A brief intoducation on Radiopharmaceutical including types of radiation, isotopes, manufacturing, Quality control , and equipments for measurement of radioactivity and Application of radiopharmaceuticals.
To my Senior CEU Pharmacy QC 2 Students. Radiopharmacy, Nuclear Pharmacy QC and cGMP protocols in handling, storage and preparation of various radiopharmaceuticals containing various radio-isotopes.
Examples and Medical Applications included.
To my Senior CEU Pharmacy QC 2 Students. Radiopharmacy, Nuclear Pharmacy QC and cGMP protocols in handling, storage and preparation of various radiopharmaceuticals containing various radio-isotopes.
Examples and Medical Applications included.
In December of 1898, Marie and Pierre Curie announced the discovery of a second element found in the uranium-extracted residues of pitchblende ore and, due to the intense radiation rays it emitted, it was named radiumThe discovery of radium brought radioactivity to the attention of the general public and inspired many new uses of radioactivity. Radiopharmaceuticals, or medicinal radiocompounds, are a group of pharmaceutical drugs containing radioactive isotopes. Radiopharmaceuticals can be used as diagnostic and therapeutic agents. Radiopharmaceuticals emit radiation themselves, which is different from contrast media which absorb or alter external electromagnetism or ultrasound. Radiopharmacology is the branch of pharmacology that specializes in these agents.
In December of 1898, Marie and Pierre Curie announced the discovery of a second element found in the uranium-extracted residues of pitchblende ore and, due to the intense radiation rays it emitted, it was named radiumThe discovery of radium brought radioactivity to the attention of the general public and inspired many new uses of radioactivity. Radiopharmaceuticals, or medicinal radiocompounds, are a group of pharmaceutical drugs containing radioactive isotopes. Radiopharmaceuticals can be used as diagnostic and therapeutic agents. Radiopharmaceuticals emit radiation themselves, which is different from contrast media which absorb or alter external electromagnetism or ultrasound. Radiopharmacology is the branch of pharmacology that specializes in these agents.
Nuclear medicine uses radiation to provide information about the functioning of a person's
specific organs, or to treat disease. In most cases, the information is used by physicians to make a
quick diagnosis of the patient's illness. What is Radiopharmaceuticals? How Radionuclides are produced?
They are radioactive substances or radioactive medications for diagnostic & therapeutic intervention
Radiopharmaceutical are medicinal formulations containing radioisotopes which are safe for organization in people for analysis or for treatment
Usually radiopharmaceuticals contain at least 2major components;
Radionuclide that provides the desired radiation characteristics &
Chemical compound with structural or chemical properties that determine the physiological behavior of radiopharmaceutical
Radiopharmaceutical is a key component involved in the field of nuclear medicine. It serves various purposes diagnostically and also serves with different diagnostic applications. Radioactive agents are employed in nuclear field for demonstration of high and exact localized radioactive effect in a particular target tissue. In recent years various amount of radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals are utilized for treating cancer and other complex disease like neuroendocrine disorder. This review focuses on the manufacturing, quality control tests and diagnostic applications of radiopharmaceuticals. K. R. Satav | T. P. Shangrapawar | Dr. Ashok Bhosale "Illustrative Review on Radiopharmaceuticals" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29762.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/29762/illustrative-review-on-radiopharmaceuticals/k-r-satav
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
1. Radiopharmaceuticals
PRESENTED BY GUIDANCE BY
DANISH SAYYAD Dr. A.P. PINGLE
Quality Assurance Techniques Dept. Pharmaceutical Chemistry
FIRST YEAR M.PHARM
Roll no - 09
NDMVP SAMAJ’S COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, NASHIK.
1
2. We will Cover the Following Points:
What Are Radioisotopes?
Radioactive Decay
Radiation Units
Radiopharmaceuticals
Properties of an Ideal Diagnostic Radioisotope
Radiopharmaceutical Categories & Production
Radiopharmaceutical Quality Control
Radiation Measurement
Application of Radiopharmaceuticals
Journey of a Radiopharmaceutical
3. • Radioactive Decay.
An unstable atomic nucleus spontaneously loses energy by emitting
ionizing particles and radiation.
Radioactive isotope Parent Nuclide Daughter Nuclide
When an unstable nucleus decays, it may give:
1) Alpha or helium Radiation.
2) Beta or Electron Radiation.
3) Gamma Radiation.
4. 1) ALPHA PARTICLE DECAY
• Alpha particles are made up of 2 protons and 2 neutrons.
• Are same as helium nucleus.
• When a nucleus emits alpha particle, its atomic number
decreases by 2 and its atomic mass decreases by 4.
• These particles are relatively slow and heavy.
• Low penetrating power.
• As they have large charge, alpha particles ionize other
atoms strongly.
• Alpha decay occurs in very heavy elements like Uranium
and Radium.
5. 2) Beta Particle Decay
• These particles are as same as electrons as they have
charge of minus 1.
• When a nucleus emits β particle the Atomic number
increases by 1 and Atomic mass is unchanged.
• They are fast and light.
• Have Medium Penetrating Power.
• Example of radioisotope emitting β, phosphorus-32.
• These particles ionize atoms that they pass, but not as
strongly as alpha particles do.
6. 3) GAMMA RAYS
• Gamma rays are Waves not Particles.
• They have no mass and no charge.
• Atomic mass and number unchanged.
• High Penetrating Power.
• Do not directly ionize other atoms.
• We don’t find pure gamma source, they are emitted along
alpha or beta particles.
• Useful gamma source technetium-99, used as tracer in
medicine.
7.
8.
9. HALF-LIFE
• The half life of radioisotope is the time for the radiation
level to decrease (decay) to one half of the original value.
• Naturally occurring tend to have longer half lives.
• Used in nuclear medicine have short half lives.
Radioisotope Half Life
14 C 5730 year
40 K 1.3 x 109year
226 Ra 1600 year
238U 4.5 x 109 year
59 Fe 46 days
57 Cr 28 days
131 I 8 days
99m Tc 6 hrs
10. Radiation Units
1. Curie (Ci)-measures activity as the number of atoms that
decay in one second.
2. rad (radiations absorbed dose)- Measures the radiation
absorbed by the tissues of the body.
3. rem (radiation equivalent mass)- Measures the biological
damage caused by different types of radiation.
4. Becquerel (Bq) - 1Bq = 1 Disintegration per sec (dps)
5. Sievert (Sv) = 100 rem
6. Gray (Gy) = 1 J/Kg Tissue
11. Radiopharmaceuticals
These are medical formulation containing radioisotopes.
• Composed of two parts: Radionuclide + Pharmaceutical.
• Nuclide - Any species of atom characterized by a specific
number of neutrons and protons within the atoms.
12. Properties of an Ideal Diagnostic Radioisotope:
• Type of Emission:
-Pure Gamma Emitter: (Alpha & Beta particles are
unimaginable & deliver High Radiation Dose)
• Energy of Gamma Rays:
-Ideal: 100-250 keV
• Photon Abundance:
-Should be high to minimize imaging time
• Easy available:
-Readily available, easily produced and inexpensive
• Target to Non Target Ratio
-Should be high which max efficiency and min the radiation
13. • Effective Half Life
-It should be short enough to minimize the radiation dose to
patients and long enough to perform the procedure.
• Patients Safety
- Should not exhibit toxicity to the patients.
• Preparation Quality Control
- No complicated equipment
- No time consuming steps
14. Radiopharmaceuticals can be divided into Four
Categories:
1. Radiopharmaceutical Preparation
2. Radionuclide Generator
3. Radiopharmaceutical precursor
4. Kit for Radiopharmaceutical Preparation.
Manufacture
-Radionuclide Production
1. Nuclear Fission
2. Charged particle bombardment
3. Neutron Bombardment
4. Radionuclide Generator System
15. • Example of Production of Technetium 99
• Uranium 235 is bombarded with neutrons which splits
into Molybdenum 99 and other particles.
• Molybdenum 99 undergoes β decay to produce
Technetium 99m
16. Production of Radiopharmaceutical Preparation.
1) Sterilization
For heat stable products- Autoclave.
For heat labile products- Using membrane filtration of the
radiopharmaceutical using 0.22 μm Millipore filters.
2) Addition of anti microbial preservative.
- The nature of the antimicrobial preservative, if present, is
stated on the label or, where applicable, that no antimicrobial
preservative is present.
17.
18. Radiopharmaceutical Quality Control
i. Identity Test
The radionuclide is generally identified by its half-life or by
the nature and energy of its radiation or by both as stated in
the monograph.
ii. Radionuclides Purity
The gamma-ray spectrum, should not be significantly
different from that of a standardized solution of the
radionuclide.
iii. Radiochemical Purity
Assessed by a variety of analytical techniques such as liquid
chromatography, paper chromatography, thin-layer
chromatography and electrophoresis.
19. iv. Chemical Purity
Refers to the proportion of the preparation that is in the specified
chemical form regardless of the presence of radioactivity; it may be
determined by accepted methods of analysis.
v. pH
For radioactive solutions the pH may be measured using paper
pH indicator strips (Ideally should be in between 6.8 – 7.5)
vi. Sterility
a) Radiorespirometry
The sample of radiopharmaceutical is incubated in a culture
medium containing 14C glucose or 14C acetate at 37°C for 3-
24 h. If bacteria are present in the sample, they metabolize the
14C-glucose or 14C-acetate, which is measured in a liquid
scintillation counter. Radiorespirometry is a faster technique
for sterility testing of radiopharmaceuticals.
20. b. Colony culture
The sample of radiopharmaceutical is incubated in thioglycolate
medium (30-35°C) for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria or in
soybean casein medium (20-25°C) for fungi, molds. The test
medium is observed for 7-14 days. The presence or absence of
micro-organism in the sample is determined by bacterial growth
or lack of it in the culture.
vii. Bacterial Endotoxin/ Pyrogen Testing
- For Bacterial Endotoxin Test- LAL Test
- For Pyrogen Test – Rabbit Pyrogen Test
22. Storage
-Should be kept in well closed container
-Storage condition should be such that maximum
radiation dose rate to which persons maybe be exposed
is reduced to an accepted level.
-Radiopharmaceutical preparation intended for
parenteral use should be kept in glass vials, ampule or
syringe that is sufficiently transparent to permit the
visual inspection of the contents.
23. • Radiation Measurement
1. Geiger Muller Counter
- Detects beta and gamma radiation.
- Uses ions produced by radiation to create an electrical
current.
- It is a gaseous ionization detector and uses
the Townsend avalanche phenomenon to produce an
easily detectable electronic pulse from as little as a
single ionizing event due to a radiation particle.
- a gas ionization process where free electrons are
accelerated by an electric field, collide with gas
molecules, and consequently free additional electrons.
24.
25.
26. 2. Scintillation Counter
- An instrument for detecting and measuring ionizing radiation by
using the excitation effect of incident radiation on a scintillating
material, and detecting the resultant light pulses.
27. • Applications of Radiopharmaceuticals.
1. Treatment of diseases (Therapeutic Radio Pharmaceuticals):
- They are radio labeled molecules designed to therapeutic doses of
ionizing radiation to specific diseased sites.
Examples:
Chromic phosphate P32 for lung, ovarian, uterine, and
prostate cancers
Sodium iodide I 131 for thyroid cancer
Samarium Sm 153 for cancerous bone tissue
Sodium Phosphate P32 for cancerous bone tissue and
other types of cancers
Strontium chloride Sr 89 for cancerous bone tissue
Erbium 169 for relieving arthritis pain in synovial joints
28. 2. As an aid in the diagnosis of disease
(Diagnostic Radiopharmaceuticals)
- The Radiopharmaceutical accumulated in an organ of
interest emit gamma radiation which are used for imaging
of the organs with the help of an external imaging device
called gamma camera.
- Radiopharmaceutical used in tracer techniques for
measuring physiological parameters (eg. 51 Cr EDTA for
measuring Glomerular filtration rate).
- Radiopharmaceuticals for diagnostic imaging (eg. 99m
TC-methylene diphosphonate(MDP)used in bone
scanning).
29. - PET (Positron Emission Tomography) and
- SPECT (Single Photon Emission Tomography) are
imaging technologies that enable physicians to
diagnose different types of cancer, cardiovascular
diseases, neurological disorders and other diseases in
their early stages.
PET SPECT
Involves Positron Involves Gamma Rays
More Sensitive Optimum Sensitivity
Higher Resolution Lower Resolution
Detection by PET Scanner Detection by Gamma Camera
Expensive Scanner Cheaper than PET
Limited Half life of
Radiopharmaceuticals
Longer Half life of
Radiopharmaceuticals
31. Reference:
1. World Health Organization, “Radiopharmaceuticals-Final Text
to the addition of International Pharmacopeia”, 4th ed. Nov
2008. (Link -
http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/pharmacopoeia/Rad
genmono.pdf )
2. Attila Keresztes, Attila Borics, Csaba Tomboly, “Therapeutic
and Diagnostic Radiopharmaceuticals”, Institute of
Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy
of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary, Oct 31, 2015.