The document summarizes the Geiger-Müller counter, an instrument used to detect ionizing radiation such as alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays. It describes the history and development of the counter, from its original detection principle discovered in 1908 to its modern form using a Geiger-Müller tube. The operating principle is explained, where ionization events in an inert gas-filled tube produce electrical pulses that are counted and displayed. Different readout types including counts per second and absorbed dose are discussed. Applications include detection of radioactive materials and environmental monitoring for radiation levels.
Scintillation counter - instrumentation Principle, working, advantages and disadvantages and applications on various fields.
Reference : principles of biochemistry by wilson and walker.
Autoradiography is a bioanalytical technique that is used to visualize the radioactively labelled substances or molecules or or fragments of molecules by using X-ray films or photographic emulsions.
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)- by sivasangari Shanmugam. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a technique used to observe the features of very small specimens.
Scintillation counter - instrumentation Principle, working, advantages and disadvantages and applications on various fields.
Reference : principles of biochemistry by wilson and walker.
Autoradiography is a bioanalytical technique that is used to visualize the radioactively labelled substances or molecules or or fragments of molecules by using X-ray films or photographic emulsions.
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)- by sivasangari Shanmugam. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a technique used to observe the features of very small specimens.
Geiger–Müller Counter is a hand-held radiation survey instrument used in Radiation Dosimetry,Nuclear Physics,Experimental Physics & Radiological Protection.
The microscope has evolved a lot from the time of Leeuwenhoek. This presentation gives a brief overview about the types of microscope their principle of function and application.
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http://www.dia.doshisha.ac.jp/disk/
As an MYP interested school we are introducing MYP-style Technology classes. This video was produced to help "flip" our classroom. Students can view this (or the YouTube or Vimeo versions) elsewhere in order to spend more time in class actually creating, collaborating and working in an environment with other learners with access to a knowledgeable"expert".
We have made an experimental set-up to measure thermal conductivity of oil. Experimental setup is designed in such a way that the accuracy it obtain is kept at the same level, while the cost of the experimentation is reduced to 1/10th of other equivalent model available in market. Modifications done are in positioning of the thermocouple, mass flow rate of the water through the water jacket and its arrangement, the design and placement of heater, the positioning oil pocket for oil, use of less costly and widely available material, etc.
Lecture 2 Basic Concepts in Machine Learning for Language TechnologyMarina Santini
Definition of Machine Learning
Type of Machine Learning:
Classification
Regression
Supervised Learning
Unsupervised Learning
Reinforcement Learning
Supervised Learning:
Supervised Classification
Training set
Hypothesis class
Empirical error
Margin
Noise
Inductive bias
Generalization
Model assessment
Cross-Validation
Classification in NLP
Types of Classification
Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-V Radiopharmaceutical.pptx
Isotopes Types of decay
Alpha rays, which could barely penetrate a piece of paper
Beta rays, which could penetrate 3 mm of aluminium
Gamma rays, which could penetrate several centimetres of lead
Units of Radioactivity:
Measurement of Radioactivity
The measurement of nuclear radiation and detection is an important aspect in the identification of type of radiations (, , ) and to assay the radionuclide emitting the radiation, suitable detectors are required. The radiations are identified on the basis of their properties.
e.g. Ionization effect is measured in Ionization Chamber, Proportional Counter and Geiger Muller Counter.
The scintillation effect of radiation is measured using scintillation detector and the photographic effect is measured by Autoradiography.
Gas Filled Detectors:
Ionization Chamber:
Proportional Counters:
Geiger-Muller Counter
Properties of α, β, γ radiations
Half –life of Radioelement
Sodium Iodide (I131)
Handling and Storage of Radioactive Material:
Storage of Radioactive Substances –
Precautions For Handling Radioactive Substances
Labelling of Radioactive Substances
Pharmaceutical Application Of Radioactive Substances
Complete detail about the Radiopharmaceutical, General Introduction, Radioactive substance, Radioactive rays like alpha, beta and gamma rays. All the Measurement method to determine the radioactivity of any element and widely used instrument Geiger Muller Counter. And some Radiopharmaceutical product used in many diagnosis , treatment such like sodium iodide solution & capsule, Rose Bengal I 131 and Application of Radiopharmaceuticals.
Different Types of Radioactive Counters or detectors used in analyzing low or high penetrating power radiation or particles are explained briefly with their advantages and disadvantages.
Medha Thakur (M.Sc Chemistry)
gm counter .working principle of gm counter, construction, advantage and disadvantage of gm counter.
Scintillation counter, its history, solid and liquid scintillation, scintillation cocktail, photomultiplier tube, advantage, and disadvantage.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Mammalian Pineal Body Structure and Also Functions
Geiger muller counter
1. Geiger
Muller Counter
AVS College of Arts and
Science, Salem
Presented By: Britto Samuel,
I Msc Biotechnology,
Department of Biotechnology
AVS College of Arts & Science,
2. Introduction
• The Geiger counter is an instrument used for measuring
ionizing radiation
• It detects ionizing radiation such as alpha particles, beta particles
and gamma rays using the ionization effect produced in a
Geiger–Müller tube
• It is perhaps one of the world's best-known radiation detection
instruments
3. History
• The original detection principle was discovered in 1908
• The development of the Geiger-Müller tube in 1928 that
the Geiger-Müller counter became a practical instrument.
• It has been very popular due to its robust sensing element
and relatively low cost.
6. Operating Principle
• A Geiger counter consists of a Geiger-Müller tube, the
sensing element which detects the radiation, and the
processing electronics – Results in Display
• Geiger-Müller tube is filled with an inert gas such
as helium, neon, or argon at low pressure, to which a high
voltage is applied
• Tube briefly conducts electrical charge when
a particle or photon of incident radiation makes the gas
conductive by ionization
8. Operating Principle
• The ionization is considerably amplified within the tube by
the Townsend Discharge effect to produce an easily
measured detection pulse
• This large pulse from the tube makes the G-M counter
cheap to manufacture, as the subsequent electronics is
greatly simplified.
• The electronics also generates the high voltage, typically
400–600 volts
10. Count per second
• The number of ionizing events displayed either as a count
rate, commonly "counts per second“
• The counts readout is normally used when alpha or beta
particles are being detected
Absorbeddose
• More complex to achieve display of radiation dose rate,
displayed in a unit such as the sievert
• Normally used for measuring gamma or
X-ray dose rates
12. How it works?
• Radiation (dark blue) is moving about randomly outside the
detector tube.
• Some of the radiation enters the window (gray) at the end of the
tube.
• When radiation (dark blue) crash with gas molecules in the tube
(orange), it causes ionization: some of the gas molecules are turned
into positive ions (red) and electrons (yellow).
• The positive ions are attracted to the outside of the tube (light
blue).
• The electrons are attracted to a metal wire (red) running down the
inside of the tube maintained at a high positive voltage.
• Many electrons travel down the wire making a burst of current in a
circuit connected to it.
• The electrons make a meter needle deflect and, if a loudspeaker is
connected, you can hear a loud click every time particles are
detected.
13. Application
• For the detection of alpha and beta particles
• To detect radioactive rocks and minerals in the course of
mineral prospecting or as a mineral collector
• To check for environmental levels of radioactivity
• For Fire and Police first responders to a analysis for making
an initial determination of radiation risk.
14. Thank You
Presented By: Britto Samuel,
I Msc Biotechnology,
Department of Biotechnology,
AVS College of Arts & Science,