gamma rays and accumulate in organs, allowing imaging. Positron emission tomography (PET) uses isotopes produced in cyclotrons to provide precise images. Common isotopes used include technetium-99m for bone and heart imaging, iodine-131 for thyroid conditions, and fluorine-18 in PET scans to detect cancers. Therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals can also be used to destroy malfunctioning cells through beta radiation localization.
PHYSICS F5 (Radioactivity)
Radioisotopes, proper management of handling radioactive substances, negative effects of radioactive substances, pro and cons
Particle accelerator
The document discusses particle accelerators and nuclear physics. It provides definitions of particle accelerators and describes their basic working principle of using electromagnetic fields to accelerate charged particles. It discusses different types of particle accelerators like linear accelerators, cyclotrons, synchrotrons and their components and working. The largest particle accelerators in the world, like the LHC and RHIC, are mentioned. Applications of particle accelerators discussed include uses in medicine, industry, DNA research and treating cancer.
Chapter 22.3 : Nuclear Radiation
The document discusses key concepts related to nuclear radiation including:
1) Defining the units roentgen and rem used to measure radiation exposure and dose, distinguishing that rem factors in human tissue effects.
2) Describing three common radiation detection devices - film badges, Geiger-Müller counters, and scintillation counters.
3) Outlining applications of radioactive nuclides including radioactive dating, medical uses like cancer treatment, tracing movement in the body, and extending food shelf life.
Dosimetry
This document discusses various concepts related to dosimetry including absorbed dose, equivalent dose, effective dose, and radioactivity. It also describes different types of radiation monitoring devices and personnel dosimeters used to measure radiation exposure, such as ionization chambers, Geiger counters, film badges, and thermoluminescent dosimeters. The key principles of operation and advantages and disadvantages of each method are provided. Recommended diagnostic reference levels and maximum exposure limits for patients and staff are also mentioned.
Compton effect
DOWNLOAD THE POWERPOINT FILE FROM HERE:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/d8zbqyvc81pgg5w/compton%20effect.pptx?dl=0
Describing Compton Effect from Quantum Mechanics. Presented in East West University.
Cyclotron
The document summarizes key aspects of a cyclotron, which is a device that accelerates charged particles outwards in a spiral path using crossed electric and magnetic fields. It was invented in 1929 and the first operational cyclotron was built in 1932 by Ernest Lawrence. Cyclotrons work by subjecting particles to an oscillating electric field while they travel in a circle due to a static magnetic field. Modifications allow relativistic speeds. Cyclotrons are used in nuclear physics experiments and for producing isotopes for PET imaging and particle cancer therapy. Limitations include inability to accelerate neutral particles or electrons.
RADIATION DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT ppt 2.pptx
This document discusses various types of radiation detectors. It begins by explaining the need for detectors to measure ionizing radiation since our senses cannot detect it. The key detection methods discussed are ionization, luminescence, photographic effect, thermoluminescence, chemical effect, and biological effect. Specific detector types covered in detail include gas-filled detectors like ionization chambers and Geiger counters, scintillation detectors, semiconductor detectors, and dosimeters. The document provides information on how each type of detector works and its applications.
Origin of quantum mechanics
origin of quantum physics -
Inadequacy of classical mechanics and birth of QUANTUM PHYSICS
ref: Quantum mechanics: concepts and applications, N. Zettili
Franck hertz quantization of energy levels
The Franck-Hertz experiment demonstrated quantization of energy levels in atoms. When electrons were accelerated through mercury vapor in a glass tube, the current dropped sharply at 4.9eV, indicating the energy needed to excite mercury atoms. Current also dropped at multiples of 4.9eV. For neon gas, current dropped periodically at around 19eV, demonstrating its quantized energy levels. This supported the quantum theory that electrons occupy only discrete energy states in atoms.
Nuclear physics
Nuclear physics is the study of atomic nuclei and their components. It includes properties of the nucleus, particles within it like protons and neutrons, and their interactions. Key topics covered are radioactivity, nuclear reactions like fission and fusion, and practical applications. Fission is the splitting of large nuclei into smaller ones and is used in nuclear reactors to generate controlled energy. Fusion is the combining of small nuclei into larger ones and produces even more energy but is difficult to control.
Interaction of radiation with Matter - Dr. Vandana
The document discusses the interaction of radiation with matter. It describes the various types of interactions including photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, pair production and their dependence on photon energy. It also discusses the linear attenuation coefficient, half value layer, mass attenuation coefficient and energy absorption coefficient. The different effects of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation are summarized along with the radiobiological implications of radiation interactions.
Radioactivity
The document discusses the discovery of radioactivity and the different types of radioactive decay:
- Alpha, beta, and gamma decay were discovered through experiments by Henri Becquerel, Marie and Pierre Curie, and Ernest Rutherford in the late 19th century.
- Alpha decay involves emitting an alpha particle (helium nucleus), beta decay involves emitting an electron or positron, and gamma decay involves emitting high-energy photons.
- The decays result in the transmutation of elements and conservation of nucleon number. Radioactive decay occurs at exponential rates described by half-lives and can be used to date materials.
Xray production 2
Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895 while experimenting with Crookes tubes. He called them "x-rays" as the nature of the radiation was unknown. The first X-ray photograph was of his wife Bertha's hand. X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation with much shorter wavelengths than visible light, in the range of 0.5-2.5 angstroms. They can be considered as both waves and particles called photons. X-rays are generated in an X-ray tube when high speed electrons interact with and lose kinetic energy in the target material, usually tungsten. This produces bremsstrahlung or braking radiation and characteristic radiation when electrons change energy levels within
Radiation units
1. Different units are used to measure various properties of ionizing radiation, including the curie, becquerel, roentgen, rad, gray, rem, and sievert.
2. The roentgen measures exposure to gamma or X-rays, while the rad measures absorbed dose, accounting for different materials. The gray is now the SI unit for absorbed dose, replacing the rad.
3. The rem accounts for the different biological effects of various types of ionizing radiation based on their quality factor, and is used to measure equivalent dose. The sievert, replacing the rem, measures stochastic health risks from radiation exposure.
Radioactivity
Detection of Radioactivity
Characteristics of the Three Types of Emission
Nuclear Reactions
Half-Life
Uses of Radioactive Isotopes Including Safety Precautions
Radioactivity
Radioactivity is the process of spontaneous disintegration of unstable nuclei through emission of radiation. There are three main types of radiation emitted: alpha, beta, and gamma rays. Alpha particles have the highest ionizing power but lowest penetration ability. Beta particles are high energy electrons emitted from neutron decay. Gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation emitted during nuclear transitions. Radioactivity can be natural, occurring in heavy elements like uranium, or artificial through bombardment of stable nuclei. It is measured using instruments like Geiger counters and detected through ionization of matter.
Particles (alpha beta gamma)
Alpha particles are positively charged particles emitted from atomic nuclei. They have high ionizing energy but less penetrating power than beta particles. When an alpha particle is emitted, the parent nucleus loses 2 protons and 4 neutrons.
Beta particles are high energy electrons or positrons emitted from atomic nuclei. They have low ionizing energy but high penetrating power. Beta decay changes the atomic number by one but does not change mass number.
Gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation with no mass or charge. They travel at the speed of light and have very high penetrating power but low ionizing power. Gamma emission does not change the mass or charge of the parent nucleus.
Sextant deepali jain's group (1)
1. The document describes how to use a sextant to determine the height of an object. A sextant measures angles between objects by reflecting light off mirrors.
2. The procedure involves measuring the angles between a reference point on the object and the top of the object from two distances away. These angle measurements are used in a calculation to determine the height.
3. The experiment was conducted and the calculated height of the water tank was found to be 9.42 feet with a 4.7% error compared to the actual height of 9 feet.
Compton effect and pair production
The document discusses various types of ionizing radiation and their interactions with matter. It describes electromagnetic radiation as composed of photons that can interact via photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, pair production, and other processes. Compton scattering results in energy transfer between photons and recoil electrons. The probability of interaction depends on photon energy and material properties like atomic number. Higher energy photons have a greater chance of depositing energy through secondary electrons.
Use of radiation in medicine (medical use of radiation)
Radiation can be classified as ionizing or non-ionizing. Ionizing radiation such as gamma rays and X-rays have enough energy to remove electrons from atoms, while non-ionizing radiation such as visible light does not. Sources of ionizing radiation include nuclear reactors, X-ray machines, and radionuclides. Radiation exposure can cause both stochastic effects like cancer that have no threshold dose and deterministic effects like burns that become more severe above a threshold dose. International guidelines establish limits for radiation exposure to protect occupational workers and the public.
Application of radioisotopes in industry
Radiation processing, non-destructive testing, and radiotracer applications are the three main industrial uses of radioisotopes. Radiation processing uses gamma rays, electrons or X-rays to sterilize medical products, hygienize sewage sludge, treat flue gases, and manufacture products like cross-linked polymers. Non-destructive testing techniques like gamma radiography and computed tomography use radiation to detect flaws in materials without damaging them. Radiotracers can be used to measure liquid levels, thickness, and smoke detection.
Gas filled detectors
Gas Filled detectors, nuclear radiation detection, GM Counters, Proportional Counters, Ionization Chamber.
Chapter 22.2 : Radioactive Decay
Radioactive decay and nuclear radiation involve the spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nucleus, emitting particles or electromagnetic radiation. There are different types of radioactive decay that affect the nucleus, changing the number of protons or neutrons. Half-life is the time for half of a radioactive sample to decay and relates to a nucleus's stability, with more stable nuclei having longer half-lives. A decay series involves successive decays from a parent nuclide to daughter nuclides until a stable nuclide is reached. Artificial radioactive nuclides are made through artificial transmutations like bombarding nuclei, and are significant for producing transuranium elements.
Radioactive decay
The document discusses various topics relating to nuclear reactions and radioactive decay:
1) It defines key terms like half-life, decay constant, and isotopes.
2) It describes the main types of radioactive decay - alpha, beta, electron capture, and gamma - and provides examples of equations for each.
3) It explains factors that contribute to nuclear stability and why only some isotopes are radioactive.
4) It provides a brief overview of fission, fusion, and chain reactions in nuclear power and weapons.
Radiation Dosimeters
The document discusses the general requirements and characteristics of dosimeters. A dosimeter is a device that measures radiation quantities like exposure, absorbed dose, and equivalent dose. It should be accurate, precise, and have a linear response over a wide dose range with little dependence on factors like energy, dose rate, or direction. Common types of personal dosimeters mentioned are film badges, pocket ion chambers, thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD), optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeters, and solid state dosimeters. The document also discusses appropriate uses of personal dosimeters and factors to consider for different work environments.
Medical Physicist
The responsibilities of a qualified medical physicist include assuring the safe and effective delivery of radiation for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes as prescribed. The main subfields of medical physics are therapeutic radiological physics, diagnostic radiological physics, and medical nuclear physics. The American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) is a scientific organization that promotes the application of physics to medicine and biology, with over 6,500 members. The AAPM publishes the journal Medical Physics and establishes guidelines for medical physicists through task groups.
LASER CO2 and Nd:YAG
This presentation only shows the description of carbon dioxide
and neodymium : yttrium aluinium garnet.
Geiger muller counter
The document summarizes the Geiger-Müller counter, an instrument used to detect ionizing radiation such as alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays. It describes the history and development of the counter, from its original detection principle discovered in 1908 to its modern form using a Geiger-Müller tube. The operating principle is explained, where ionization events in an inert gas-filled tube produce electrical pulses that are counted and displayed. Different readout types including counts per second and absorbed dose are discussed. Applications include detection of radioactive materials and environmental monitoring for radiation levels.
79035bb0 a6be-4cc1-8f52-b943b8d5af78 (1)
This document discusses various applications of radioactive isotopes. It begins by introducing radioisotope tracers and why they are ideal for tracking materials through complex processes. Only a small number of radioactive atoms are needed to be detectable. It then discusses specific applications such as medical uses of short-lived isotopes to image organs, using tracers to detect leaks, and radioactive dating methods like carbon-14 dating. The document concludes by mentioning radioisotope thermoelectric generators use radioactive decay to generate electricity and have been used to power spacecraft.
More Related Content
What's hot
Origin of quantum mechanics
origin of quantum physics -
Inadequacy of classical mechanics and birth of QUANTUM PHYSICS
ref: Quantum mechanics: concepts and applications, N. Zettili
Franck hertz quantization of energy levels
The Franck-Hertz experiment demonstrated quantization of energy levels in atoms. When electrons were accelerated through mercury vapor in a glass tube, the current dropped sharply at 4.9eV, indicating the energy needed to excite mercury atoms. Current also dropped at multiples of 4.9eV. For neon gas, current dropped periodically at around 19eV, demonstrating its quantized energy levels. This supported the quantum theory that electrons occupy only discrete energy states in atoms.
Nuclear physics
Nuclear physics is the study of atomic nuclei and their components. It includes properties of the nucleus, particles within it like protons and neutrons, and their interactions. Key topics covered are radioactivity, nuclear reactions like fission and fusion, and practical applications. Fission is the splitting of large nuclei into smaller ones and is used in nuclear reactors to generate controlled energy. Fusion is the combining of small nuclei into larger ones and produces even more energy but is difficult to control.
Interaction of radiation with Matter - Dr. Vandana
The document discusses the interaction of radiation with matter. It describes the various types of interactions including photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, pair production and their dependence on photon energy. It also discusses the linear attenuation coefficient, half value layer, mass attenuation coefficient and energy absorption coefficient. The different effects of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation are summarized along with the radiobiological implications of radiation interactions.
Radioactivity
The document discusses the discovery of radioactivity and the different types of radioactive decay:
- Alpha, beta, and gamma decay were discovered through experiments by Henri Becquerel, Marie and Pierre Curie, and Ernest Rutherford in the late 19th century.
- Alpha decay involves emitting an alpha particle (helium nucleus), beta decay involves emitting an electron or positron, and gamma decay involves emitting high-energy photons.
- The decays result in the transmutation of elements and conservation of nucleon number. Radioactive decay occurs at exponential rates described by half-lives and can be used to date materials.
Xray production 2
Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895 while experimenting with Crookes tubes. He called them "x-rays" as the nature of the radiation was unknown. The first X-ray photograph was of his wife Bertha's hand. X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation with much shorter wavelengths than visible light, in the range of 0.5-2.5 angstroms. They can be considered as both waves and particles called photons. X-rays are generated in an X-ray tube when high speed electrons interact with and lose kinetic energy in the target material, usually tungsten. This produces bremsstrahlung or braking radiation and characteristic radiation when electrons change energy levels within
Radiation units
1. Different units are used to measure various properties of ionizing radiation, including the curie, becquerel, roentgen, rad, gray, rem, and sievert.
2. The roentgen measures exposure to gamma or X-rays, while the rad measures absorbed dose, accounting for different materials. The gray is now the SI unit for absorbed dose, replacing the rad.
3. The rem accounts for the different biological effects of various types of ionizing radiation based on their quality factor, and is used to measure equivalent dose. The sievert, replacing the rem, measures stochastic health risks from radiation exposure.
Radioactivity
Detection of Radioactivity
Characteristics of the Three Types of Emission
Nuclear Reactions
Half-Life
Uses of Radioactive Isotopes Including Safety Precautions
Radioactivity
Radioactivity is the process of spontaneous disintegration of unstable nuclei through emission of radiation. There are three main types of radiation emitted: alpha, beta, and gamma rays. Alpha particles have the highest ionizing power but lowest penetration ability. Beta particles are high energy electrons emitted from neutron decay. Gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation emitted during nuclear transitions. Radioactivity can be natural, occurring in heavy elements like uranium, or artificial through bombardment of stable nuclei. It is measured using instruments like Geiger counters and detected through ionization of matter.
Particles (alpha beta gamma)
Alpha particles are positively charged particles emitted from atomic nuclei. They have high ionizing energy but less penetrating power than beta particles. When an alpha particle is emitted, the parent nucleus loses 2 protons and 4 neutrons.
Beta particles are high energy electrons or positrons emitted from atomic nuclei. They have low ionizing energy but high penetrating power. Beta decay changes the atomic number by one but does not change mass number.
Gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation with no mass or charge. They travel at the speed of light and have very high penetrating power but low ionizing power. Gamma emission does not change the mass or charge of the parent nucleus.
Sextant deepali jain's group (1)
1. The document describes how to use a sextant to determine the height of an object. A sextant measures angles between objects by reflecting light off mirrors.
2. The procedure involves measuring the angles between a reference point on the object and the top of the object from two distances away. These angle measurements are used in a calculation to determine the height.
3. The experiment was conducted and the calculated height of the water tank was found to be 9.42 feet with a 4.7% error compared to the actual height of 9 feet.
Compton effect and pair production
The document discusses various types of ionizing radiation and their interactions with matter. It describes electromagnetic radiation as composed of photons that can interact via photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, pair production, and other processes. Compton scattering results in energy transfer between photons and recoil electrons. The probability of interaction depends on photon energy and material properties like atomic number. Higher energy photons have a greater chance of depositing energy through secondary electrons.
Use of radiation in medicine (medical use of radiation)
Radiation can be classified as ionizing or non-ionizing. Ionizing radiation such as gamma rays and X-rays have enough energy to remove electrons from atoms, while non-ionizing radiation such as visible light does not. Sources of ionizing radiation include nuclear reactors, X-ray machines, and radionuclides. Radiation exposure can cause both stochastic effects like cancer that have no threshold dose and deterministic effects like burns that become more severe above a threshold dose. International guidelines establish limits for radiation exposure to protect occupational workers and the public.
Application of radioisotopes in industry
Radiation processing, non-destructive testing, and radiotracer applications are the three main industrial uses of radioisotopes. Radiation processing uses gamma rays, electrons or X-rays to sterilize medical products, hygienize sewage sludge, treat flue gases, and manufacture products like cross-linked polymers. Non-destructive testing techniques like gamma radiography and computed tomography use radiation to detect flaws in materials without damaging them. Radiotracers can be used to measure liquid levels, thickness, and smoke detection.
Gas filled detectors
Gas Filled detectors, nuclear radiation detection, GM Counters, Proportional Counters, Ionization Chamber.
Chapter 22.2 : Radioactive Decay
Radioactive decay and nuclear radiation involve the spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nucleus, emitting particles or electromagnetic radiation. There are different types of radioactive decay that affect the nucleus, changing the number of protons or neutrons. Half-life is the time for half of a radioactive sample to decay and relates to a nucleus's stability, with more stable nuclei having longer half-lives. A decay series involves successive decays from a parent nuclide to daughter nuclides until a stable nuclide is reached. Artificial radioactive nuclides are made through artificial transmutations like bombarding nuclei, and are significant for producing transuranium elements.
Radioactive decay
The document discusses various topics relating to nuclear reactions and radioactive decay:
1) It defines key terms like half-life, decay constant, and isotopes.
2) It describes the main types of radioactive decay - alpha, beta, electron capture, and gamma - and provides examples of equations for each.
3) It explains factors that contribute to nuclear stability and why only some isotopes are radioactive.
4) It provides a brief overview of fission, fusion, and chain reactions in nuclear power and weapons.
Radiation Dosimeters
The document discusses the general requirements and characteristics of dosimeters. A dosimeter is a device that measures radiation quantities like exposure, absorbed dose, and equivalent dose. It should be accurate, precise, and have a linear response over a wide dose range with little dependence on factors like energy, dose rate, or direction. Common types of personal dosimeters mentioned are film badges, pocket ion chambers, thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD), optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeters, and solid state dosimeters. The document also discusses appropriate uses of personal dosimeters and factors to consider for different work environments.
Medical Physicist
The responsibilities of a qualified medical physicist include assuring the safe and effective delivery of radiation for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes as prescribed. The main subfields of medical physics are therapeutic radiological physics, diagnostic radiological physics, and medical nuclear physics. The American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) is a scientific organization that promotes the application of physics to medicine and biology, with over 6,500 members. The AAPM publishes the journal Medical Physics and establishes guidelines for medical physicists through task groups.
LASER CO2 and Nd:YAG
This presentation only shows the description of carbon dioxide
and neodymium : yttrium aluinium garnet.
What's hot (20)
Interaction of radiation with Matter - Dr. Vandana
Interaction of radiation with Matter - Dr. Vandana
Use of radiation in medicine (medical use of radiation)
Use of radiation in medicine (medical use of radiation)
Viewers also liked
Geiger muller counter
The document summarizes the Geiger-Müller counter, an instrument used to detect ionizing radiation such as alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays. It describes the history and development of the counter, from its original detection principle discovered in 1908 to its modern form using a Geiger-Müller tube. The operating principle is explained, where ionization events in an inert gas-filled tube produce electrical pulses that are counted and displayed. Different readout types including counts per second and absorbed dose are discussed. Applications include detection of radioactive materials and environmental monitoring for radiation levels.
79035bb0 a6be-4cc1-8f52-b943b8d5af78 (1)
This document discusses various applications of radioactive isotopes. It begins by introducing radioisotope tracers and why they are ideal for tracking materials through complex processes. Only a small number of radioactive atoms are needed to be detectable. It then discusses specific applications such as medical uses of short-lived isotopes to image organs, using tracers to detect leaks, and radioactive dating methods like carbon-14 dating. The document concludes by mentioning radioisotope thermoelectric generators use radioactive decay to generate electricity and have been used to power spacecraft.
Nuclear and Isotopic Techniques for Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA)
http://www.fao.org/globalsoilpartnership/en/
This presentation was presented during the 4th Plenary Assembly of the Global Soil Partnership (GSP) that took place at FAO headquarters 23-25 May 2016. The presentation was made by L.K. Heng and presents the Nuclear and Isotopic Techniques for Climate-Smart Agriculture.
© FAO: http://www.fao.org
GA2000 Traning Taster
The document provides an overview of a training session on Geotech's GA2000 Plus landfill gas analyser. It discusses the history and development of Geotech's gas analyser products, how the GA2000 Plus works, its certifications, support services available, and addresses common questions. Hands-on demonstrations are included to showcase operation and calibration.
Nitrogen isotopes to identify nitrate contamination in groundwater
Basic presentation on the use of nitrogen isotopes and the nitrogen cycle to identify sources of nitrate in groundwater.
Affinity chromatography
It includes basic knowledge about affinity chromatography along with its procedure and application. and brief description of various type of affinity chromatography.
Prvn ppt
Centrifugation is a process that uses centrifugal force to separate particles in a solution based on their density. It can be used to sediment particles, isolate cellular components like organelles, and separate molecules and complexes. Different types of centrifuges include low-speed, high-speed, and ultracentrifuges, which separate particles through differential centrifugation or density gradient centrifugation. Analytical centrifugation allows observation of fractionation processes and is used to study macromolecules. Centrifugation has various applications including concentration, separation, isolation of organelles, and separation of blood components or cream from milk.
Oladimeji akinsile seminar presentation
The principles application of carbon and oxygen isotope in geological studies . (Paleoceanography, paleoclimatology, Dating, Mineral exploration, etc
Blood gas analyzer
Alat yang digunakan untuk mengukur tekanan gas darah dan elektrolit darah disebut blood gas analyzer. Alat ini mengukur parameter seperti pH, PO2, PCO2, kalisium, natrium, dan lainnya. Faktor yang mempengaruhinya antara lain gelembung udara, antikoagulan, dan metabolisme sampel darah. Prinsip kerjanya dengan membandingkan gas sampel darah dengan gas standar menggunakan sistem pemencaran inframerah.
Radiation detection and measurement
This document discusses different types of gas-filled and scintillation radiation detectors. It provides information on GM counters, proportional counters, scintillators, photomultiplier tubes, and thermoluminescent dosimeters. Key points include: how GM counters differ from proportional counters in their avalanche chain reactions; common scintillator materials like NaI(Tl) and BGO; how photomultiplier tubes convert light photons to electrical signals and amplify signals through dynode multiplication; and applications of different detector types in nuclear medicine imaging. The document is in a question-answer format where various concepts are explained in response to questions.
Radioactive isotopes
Radioactive isotopes emit radiation through radioactive decay as their unstable nuclei break down. There are three main types of radiation emitted: alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays. Radioactive isotopes are used in scientific research, analytical applications like radioimmunoassays, and medical diagnostic procedures and therapies. Some key radioactive isotopes used include iodine-131 for thyroid imaging and cancer treatment, technetium-99m for thyroid scans, and strontium-89 or samarium-153 to treat bone metastases.
Affinity chromatography
This document discusses affinity chromatography, a technique used to separate biological molecules based on specific reversible interactions between a ligand attached to a matrix and the target molecule. It provides a brief history of affinity chromatography, outlines the basic principles and components including the matrix, spacer arm, and ligand. Examples of ligand-target pairs are given such as antigen-antibody and substrate-enzyme. Applications include purification of nucleic acids, antibodies, enzymes from mixtures. Advantages are high specificity and purity while disadvantages include cost and limited lifetime of the solid support.
Capnography
Capnography is the measurement of carbon dioxide in respiratory gases and is an integral part of anesthesia monitoring. It was developed in the 1940s and standards now recommend its use for basic monitoring during anesthesia. Capnography can be used to monitor respiration rate, verify endotracheal tube placement, detect circuit disconnections or leaks, and help diagnose various respiratory and circulatory conditions based on the shape of the capnography waveform. It provides important real-time information about a patient's ventilation and metabolism.
AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY
Affinity chromatography is a method used to separate biochemical mixtures based on highly specific interactions like antigen-antibody binding. It works by coupling a ligand to a stationary phase gel that can trap molecules of interest from a mobile phase solution. Unbound molecules are washed away while bound molecules are later released through elution. Common uses include purifying proteins, nucleic acids, antibodies, and enzymes from mixtures by exploiting properties like metal ion binding or interactions with lectins or ligands.
Blood gas analyser & blood gas analysis with clinical significancee
A comprehensive presentation on Blood Gas Analyzer and Blood Gas Analysis for self- learning undergraduate medical ,dental, ,pharmacology and biotechnology students . Laboratory determination of blood gas analysis –Micro method & technical errors involved are described.
Blood sample collection for blood gas analysis is illustrated.
Principle & Important components of Blood gas Analyzer are presented in lucid language.
Polari graphic method for PO₂ Measurement using pO₂ electrode is explained. Integral parts of pO₂ electrode ie platinum electrode, silver /silver chloride reference electrode & their working (reaction at electrode) is presented here.
Design of pCO2, & pH electrodes along with their working principles are elucidated for perusal of technologist.
Typical reference ranges in blood gas analysis are mentioned and are useful to classify acid base imbalance. Nomogram of acid base disorder is illustrated for clinical applications.
Laboratory determination of blood gas analysis along with its standardization is presented step wise. The Henderson’s Hassel Balch equation pursuing interrelation of TCO₂, Bicarbonate, Carbonic acid, PCO ₂, & p H is presented for manual calculation of certain parameters.
Google images are used for impact of subject on self-learners.
Electrophoresis by Dr. Anurag Yadav
electrophoresis-
principle
types
details on paper electrophoresis
cellulose acetate electrophoresis
zone electrophoresis
SDS-PAGE
iso-electric focussing gel electrophoresis
two-dimensional gel electrophoresis
pulsed gel electrophoresis
isotachophoresis
capillary electrophoresis
microchip electrophoresis
Scintillations principle, working, merits & demerits & applications
Scintillation counter - instrumentation Principle, working, advantages and disadvantages and applications on various fields.
Reference : principles of biochemistry by wilson and walker.
Radiation detection devices
Radiation detection devices are instruments that can identify the presence of radiation in the environment, on surfaces, inside or outside of people. Some common radiation detection devices include Geiger Mueller detectors with pancake probes, which detect and measure radiation in real time, alpha radiation survey meters for detecting alpha radiation, and dose rate meters that measure environmental radiation levels and determine safety. Personal dosimeters are worn to monitor radiation exposure, while newer devices can identify isotopes, measure dose and dose rate, and monitor multiple contamination types.
Radiography techniques
The discovery of X-rays and the phenomenon of radioactivity and their application to the examination of objects provided the starting point for the advancement of industrial radiography. This technique is one of the most widely used for the detection of internal defects such as voids and porosity. Planar defects can also be detected by radiography with some proper orientation. Radiography is also suitable for detecting changes in material composition, thickness measurements and locating unwanted or defective components hidden from view in an assembled part.
Radiation detectors
This document discusses various methods for detecting radiation. It outlines passive detectors like photographic film, electroscopes, dosimeters, and thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) which do not require a power source. Active detectors mentioned include Geiger-Muller tubes and scintillation detectors, which need a constant energy supply. Both types detect radiation indirectly by ionizing matter and detecting the ions produced, though active detectors provide more information about the radiation type and energy.
Viewers also liked (20)
Nuclear and Isotopic Techniques for Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA)
Nuclear and Isotopic Techniques for Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA)
Nitrogen isotopes to identify nitrate contamination in groundwater
Nitrogen isotopes to identify nitrate contamination in groundwater
Blood gas analyser & blood gas analysis with clinical significancee
Blood gas analyser & blood gas analysis with clinical significancee
Scintillations principle, working, merits & demerits & applications
Scintillations principle, working, merits & demerits & applications
Similar to Radioactivity
Radioactive pollution
Radioactive pollution refers to the release of ionizing radiation into the environment from unstable atomic nuclei that decompose. Key sources of radioactive pollution include nuclear accidents from power plants, usage of radioisotopes, atomic bombs, mining, and experimental studies. Radioactive pollution can affect humans by increasing risks of diseases like leukemia and genetic damage, and can inhibit plant growth, development, and seed germination. Preventive measures include not exploding nuclear devices in air, carefully disposing of contaminated wastes, minimizing radioisotope production, and using shielding and protective equipment when working with radioactive materials.
Lecture 24.pptx
Radioactive pollution refers to the release of ionizing radiation into the environment from unstable atomic nuclei that decompose and release particles or rays. Key sources of radioactive pollution include nuclear accidents, mining, atomic bombs, and certain industrial and scientific uses of radioisotopes. Radioactive materials can accumulate up the food chain and negatively impact humans, plants, and animals by causing diseases, genetic damage, inhibited growth, and reduced yields. Preventive measures include limiting nuclear explosions and emissions, careful disposal of wastes, and shielding during work with radioisotopes.
Radiopharmaceuticals
Radiopharmaceuticals are medical formulations containing radioactive isotopes. They consist of a radionuclide paired with a pharmaceutical compound. Radiopharmaceuticals can be used for both diagnostic imaging and cancer treatment. The document discusses radioactive decay, ideal properties for diagnostic radiotracers, production methods, quality control testing, and applications of radiopharmaceuticals like PET and SPECT imaging. It also provides an overview of the journey of a radiopharmaceutical from production to use in the human body and detection via scanning equipment.
Radiopharmaceuticals
A brief intoducation on Radiopharmaceutical including types of radiation, isotopes, manufacturing, Quality control , and equipments for measurement of radioactivity and Application of radiopharmaceuticals.
Physics! radioactive.
This document discusses fundamentals of radioisotopes. Radioisotopes are isotopes that are unstable and undergo radioactive decay. They exist naturally and have many applications including medicine, agriculture, archaeology, and industry. Some examples of radioisotopes and their stable isotopes are provided. The document then discusses specific applications of radioisotopes in medicine, agriculture, archaeology, and industries.
Chemistry ppt radioactivity
Radioactivity refers to the spontaneous emission of particles or radiation from unstable atomic nuclei and was discovered in 1898 by Henri Becquerel. It has important medical uses such as diagnosing and treating cancer, but also carries dangers if exposed to large amounts. The three main types are alpha, beta, and gamma rays which are classified based on their charge. Radioisotopes are unstable isotopes that decay and emit radiation, and can be used beneficially in areas like medicine, industry, and dating geological materials, though overexposure poses health risks.
Radiopharmaceuticals and contrast media.
Radioactive substances emit rays or particles that can expose photographic plates. Forty radioactive elements are known and arranged into three series. Radioactive elements are unstable and undergo decomposition while emitting radiation. The main types of radiation emitted are alpha rays, beta rays, and gamma rays. Radioactive substances find many uses including diagnostic applications using radiopharmaceuticals, therapeutic applications to destroy diseased cells like cancer, and research applications as tracers to study biological and medical processes. Proper handling and storage of radioactive materials requires shielding, labeling, monitoring, and other safety precautions due to their ability to ionize and damage tissue.
Radiopharmaceu.pdf
Radiopharmaceuticals are compounds or substances containing radioactive materials that are used for medical purposes. They can be used for radiotherapy to treat cancer by emitting radiation directly at tumor sites. They can also be used diagnostically as radioactive tracers to track physiological processes in the body. Some common radiopharmaceuticals include radioactive gold and iodine isotopes to treat and diagnose thyroid conditions, and radioactive cobalt to diagnose pernicious anemia. Radiopharmaceuticals must be carefully handled and stored due to their radioactive emissions.
RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL.pptx
They are radioactive substances or radioactive medications for diagnostic & therapeutic intervention
Radiopharmaceutical are medicinal formulations containing radioisotopes which are safe for organization in people for analysis or for treatment
Usually radiopharmaceuticals contain at least 2major components;
Radionuclide that provides the desired radiation characteristics &
Chemical compound with structural or chemical properties that determine the physiological behavior of radiopharmaceutical
Applications of Radioisotopes.pdf
Radioisotopes are unstable isotopes that decay and emit radiation. There are approximately 5,000 known natural and artificial radioisotopes. They are used in two main ways: for their radiation alone or in combination with their chemical properties and radiation. Radioisotopes have many applications including use as tracers in biology to track processes like photosynthesis, use in nuclear medicine for diagnosis and cancer treatment, and use in food preservation to kill parasites and control ripening. They are also used in industry for tasks like detecting leaks in pipes and monitoring mineral content.
Radioactivity
This document summarizes information about radioactivity and its applications. It begins with a brief history of the discovery of radioactivity by Becquerel in 1896 and the Curies. It then discusses the stability of nuclei and properties of radioisotopes. Applications of radioisotopes discussed include uses in medicine such as diagnosing thyroid disease, treating overactive thyroids, and detecting blood clots. Additional applications include using radioisotopes to date artifacts, study geological time periods, ensure thickness of materials, and kill pests. The document also covers nuclear fission, pros and cons of nuclear energy, negative effects of radiation, and proper management of radioactive waste.
Radiopharmaceuticals....
This document provides definitions and information about radiopharmaceuticals. It defines radiopharmaceuticals as compounds used in pharmacy that emit radiation. It discusses various radiopharmaceutical terms like radioisotopes, radioactivity, half-life, and units of radiation measurement. Examples of specific radiopharmaceuticals are provided like iodine-131 and applications discussed like diagnosis and treatment of thyroid conditions. Measurement techniques for radioactivity like Geiger-Muller counters are described. Effects of radiation on biological tissue and examples of different types of radiation emissions are summarized.
Principle, uses and application of tracers in biology. MSc Botany
Describes the principles applications and uses of tracers in biology, the topic is included in kerala University MSc Botany syllabus.
Applications of radiopharmaceuticals
Radioactive substances emit rays or particles that can affect photographic plates. There are three main types of radiation emitted: alpha rays, beta rays, and gamma rays. Radioactive elements are unstable and undergo decomposition while emitting this radiation. Radioactive substances find many uses in medicine, including diagnostic applications using radiopharmaceuticals, and therapeutic applications to destroy cancerous cells. Proper handling and storage of radioactive materials is important for safety, including shielding, protective equipment, monitoring of storage areas, and protocols for disposal.
Uses of radio isotopes
Radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of elements that are used widely in medicine, industry, and research. They occur naturally or can be artificially produced. In medicine, radioisotopes are used in diagnostic tests and cancer treatments due to their short or long half-lives. Examples used are iodine-123 for thyroid disorders and cesium-137 for cancer treatments. Industry uses radioisotopes for non-destructive testing of materials and structures as well as measuring levels and thicknesses. Research employs radioisotopes to study biological and chemical processes. Common radioisotopes and their medical and research applications are described.
Radioisotope
Radioisotopes are unstable atoms that decay radioactively. They have applications in dating artifacts to determine their age, tracking metabolic processes using radiotracers, and diagnosing and treating diseases in nuclear medicine. Radioisotopes like carbon-14 and potassium-40 are used in radioactive dating to measure the age of materials up to billions of years old. Medical isotopes like technetium-99m, iodine-131, and fluorine-18 are used in diagnostic imaging and to treat conditions like thyroid cancer. Other uses include food preservation and sterilization using cobalt-60, smoke detector ionization with americium-241, and industrial radiography for quality control.
SPM SCIENCE NUCLEAR ENERGY
Radioactive substances have many uses including thickness control of materials like paper and foil, food preservation through irradiation, medical diagnosis using radioactive tracers, leak detection of underground pipes, radioactive dating of ancient materials, cancer treatment through radiotherapy, sterilization of medical equipment, and agricultural applications like using tracers to determine plant nutrient needs and inducing mutations to develop hardier seed varieties.
biochem.pptx
This document provides information on radioisotopes and their applications in agriculture. It discusses what radioisotopes are, how they occur both naturally and artificially, and how they undergo radioactive decay. It then describes several applications of radioisotopes in agriculture, including using radioactive tracers to study plant nutrition and fertilizer uptake, using radiation to induce mutations to develop new crop varieties, and using the sterile insect technique to control insect pests.
Radiation application
Radiation has many applications in science and medicine. It is used to induce mutations in plants to develop new varieties that are hardier and more resistant to pests. Food is irradiated to kill microbes and extend shelf life. The sterile insect technique releases sterile insects to control pest populations. In medicine, short-lived radioactive isotopes are used as tracers in diagnostic scans and tests. Radiation therapy also uses isotopes to treat cancer. Radioactive dating employs isotopes' decay rates to determine the ages of materials, helping date archaeological and geological samples.
Radiopharmaceuticals: Pharmacy academics.pptx
Radiopharmaceuticals are medicinal formulations containing radioactive isotopes used for diagnosis and therapy. They are composed of a radionuclide and pharmaceutical. Radiopharmaceuticals emit different types of radiation during radioactive decay including alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays. They are produced via nuclear reactions and particle bombardment, and must undergo quality control testing including identification, purity, sterility, and stability analyses. Radiopharmaceuticals are formulated, labeled, stored, and tested according to regulatory standards to ensure safe use in patients.
Similar to Radioactivity (20)
Principle, uses and application of tracers in biology. MSc Botany
Principle, uses and application of tracers in biology. MSc Botany
Recently uploaded
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
Methods of grain storage Structures in India.pdf
•Post-harvestlossesaccountforabout10%oftotalfoodgrainsduetounscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,
•Totalfoodgrainproductioninindiais311milliontonnesandstorageis145mt.InIndia,annualstoragelosseshavebeenestimated14mtworthofRs.7,000croreinwhichinsectsaloneaccountfornearlyRs.1,300crores.
•InIndiaoutofthetotalproduction,about30%ismarketablesurplus
•Remaining70%isretainedandstoredbyfarmersforconsumption,seed,feed.Hence,growerneedstoragefacilitytoholdaportionofproducetosellwhenthemarketingpriceisfavourable
•TradersandCo-operativesatmarketcentresneedstoragestructurestoholdgrainswhenthetransportfacilityisinadequate
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Presentation given at the official farewell of Prof Ken Gillet at Wageningen on 13 June 2024
Recently uploaded (20)
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
Microbiology of Central Nervous System INFECTIONS.pdf
Microbiology of Central Nervous System INFECTIONS.pdf
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Radioactivity
- 1. RADIOACTIVITY By : Nuriman Syakirah Binti Ahmad Kilani 409/13138
- 2. Understanding the uses of isotopes : - Fundamentals of Radioisotopes - Application of Radioisotopes In Various Field - Q&A CONTENT
- 3. • •Isotopes that are not stable and go through radioactive decay are known as radioisotopes • •Radioisotopes exist naturally. Examples of such radioisotopes are uranium -238 and radium-226 • •Artificial radioisotopes are manufactured mainly by irradiating substance with neutrons in a nuclear reactor. They can also be manufactured by bombarding a stable nucleus with hgh-energy particles such as protons or neutrons. • •For example, radioisotope sodium-24 is produced when magnesium nucleus is bombarded by a neutron. Fundamentals of Radioisotopes
- 4. • Medicals • Agriculture • Archeology • Industries Application of Radioisotopes In Various Field
- 5. Medicals 1. Radiotherapy Gamma rays of cobalt-60 can be used to destroy cancer cells in patients. This treatment is known as radiotherapy. Tracer to Detect Blood Clots or Tumour 1. A small amount of sodium-24 is injected into the patient's body. 1. Radioactive imaging is then used to detect accumulation of sodium-24 and therefore detect tumours and blood clots before they become dangerous. Application of Radioisotopes In Various Field
- 6. Medicals 2. Sterilising Medical Instriment 1. Gamma ray emitted from radioactive cobalt-60 can kill germs such as bacteria and fungus. 1. Medical instruments such as surgical equipment, syringes and bandages can be sterilised by using gamma rays. Application of Radioisotopes In Various Field
- 7. Medicals 3. Heart Peacemaker 1. A heart pacemaker is a medical device which uses electrical pulses to contract the heart muscles, and hence to regulate the beating of the heart. 1. Plutonium-238 in a nuclear battery is used to produce small electric shocks in the heart pacemaker. 1. People with irregular heartbeats need to have a heart pacemaker implanted inside their chest. Application of Radioisotopes In Various Field
- 8. Agriculture 1. Pest Control 1. Male insect is sterilised by exposing to radioactive radiation and then released back to the ecosystem. 1. This can ensure that their reproducing effort do not generate new generation and hence reduces the population of the insect. Application of Radioisotopes In Various Field
- 9. Agriculture 2.. Tracer 1. The metabolism of phosphorus by plants can be studied using phosphate fertilisers that contain phosphorus-32. 2. A small amount of phosphorus-32 is used in fertilisers. 3. The radiation produced by phosphorus-32decay is detected by a Geiger-Muller counter. 4. This method can trace the passage of phosphate ions in plants. 5. Carbon-14 is used to study the passage of carbon during photosynthesis in plants. Application of Radioisotopes In Various Field
- 10. Agriculture 3. Develop New Species of Plant Application of Radioisotopes In Various Field 1. 1. Radioactive radiation is targeted to the seeds of plants and hence causes mutation to the genes. 2. By chance, this may develop some superior agricultural products.
- 11. Agriculture 4. Food Preservation Application of Radioisotopes In Various Field 1. The gamma rays from cobalt-60 are used to kill bacteria in food to make fresh vegetables and fruits last longer without any change in quality, flavour and texture of food. 2. Gamma rays are used to inhibit budding in potatoes.
- 12. Archeology 1. Estimation of Artifacts Age Application of Radioisotopes In Various Field 1. In archaeology radioisotope carbon-14 is used to study and estimate the age of ancient artifacts. This method is named as the radiocarbon dating. 2. Radiocarbon dating can be used to estimate the age of organic materials, such as wood and leather, up to about 58,000 to 62,000 years.
- 13. Industry 1. Monitoring Content Of Food 2. Monitoring Thickness of Steel/Paper Sheet 3. Detecting Underground Leakage 4. Measuring the Wearing Rate Of Engine p/s : Do click on the names to get more info Application of Radioisotopes In Various Field
- 14. 1. Cobalt-60 destroys cancer cells because it A has a long half-life B has no side effect C radiates gamma rays D decays spont 2. What is the radioisotope that can be used to determine the age of a fossil? A Radon-222 B Uranium-238 C Carbon-14 D Iodine-131 Questions and Answers
- 15. 3. Which of the following statements is a characteristic of gamma radiation? A It has a positive charge B It is an electromagnetic wave C It has a higher ionizing power than alpha radiation D It has a lower penetrating power than beta radiation 4. Which statement is true about the use of radioactive substance? A To determine the sex of a foetus B To determine the contents in the baggage of the air plane passengers C To detect leakage in underground pipes D To identify counterfeit bank-notes Questions and Answers
- 16. 5. In the fission reaction for an atom of uranium-235, the energy produced is 2.9 x 10-11 J. What is the total loss of mass in the reaction? A 3.22 x 10-28 kg B 9.67 x 10-20 kg C 2.61 x 106 kg D 1.03 x 1019 kg Answers. 1. C 2. C 3. B Questions and Answers