This belongs to Physical Chemistry portion and it contains most of
things about laser working and principles.
By Aaryan Tyagi's Group
M.Sc. Applied Chemistry (1 Sem)
Amity University, Noida
This belongs to Physical Chemistry portion and it contains most of
things about laser working and principles.
By Aaryan Tyagi's Group
M.Sc. Applied Chemistry (1 Sem)
Amity University, Noida
A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. The term "laser" originated as an acronym for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. The term "laser" originated as an acronym for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
It is an analytical technique uselful for detection of functional groups present in particular molecules and compounds.
It is highly applicable in pharmaceutical and chemical engineering.
Basics refresher on Laser Technology and it's applications. Presentation prepared by (and for) student(s). Level- Karnataka State Pre-university PUC1(India)
It's a Basic concept of Laser on the basis of bandgap. I tried to explain on the easiest way the semiconductor and then i gave the view on Islamic perspective about Laser concept.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
1. LASER
( Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission Radiation )
Aman 28-10-2014 Dhanda ( Aerospace Engg. ) 1
2. Introduction
The first theoretical foundation of LASER and MASER was given by Einstein in 1917
using Plank’s law of radiation that was based on probability coefficients (Einstein
coefficients) for absorption and spontaneous and stimulated emission of electromagnetic
radiation. Theodore Maiman was the first to demonstrate the earliest practical laser in 1960
after the reports by several scientists, including the first theoretical description of R.W.
Ladenburg on stimulated emission and negative absorption in 1928 and its experimental
demonstration by W.C. Lamb and R.C. Rutherford in 1947 and the proposal of Alfred Kastler
on optical pumping in 1950 and its demonstration by Brossel, Kastler, and Winter two years
later. Maiman’s first laser was based on optical pumping of synthetic ruby crystal using a
flash lamp that generated pulsed red laser radiation at 694 nm. Iranian scientists Javan and
Bennett made the first gas laser using a mixture of He and Ne gases in the ratio of 1 : 10 in
the 1960. R. N. Hall demonstrated the first diode laser made of gallium arsenide (GaAs) in
1962, which emitted radiation at 850 nm, and later in the same year Nick Holonyak
developed the first semiconductor visible-light-emitting laser.
Aman 28-10-2014 Dhanda ( Aerospace Engg. ) 2
3. LASER COMPONENTS
ACTIVE MEDIUM
Solid (Crystal)
Gas
Semiconductor (Diode)
Liquid (Dye)
EXCITATION MECHANISM
Optical
Electrical
Chemical
OPTICAL RESONATOR
HR Mirror and
Output Coupler
• The Active Medium contains atoms which can emit light by
stimulated emission.
• The Excitation Mechanism is a source of energy to excite the
atoms to the proper energy state.
• The Optical Resonator reflects the laser beam through the active
medium for amplification.
28-10-2014 Aman Dhanda ( Aerospace Engg. ) 3
4. Nd (Neodymium) – YAG (Yttrium Aluminium
Garnet) LASER
Principle :
Doped Insulator laser refers to yttrium aluminium garnet doped with
neodymium. The Nd ion has many energy levels and due to optical
pumping these ions are raised to excited levels. During the transition
from the metastable state to E1, the laser beam of wavelength
1.064μm is emitted.
Type : Doped Insulator Laser
Active Medium : Yttrium Aluminium Garnet
Active Centre : Neodymium
Pumping Method : Optical Pumping (Xenon Flash Pump)
Optical Resonator : Ends of rods silver coated
Two mirrors partially and totally reflecting
Power Output : 20 Kilowatts
Nature of Output : Pulsed
Wavelength Emitted : 1.064 μm
Characteristics :
Aman 28-10-2014 Dhanda ( Aerospace Engg. ) 4
5. Nd : YAG LASER Diagram
Non radioactive decay
Laser
1.064μm
Non radioactive decay
E3
E2
E
4
E1
E0
Nd
Energy Level Diagram of Nd : YAG laser
E1, E2, E3 – Energy levels of Nd
E4 – Meta Stable State
E0 – ground State Energy Level
Aman 28-10-2014 Dhanda ( Aerospace Engg. ) 5
6. Application of Nd : YAG Laser
These lasers are used in many scientific applications
which involve generation of other wavelengths of light.
The important industrial uses of YAG and glass lasers have
been in materials processing such as welding, cutting,
drilling.
Since 1.06 m wavelength radiation passes through
optical fibre without absorption, fibre optic endoscopes
with YAG lasers are used to treat gastrointestinal bleeding.
YAG beams penetrate the lens of the eye to perform
intracular procedures.
YAG lasers are used in military as range finders and target
designators.
Aman 28-10-2014 Dhanda ( Aerospace Engg. ) 6
7. CO2 ( Carbon dioxide ) LASER
Principle :
The transition between the rotational and vibrational energy levels lends
to the construction of a molecular gas laser. Nitrogen atoms are raised
to the excited state which in turn deliver energy to the CO2 atoms
whose energy levels are close to it. Transition takes place between the
energy levels of CO2 atoms and the laser beam is emitted.
Type :Molecular gas laser
Active Medium :Mixture of CO2, N2, He or H2O vapour
Active Centre : CO2
Pumping Method : Electric Discharge Method
Optical Resonator : Gold mirror or Si mirror coated with Al
Power Output : 10 kW
Nature of Output : Continuous or pulsed
Wavelength Emitted : 9.6 μm or 10.6 μm
Characteristics :
Aman 28-10-2014 Dhanda ( Aerospace Engg. ) 7
8. A carbon dioxide (CO2) laser can produce a continuous laser beam with a power output of
several kilowatts while, at the same time, can maintain high degree of spectral purity and spatial
coherence.
In comparison with atoms and ions, the energy level structure of molecules is more
complicated and originates from three sources: electronic motions, vibrational motions and
rotational motions. Modes of vibration in CO2
Symmetric C - stationary
O - vibrates simultaneously
along molecular axis
Bending C & O vibrate perpendicular to
molecular axis
Asymmetric Stretching C & O atoms vibrate in
opposite directions along
molecular axis
Aman 28-10-2014 Dhanda ( Aerospace Engg. ) 8
9. The energy level diagram of vibrational – rotational
energy levels with which the main physical processes
taking place in this laser.
As the electric discharge is passed through the tube,
which contains a mixture of carbon dioxide, nitrogen
and helium gases, the electrons striking nitrogen
molecules impart sufficient energy to raise them to
their first excited vibrational-rotational energy level.
Diagram
This energy level corresponds to one of the vibrational
- rotational level of CO2 molecules, designated as level
4.
Collision with N2 molecules, the CO2 molecules are
raised to level 4.
The lifetime of CO2 molecules in level 4 is quiet
significant to serve practically as a metastable state.
Energy Level Diagram of CO2
Aman 28-10-2014 Dhanda ( Aerospace Engg. ) 9
10. Hence, population inversion of CO2 molecules is established
between levels 4 and 3, and between levels 4 and 2.
The transition of CO2 molecules between levels 4 and 3 produce
lasers of wavelength 10.6 microns and that between levels 4 and 2
produce lasers of wavelength 9.6 microns.
The He molecules increase the population of level 4, and also help in
emptying the lower laser levels.
The molecules that arrive at the levels 3 and 2 decay to the ground
state through radiative and collision induced transitions to the lower
level 1, which in turn decays to the ground state.
The power output of a CO2 laser increases linearly with length. Low
power (upto 50W) continuous wave CO2 lasers are available in sealed
tube configurations.
Aman 28-10-2014 Dhanda ( Aerospace Engg. ) 10
11. Application of CO2 Laser
• Because of the high power levels available (combined with reasonable cost for the laser),
CO2 lasers are frequently used in industrial applications for cutting and welding, while lower
power level lasers are used for engraving.
• They are also very useful in surgical procedures because water (which makes up
most biological tissue) absorbs this frequency of light very well. Some examples of medical
uses are laser surgery and skin resurfacing ("laser facelifts", which essentially consist of
vaporizing the skin to promote collagen formation). Also, it could be used to treat certain skin
conditions such as hirsuties papillaris genitalis by removing embarrassing or annoying bumps,
podules, etc. Researchers in Israel are experimenting with using CO2 lasers to weld human
tissue, as an alternative to traditional sutures.
• The common plastic poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) absorbs IR light in the 2.8–25 μm
wavelength band, so CO2 lasers have been used in recent years for fabricating microfluidic
devices from it, with channel widths of a few hundred micrometers.
• Because the atmosphere is quite transparent to infrared light, CO2 lasers are also used for
military rangefinding using LIDAR techniques.
• CO2 lasers are used in the Silex process to enrich uranium.
28-10-2014 Aman Dhanda ( Aerospace Engg. ) 11
• The Soviet Polyus was designed to use a megawatt carbon-dioxide laser as an orbit to orbit