A high level of Plant Vacuolar Protease, activated after moderate and high doses of radiation, possible playing role as radiation toxin and can induce development of Acute Radiation Syndromes in mammals after ingestion.
Radiation toxicity, plants toxicity after irradiation.Dmitri Popov
1) Programmed cell death (PCD) occurs in plants under stress and involves vacuolar processing enzymes that cleave proteins leading to cell death. 2) PCD plays a role in plant development and is triggered by stresses like radiation exposure. 3) Studies show radiation can induce toxicity in plants by causing hydrogen peroxide production and PCD, and irradiated plants fed to animals have led to decreased survival rates and tumors, likely due to vitamin deficiencies caused by the irradiation.
The document discusses a lecture on biotechnology given by Dr. Srinivasreddy Patil. It covers topics like the introduction and tools of genetic engineering, including vectors, enzymes, and host cells. Recombinant DNA technology and its applications are explained, using the example of insulin synthesis. Other topics covered include DNA fingerprinting, gene therapy, the human genome project, and monoclonal antibodies. The document also addresses the hazards and safeguards of genetic engineering.
This document provides an outline of the topics that will be covered in the MIC 210 Basic Molecular Biology lecture, including biological molecules like DNA, RNA, and proteins as well as applications of recombinant DNA technology such as gene cloning, DNA hybridization, DNA amplification, and DNA sequencing. It then discusses how molecular biology is the foundation of modern biotechnology and how biotechnology can be used for non-polluting renewable energy, nutritious food, medical treatments like organ regeneration, and a more sustainable environment. As an example, it outlines how diabetes requires daily insulin injections but recombinant DNA technology allows for production of insulin in bacteria as a solution.
Gene therapy involves modifying genes to treat or cure disease. It works by replacing mutated genes, inactivating abnormal genes, or introducing new genes. Early successes treated immune deficiencies, but challenges remain in achieving long-term effects without side effects. Promising areas are treating inherited retinal diseases and Parkinson's through localized delivery of therapeutic genes using viral or non-viral vectors. While offering potential cures, gene therapy also raises ethical issues that require ongoing discussion.
This document discusses genetic engineering techniques such as transferring genes between organisms using vectors like plasmids, creating transgenic organisms like bacteria that express human genes to produce proteins like insulin, and potential benefits and disadvantages of genetic engineering including more affordable medicines, crop improvements, but also environmental, economic, health, and social/ethical risks.
Introduction to Synthetic Genome
SYNTHETIC GENOMICS Study of Invitro chemical synthesis of genetic material i.e., DNA in the form of oligonucleotides, genes, or genomes with Computational techniques for its design. SYNTHETIC GENOME Artificially synthesised genome (invitro)
Radiation toxicity, plants toxicity after irradiation.Dmitri Popov
1) Programmed cell death (PCD) occurs in plants under stress and involves vacuolar processing enzymes that cleave proteins leading to cell death. 2) PCD plays a role in plant development and is triggered by stresses like radiation exposure. 3) Studies show radiation can induce toxicity in plants by causing hydrogen peroxide production and PCD, and irradiated plants fed to animals have led to decreased survival rates and tumors, likely due to vitamin deficiencies caused by the irradiation.
The document discusses a lecture on biotechnology given by Dr. Srinivasreddy Patil. It covers topics like the introduction and tools of genetic engineering, including vectors, enzymes, and host cells. Recombinant DNA technology and its applications are explained, using the example of insulin synthesis. Other topics covered include DNA fingerprinting, gene therapy, the human genome project, and monoclonal antibodies. The document also addresses the hazards and safeguards of genetic engineering.
This document provides an outline of the topics that will be covered in the MIC 210 Basic Molecular Biology lecture, including biological molecules like DNA, RNA, and proteins as well as applications of recombinant DNA technology such as gene cloning, DNA hybridization, DNA amplification, and DNA sequencing. It then discusses how molecular biology is the foundation of modern biotechnology and how biotechnology can be used for non-polluting renewable energy, nutritious food, medical treatments like organ regeneration, and a more sustainable environment. As an example, it outlines how diabetes requires daily insulin injections but recombinant DNA technology allows for production of insulin in bacteria as a solution.
Gene therapy involves modifying genes to treat or cure disease. It works by replacing mutated genes, inactivating abnormal genes, or introducing new genes. Early successes treated immune deficiencies, but challenges remain in achieving long-term effects without side effects. Promising areas are treating inherited retinal diseases and Parkinson's through localized delivery of therapeutic genes using viral or non-viral vectors. While offering potential cures, gene therapy also raises ethical issues that require ongoing discussion.
This document discusses genetic engineering techniques such as transferring genes between organisms using vectors like plasmids, creating transgenic organisms like bacteria that express human genes to produce proteins like insulin, and potential benefits and disadvantages of genetic engineering including more affordable medicines, crop improvements, but also environmental, economic, health, and social/ethical risks.
Introduction to Synthetic Genome
SYNTHETIC GENOMICS Study of Invitro chemical synthesis of genetic material i.e., DNA in the form of oligonucleotides, genes, or genomes with Computational techniques for its design. SYNTHETIC GENOME Artificially synthesised genome (invitro)
Biotechnology uses genes from different organisms to modify biological functions and create products to benefit society. It has applications in gene therapy, cancer treatment, vaccines, and more. Techniques include adding genes to crops to increase vitamin levels or tolerance to environmental stresses. DNA is delivered using organisms like Agrobacterium. Medical biotechnology aims to prolong life through monoclonal antibodies, bioprocessing insulin from bacteria, stem cell therapies, and tissue engineering to replace damaged tissues.
Synthetic biology is a field that aims to design and engineer biological organisms and systems for useful purposes. It involves modifying organisms to have new abilities by redesigning their DNA. Some key goals of synthetic biology include producing medicines, manufacturing chemicals, and solving environmental problems in eco-friendly ways. It differs from genetic engineering in aiming to make more extensive and predictable changes at a larger scale, such as designing whole new genomes. Synthetic biologists use techniques like DNA synthesis and standardization to achieve their goals. Recent advances include using synthetic biology to sense environmental conditions, produce chemicals, and even create artificial enzymes not found in nature.
A look at future directions for biology. Personalized genomics is a key step in moving towards individualized medicine and preventative interventions. The traditional trial and error approach of molecular biology is being replaced by the direct design of synthetic biology. Synthetically developed energy solutions could have a substantial impact on natural resource demand.
The document provides an overview of the field of biotechnology, including its history, key areas and applications. It discusses topics like genetic engineering, recombinant DNA technology, transgenic plants and animals, DNA microarrays, bioinformatics, and careers in biotechnology. The future prospects of biotechnology in addressing global challenges like food security and healthcare are also highlighted.
SYNTHETIC CELLS
An artificial cell or minimal cell or synthetic cell is an engineered particle that mimics one or many functions of a biological cell.
Artificial cells are biological or polymeric membranes which enclose biologically active materials.
A "living" artificial cell has been defined as a completely synthetically made cell that can capture energy, maintain ion gradients, contain macromolecules as well as store information and have the ability to mutate.
DEFINITION
EXAMPLE
SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY
Synthetic biology is a multidisciplinary area of research that seeks to create new biological parts, devices, and systems, or to redesign systems that are already found in nature.
Due to more powerful genetic engineering capabilities and decreased DNA synthesis and sequencing costs, the field of synthetic biology is rapidly growing
HISTORY
BOTTOM-UP APPROACH FOR CONSTRUCTING SYNTHETIC CELLS
A bottom-up approach is commonly used to design and construct genetic circuits by piecing together functional modules that are capable of reprogramming cells with novel behavior.
CELL ENCAPSULATION METHOD
Cell microencapsulation technology involves immobilization of the cells within a polymeric semi-permeable membrane that permits the bidirectional diffusion of molecules such as the influx of oxygen, nutrients, growth factors etc. essential for cell metabolism and the outward diffusion of waste products and therapeutic proteins.
TECHNIQUES USED FOR THE PREPARATION OF EMULSION
1- high pressure homogenization
2- microfluidization
3- drop method
4- emulsion method
MEMBRANES OF SYNTHETIC CELLS
THE MINIMAL CELL
A minimal cell is one whose genome only encodes the minimal set of genes necessary for the cell to survive.
THE SYNTHETIC BLOOD CELLS
Synthetic red blood cells mimic natural ones, and have new abilities
APPLICATIONS OF SYNTHETIC CELLS
1- DRUG RELEASE AND DELIEVERY
2- GENE THERAPY
3- ENZYME THERAPY
4- HEMOPERFUSION
5- OTHER APPLICATIONS
FUTURE OF SYNTHETIC CELLS AND BIOLOGY
ACHIEVEMENTS
HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUES
ETHICS AND CONTROVERSIES
REFERENCES
THANK YOU
The document presents information on monoclonal antibodies. It discusses that monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies produced through cell fusion techniques from a single parent cell. The summary includes that monoclonal antibodies have characteristics of homogeneity and specificity. The document also outlines the structure, advantages, disadvantages, production methods and applications of monoclonal antibodies such as in cancer treatment, immunosuppression, and autoimmune diseases. It concludes that monoclonal antibodies offer unique target specificity and can be engineered to reduce immunogenicity issues.
Synthetic Biology & Global Health - Claire MarrisSTEPS Centre
The document summarizes the development of synthetic biology and efforts to synthesize bacterial genomes. It describes how researchers at the JCVI synthesized the Mycoplasma genitalium genome starting in pieces of 5-7 kilobases that were joined together, and how they later synthesized the larger 1.08 megabase Mycoplasma mycoides genome and transplanted it into a recipient cell to create a new self-replicating cell controlled by the synthetic chromosome. This was the first self-replicating species on Earth whose parent was a computer. The work demonstrated that genomes can be designed, chemically synthesized, and used to produce new cells controlled only by the synthetic genome.
Synthetic Biology: Bringing Engineering Back Into Genetic EngineeringSachin Rawat
Genetic Engineering lacks a few elements of Engineering. Here is what those are and how Synthetic Biology (or Genetic Engineering v2.0) would account for those.
The document discusses various applications of genetic engineering in medicine. It describes how genetic engineering is used to produce insulin, vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, and other drugs through the manipulation of genes and transfer of genes between organisms. The document also explores the future potential of gene therapy and tissue engineering to treat genetic diseases and regenerate tissues.
SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY: Putting engineering into biology | Presented by Pranjali ...pranjali bhadane
This document provides an overview of synthetic biology. It defines synthetic biology as designing and constructing new biological parts, devices, and systems, such as genes and cells. The key principles of synthetic biology are abstraction, modularity, standardization, and design/modeling. Case studies describe engineering maize plants to produce higher levels of carotenoids to combat vitamin A deficiency and using transgenic corn to deliver carotenoids to chickens to reduce the impacts of coccidiosis. While synthetic biology has potential applications, it also carries risks such as the accidental release of harmful organisms.
This document provides an overview of genetic technology techniques including selective breeding, hybridization, DNA extraction, restriction enzymes, gel electrophoresis, polymerase chain reaction, genetic engineering, and transformation. It discusses applications like genetically modified animals and plants. Transgenic organisms created through recombinant DNA techniques are described. The document also touches on genome sequencing, biotechnology, cloning, and some products enabled by genetic technology.
Biotechnological applications in medicine can help mass produce therapeutic drugs through recombinant DNA technology. Around 30 recombinant therapeutics have been approved worldwide, with 12 marketed in India. Genetically engineered insulin is now produced through recombinant E. coli instead of extracted from animals, avoiding immune responses. Gene therapy aims to treat diseases like ADA deficiency by inserting normal genes to compensate for non-functional ones. Molecular diagnosis techniques like PCR, probes, and ELISA can detect pathogens at very low concentrations for early diagnosis. Transgenic animals with foreign genes help study diseases, produce biological products, and test vaccine and chemical safety.
OBC | Synthetic biology announcing the coming technological revolutionOut of The Box Seminar
Roman Jerala, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Synthetic biology announcing the coming technological revolution
http://obc2012.outofthebox.si/
this helps to understand the normal techniques related to biotechnology in a simple manner and provides you broad idea about the subject. A brief knowledge about the topic is presented in this presentation.
This presentation discusses genetic engineering and was presented by a group of 4 students in the Environmental Science department. It defines genetic engineering as manually adding new DNA to an organism. It provides examples of genetically engineered plants and discusses the history and basic concepts of genetic engineering. The presentation explains the process of genetic engineering including extracting DNA from one organism and inserting it into another. It compares genetic engineering to traditional breeding and discusses applications like transgenic organisms and cloning.
The document summarizes several recent biotechnology innovations, including using oil-eating bacteria to clean up oil spills, using a protein called GDF 11 to improve aging brains and muscles in mice, developing advanced biofuels from cellulosic biomass, using 3D x-ray filming to study insect movements, discovering anti-psychotic drugs that kill brain cancer, developing affordable genome sequencing technology, engineering immune cells to attack cancer, creating RNA detection probes without harming cells, and assessing monoclonal antibody therapies using ADCC reporter assays.
The document discusses a project to redesign plants and living organisms to survive on Mars. It describes expressing genes from extremophilic microbes in plants to help them tolerate Martian conditions like low water, low pressure, cold temperatures, and radiation. Initial work involved expressing a heat-stable superoxide reductase gene from Pyrococcus furiosus in tobacco plant cells. Undergraduate students were also engaged in designing virtual plants that could survive on Mars by considering the environmental challenges. The goals were to produce an extremophilic protein in plants and involve students in designing plants for Mars.
Synthetic biology is an interdisciplinary field that applies engineering principles to design and construct new biological systems. It has enabled the design of novel organisms through DNA synthesis and assembly. Key technologies like DNA sequencing and synthesis have accelerated progress in synthetic biology. The field utilizes standard biological parts and computational tools to rationally design and model new systems. Promising applications include production of fuels, drugs and materials. However, synthetic biology also raises social and ethical challenges regarding biosafety, biosecurity and naturalness that warrant careful consideration and oversight.
This document discusses biotechnology, including its definition, history, applications in different fields like agriculture, medicine, and industry. It covers topics such as drug production using biotechnology techniques, pharmacogenomics, gene therapy, and genetic testing. Drug production through isolation and genetic engineering of enzymes is described. The use of biotechnology to develop medicines and pharmaceuticals for treating diseases is also summarized.
The document discusses future trends in synthetic biology. It begins by defining synthetic biology as the application of engineering principles to biology to redesign biological systems. Some potential future trends discussed include using synthetic biology for regenerative medicine like producing personalized stem cells, making xenotransplantation a reality through CRISPR-edited pigs, and 3D bioprinting of tissues and organs. Other trends include using nanobots and RNA/DNA vaccines to treat diseases, synthesizing human chromosomes, and developing edible vaccines. While synthetic biology holds promise, risks also exist and regulations are needed to ensure safety and ethical development.
The document discusses the health effects of radiation exposure from nuclear incidents. It provides examples of exposure levels and their effects on human health, including nearly 100rem causing nausea and vomiting, and over 300rem potentially causing organ damage and death. It summarizes radiation incidents at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl, where Chernobyl is classified at the highest level on the International Nuclear Event Scale. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of radiation prevention and careful exposure given the potential lethal effects from over 300rem of exposure.
The document summarizes the use of enzymes in various food industries. It lists the group members and then discusses enzymes and their uses in dairy production, baking, brewing, wine/fruit juice, meat, and vegetable industries. Key enzymes discussed include rennet, lactase, catalase, protease, amylase, cellulase, pectinase, and papain. The advantages of using food enzymes are that they can cut costs and reduce time compared to chemical processes. Enzyme-based food processing is seen as an important and growing industry.
Biotechnology uses genes from different organisms to modify biological functions and create products to benefit society. It has applications in gene therapy, cancer treatment, vaccines, and more. Techniques include adding genes to crops to increase vitamin levels or tolerance to environmental stresses. DNA is delivered using organisms like Agrobacterium. Medical biotechnology aims to prolong life through monoclonal antibodies, bioprocessing insulin from bacteria, stem cell therapies, and tissue engineering to replace damaged tissues.
Synthetic biology is a field that aims to design and engineer biological organisms and systems for useful purposes. It involves modifying organisms to have new abilities by redesigning their DNA. Some key goals of synthetic biology include producing medicines, manufacturing chemicals, and solving environmental problems in eco-friendly ways. It differs from genetic engineering in aiming to make more extensive and predictable changes at a larger scale, such as designing whole new genomes. Synthetic biologists use techniques like DNA synthesis and standardization to achieve their goals. Recent advances include using synthetic biology to sense environmental conditions, produce chemicals, and even create artificial enzymes not found in nature.
A look at future directions for biology. Personalized genomics is a key step in moving towards individualized medicine and preventative interventions. The traditional trial and error approach of molecular biology is being replaced by the direct design of synthetic biology. Synthetically developed energy solutions could have a substantial impact on natural resource demand.
The document provides an overview of the field of biotechnology, including its history, key areas and applications. It discusses topics like genetic engineering, recombinant DNA technology, transgenic plants and animals, DNA microarrays, bioinformatics, and careers in biotechnology. The future prospects of biotechnology in addressing global challenges like food security and healthcare are also highlighted.
SYNTHETIC CELLS
An artificial cell or minimal cell or synthetic cell is an engineered particle that mimics one or many functions of a biological cell.
Artificial cells are biological or polymeric membranes which enclose biologically active materials.
A "living" artificial cell has been defined as a completely synthetically made cell that can capture energy, maintain ion gradients, contain macromolecules as well as store information and have the ability to mutate.
DEFINITION
EXAMPLE
SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY
Synthetic biology is a multidisciplinary area of research that seeks to create new biological parts, devices, and systems, or to redesign systems that are already found in nature.
Due to more powerful genetic engineering capabilities and decreased DNA synthesis and sequencing costs, the field of synthetic biology is rapidly growing
HISTORY
BOTTOM-UP APPROACH FOR CONSTRUCTING SYNTHETIC CELLS
A bottom-up approach is commonly used to design and construct genetic circuits by piecing together functional modules that are capable of reprogramming cells with novel behavior.
CELL ENCAPSULATION METHOD
Cell microencapsulation technology involves immobilization of the cells within a polymeric semi-permeable membrane that permits the bidirectional diffusion of molecules such as the influx of oxygen, nutrients, growth factors etc. essential for cell metabolism and the outward diffusion of waste products and therapeutic proteins.
TECHNIQUES USED FOR THE PREPARATION OF EMULSION
1- high pressure homogenization
2- microfluidization
3- drop method
4- emulsion method
MEMBRANES OF SYNTHETIC CELLS
THE MINIMAL CELL
A minimal cell is one whose genome only encodes the minimal set of genes necessary for the cell to survive.
THE SYNTHETIC BLOOD CELLS
Synthetic red blood cells mimic natural ones, and have new abilities
APPLICATIONS OF SYNTHETIC CELLS
1- DRUG RELEASE AND DELIEVERY
2- GENE THERAPY
3- ENZYME THERAPY
4- HEMOPERFUSION
5- OTHER APPLICATIONS
FUTURE OF SYNTHETIC CELLS AND BIOLOGY
ACHIEVEMENTS
HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUES
ETHICS AND CONTROVERSIES
REFERENCES
THANK YOU
The document presents information on monoclonal antibodies. It discusses that monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies produced through cell fusion techniques from a single parent cell. The summary includes that monoclonal antibodies have characteristics of homogeneity and specificity. The document also outlines the structure, advantages, disadvantages, production methods and applications of monoclonal antibodies such as in cancer treatment, immunosuppression, and autoimmune diseases. It concludes that monoclonal antibodies offer unique target specificity and can be engineered to reduce immunogenicity issues.
Synthetic Biology & Global Health - Claire MarrisSTEPS Centre
The document summarizes the development of synthetic biology and efforts to synthesize bacterial genomes. It describes how researchers at the JCVI synthesized the Mycoplasma genitalium genome starting in pieces of 5-7 kilobases that were joined together, and how they later synthesized the larger 1.08 megabase Mycoplasma mycoides genome and transplanted it into a recipient cell to create a new self-replicating cell controlled by the synthetic chromosome. This was the first self-replicating species on Earth whose parent was a computer. The work demonstrated that genomes can be designed, chemically synthesized, and used to produce new cells controlled only by the synthetic genome.
Synthetic Biology: Bringing Engineering Back Into Genetic EngineeringSachin Rawat
Genetic Engineering lacks a few elements of Engineering. Here is what those are and how Synthetic Biology (or Genetic Engineering v2.0) would account for those.
The document discusses various applications of genetic engineering in medicine. It describes how genetic engineering is used to produce insulin, vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, and other drugs through the manipulation of genes and transfer of genes between organisms. The document also explores the future potential of gene therapy and tissue engineering to treat genetic diseases and regenerate tissues.
SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY: Putting engineering into biology | Presented by Pranjali ...pranjali bhadane
This document provides an overview of synthetic biology. It defines synthetic biology as designing and constructing new biological parts, devices, and systems, such as genes and cells. The key principles of synthetic biology are abstraction, modularity, standardization, and design/modeling. Case studies describe engineering maize plants to produce higher levels of carotenoids to combat vitamin A deficiency and using transgenic corn to deliver carotenoids to chickens to reduce the impacts of coccidiosis. While synthetic biology has potential applications, it also carries risks such as the accidental release of harmful organisms.
This document provides an overview of genetic technology techniques including selective breeding, hybridization, DNA extraction, restriction enzymes, gel electrophoresis, polymerase chain reaction, genetic engineering, and transformation. It discusses applications like genetically modified animals and plants. Transgenic organisms created through recombinant DNA techniques are described. The document also touches on genome sequencing, biotechnology, cloning, and some products enabled by genetic technology.
Biotechnological applications in medicine can help mass produce therapeutic drugs through recombinant DNA technology. Around 30 recombinant therapeutics have been approved worldwide, with 12 marketed in India. Genetically engineered insulin is now produced through recombinant E. coli instead of extracted from animals, avoiding immune responses. Gene therapy aims to treat diseases like ADA deficiency by inserting normal genes to compensate for non-functional ones. Molecular diagnosis techniques like PCR, probes, and ELISA can detect pathogens at very low concentrations for early diagnosis. Transgenic animals with foreign genes help study diseases, produce biological products, and test vaccine and chemical safety.
OBC | Synthetic biology announcing the coming technological revolutionOut of The Box Seminar
Roman Jerala, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Synthetic biology announcing the coming technological revolution
http://obc2012.outofthebox.si/
this helps to understand the normal techniques related to biotechnology in a simple manner and provides you broad idea about the subject. A brief knowledge about the topic is presented in this presentation.
This presentation discusses genetic engineering and was presented by a group of 4 students in the Environmental Science department. It defines genetic engineering as manually adding new DNA to an organism. It provides examples of genetically engineered plants and discusses the history and basic concepts of genetic engineering. The presentation explains the process of genetic engineering including extracting DNA from one organism and inserting it into another. It compares genetic engineering to traditional breeding and discusses applications like transgenic organisms and cloning.
The document summarizes several recent biotechnology innovations, including using oil-eating bacteria to clean up oil spills, using a protein called GDF 11 to improve aging brains and muscles in mice, developing advanced biofuels from cellulosic biomass, using 3D x-ray filming to study insect movements, discovering anti-psychotic drugs that kill brain cancer, developing affordable genome sequencing technology, engineering immune cells to attack cancer, creating RNA detection probes without harming cells, and assessing monoclonal antibody therapies using ADCC reporter assays.
The document discusses a project to redesign plants and living organisms to survive on Mars. It describes expressing genes from extremophilic microbes in plants to help them tolerate Martian conditions like low water, low pressure, cold temperatures, and radiation. Initial work involved expressing a heat-stable superoxide reductase gene from Pyrococcus furiosus in tobacco plant cells. Undergraduate students were also engaged in designing virtual plants that could survive on Mars by considering the environmental challenges. The goals were to produce an extremophilic protein in plants and involve students in designing plants for Mars.
Synthetic biology is an interdisciplinary field that applies engineering principles to design and construct new biological systems. It has enabled the design of novel organisms through DNA synthesis and assembly. Key technologies like DNA sequencing and synthesis have accelerated progress in synthetic biology. The field utilizes standard biological parts and computational tools to rationally design and model new systems. Promising applications include production of fuels, drugs and materials. However, synthetic biology also raises social and ethical challenges regarding biosafety, biosecurity and naturalness that warrant careful consideration and oversight.
This document discusses biotechnology, including its definition, history, applications in different fields like agriculture, medicine, and industry. It covers topics such as drug production using biotechnology techniques, pharmacogenomics, gene therapy, and genetic testing. Drug production through isolation and genetic engineering of enzymes is described. The use of biotechnology to develop medicines and pharmaceuticals for treating diseases is also summarized.
The document discusses future trends in synthetic biology. It begins by defining synthetic biology as the application of engineering principles to biology to redesign biological systems. Some potential future trends discussed include using synthetic biology for regenerative medicine like producing personalized stem cells, making xenotransplantation a reality through CRISPR-edited pigs, and 3D bioprinting of tissues and organs. Other trends include using nanobots and RNA/DNA vaccines to treat diseases, synthesizing human chromosomes, and developing edible vaccines. While synthetic biology holds promise, risks also exist and regulations are needed to ensure safety and ethical development.
The document discusses the health effects of radiation exposure from nuclear incidents. It provides examples of exposure levels and their effects on human health, including nearly 100rem causing nausea and vomiting, and over 300rem potentially causing organ damage and death. It summarizes radiation incidents at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl, where Chernobyl is classified at the highest level on the International Nuclear Event Scale. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of radiation prevention and careful exposure given the potential lethal effects from over 300rem of exposure.
The document summarizes the use of enzymes in various food industries. It lists the group members and then discusses enzymes and their uses in dairy production, baking, brewing, wine/fruit juice, meat, and vegetable industries. Key enzymes discussed include rennet, lactase, catalase, protease, amylase, cellulase, pectinase, and papain. The advantages of using food enzymes are that they can cut costs and reduce time compared to chemical processes. Enzyme-based food processing is seen as an important and growing industry.
Screening and Production of Protease Enzyme from Marine Microorganism and Its...iosrjce
Marine sediment samples were collected from the Gulf of Mannar in India to screen for protease-producing microbes. Two isolates, Bacillus subtilis (strain P2) and Bacillus licheniformis (strain P5), showed the largest zones of proteolytic activity on skim milk agar plates. Both strains could tolerate up to 7% NaCl concentration. Strain P2 produced 21.2 mg/ml of total protein and had maximum protease activity at pH 7 and 40°C, while strain P5 produced 22.4 mg/ml of protein and worked best at pH 8 and 50°C. The crude enzymes from both strains were able to remove stains like blood, coffee, and ink, showing
The document provides information about the human digestive system and enzymes. It discusses how the digestive system breaks down large food molecules, the sites where digestive enzymes are produced, and the specific enzymes involved in digesting carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. It also addresses how enzymes work using the lock and key model, and factors that affect enzyme activity such as temperature and pH.
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms. They are usually proteins that lower the activation energy of reactions and bring substrates together in the correct orientation. Enzymes work through specific active sites and are not consumed by reactions. They are affected by factors like temperature, pH, and substrate concentration. The lock and key and induced fit models describe how enzymes specifically interact with substrates. Enzymes have many uses in industries like food processing, brewing, paper production, and detergents.
Suresh Shinde has over 25 years of experience in biotechnology, including experience managing operations and R&D for enzymes, antibiotics, and other biological molecules. He has expertise in fermentation processes, enzyme production, waste management solutions, and developing new products. Currently he works as a technical consultant providing solutions for biological products and enzyme applications through his company BiotradeIndia Consultancy.
Complex Of Enzymes Plus is recommended as a dietary supplement, an additional source of rutin, zinc and digestive enzymes like bromeline-papain-tripsin-amylase-lipase-protease etc. which have a favorable effect on the digestion process and promote complete breakdown of food and its uptake as well; thereby improving general health and well-being
How to produce enzyme based products at home: cleaning & Personal careMurray Hunter
The production of enzyme based products in Thailand & emerging cosmetic & personal care industry. Presented to the IAB WOMEN IN SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON
THE SCIENCE OF HEALTH, BEAUTY AND AGEING
7-8 MAY 2012
Digestion is the process by which food is broken down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body. The human digestive system consists of the digestive tract and several organs that help break down food. As food moves through the mouth, stomach, and small and large intestines, it is broken into smaller pieces and has nutrients extracted. Enzymes produced by glands like the salivary glands, liver, and pancreas help break down proteins, carbohydrates and fats into molecules small enough to be absorbed and used by cells throughout the body.
The document discusses enzyme catalysis and immobilization. It begins by outlining applications of hydrolytic enzymes like proteases, carbohydrases, and esterases. These enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and polymers into simpler units. The document then examines methods of immobilizing enzymes, including carrier binding, cross-linking, and entrapment. Immobilized enzymes have benefits like reusability, easy product separation, and stability. The kinetics of immobilized enzymes are also discussed.
Proteases can be classified into four main types - serine, cysteine, aspartic, and metallo proteases. Serine proteases contain a catalytic serine residue and include subtilisins. Cysteine proteases contain a catalytic cysteine-histidine dyad and include papain. Metalloproteases require a divalent metal ion like zinc and include thermolysin. The document discusses the classification, sources, and applications of various protease enzymes.
This document discusses a student's project on bio-processing of textiles using enzymes. It includes sections on the objectives of studying the bio-polishing effect of enzymes on knit fabric and the washing effect on denim. The methodology, introduction to enzymes and their industrial applications, and specific experiments on bio-polishing knit fabric are described. The effects of varying the enzyme concentration, temperature, pH, and other factors are summarized.
Industrial biotechnology, past, present, and future Swedish-African partnershipsSIANI
Presented at the workshop "Moving Africa Towards a Knowledge based Bio-economy: How can Sweden assist?" organised by the SIANI Bio-economy Expert Group. More at: http://www.siani.se/news/siani-bioeconomy-expert-group-business
Application of Enzymes in food industryShweta Chavan
Enzymes are biological catalysts that are used extensively in the food industry. They are produced by living organisms and act to accelerate biochemical reactions without being consumed in the process. Various enzymes have applications in dairy production, brewing, baking, winemaking, fruit juice production, and meat tenderizing. Common food industry enzymes include rennet, lactase, protease, catalase, α-amylase, β-glucanase, pectinase, amyloglucosidase, maltogenic amylase, glucose oxidase, pentosanase, and papain. Enzymes offer advantages over chemical processes by allowing reactions to proceed under milder conditions with greater specificity.
industrial applications of fungal proteasesrajani prabhu
- Proteases are enzymes that break down proteins and have many industrial uses. They are produced by animals, plants, and microbes. Microbial sources such as fungi are preferred for large-scale production due to their fast growth.
- Fungal proteases exhibit high diversity, broad substrate specificity, and stability under extreme conditions. Important fungal genera producing commercial proteases include Aspergillus, Beauveria, and Acremonium. These proteases have applications in food processing, textiles, detergents, leather processing, and more.
- Proteases are classified based on factors such as their site of action, pH optimum, and catalytic mechanism. Major classes include serine, aspart
Enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions without being consumed. They are produced by living organisms and work by lowering the activation energy of reactions. Enzymes are used as biocatalysts in industries like food processing and are essential for human digestion and DNA replication. Environmental factors like temperature and pH can impact enzyme activity, as can cofactors and inhibitors. Biocatalysts offer advantages over chemical catalysts like milder reaction conditions and higher product quality. They have many applications including food processing, diagnostics, and molecular biology.
1. Serine proteases use a catalytic triad of serine, histidine, and aspartate residues to hydrolyze peptide bonds through a nucleophilic attack by the serine residue.
2. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments have demonstrated the importance of these catalytic residues and the oxyanion hole for stabilizing the reaction intermediate. Mutating these residues reduces catalytic activity by several orders of magnitude.
3. Recent evidence suggests additional mechanisms such as low barrier hydrogen bonds and substrate assisted catalysis may contribute to the efficiency of serine protease catalysis.
The document summarizes the process of digestion. Food is broken down mechanically by teeth in the mouth and chemically by enzymes in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine. In the small intestine, enzymes break down large food particles into small particles that can be absorbed into the bloodstream through the intestinal walls. The undigested waste then moves to the large intestine to be excreted.
Various plants are useful as oxygen suppliers, medicine and even for food purposes. Also there are specific plants that absorb harmful radiations to create a viable and healthy environment.
1. Programmed cell death (PCD) plays an important role in plant development and defense against pathogens. PCD occurs through defined phases and is regulated by proteases and caspases.
2. Hypersensitive response (HR) is a type of PCD that plants use to restrict the growth and spread of pathogens. HR is characterized by rapid death of infected cells and the accumulation of antimicrobial compounds.
3. Expression of the baculovirus p35 gene, which inhibits caspases and blocks PCD, provided tomato plants with resistance to fungal pathogens by preventing disease-associated cell death. Blocking PCD benefited plants in this case by reducing susceptibility to disease.
Radiation. Plant Toxicity. Inhibitors of radiation toxicity.Dmitri Popov
This document discusses cysteine proteases and their role in programmed cell death (PCD) in plants. It notes that vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE), a cysteine protease, has been identified as a key executor of PCD in plants, playing a role similar to caspases in animal apoptosis. VPE is involved in plant responses to stresses like radiation and pathogens by degrading vacuolar membranes and releasing hydrolytic enzymes to break down cellular components. The document examines the mechanisms and pathways of PCD in both animals and plants.
Programmed cell death (PCD) plays an important role in both plant development and defense against pathogens. In plants, PCD is crucial for development, occurring as cells die to form proper organs or structures. PCD also acts as a defense mechanism, restricting pathogen spread. Pathogens can manipulate PCD pathways in hosts, but in plants often activate PCD to promote their own growth, such as through toxins that induce cell death. PCD occurs during plant-pathogen interactions through localized hypersensitive response and membrane fusion reactions that protect against pathogens.
This document summarizes information about programmed cell death (PCD) in plants. It discusses how PCD is essential for plant development and defense. There are two main classes of plant PCD - developmental and defensive. Developmental PCD regulates cell division and organ development, while defensive PCD helps destroy infected cells and activate systemic resistance. PCD is controlled by genetically regulated proteases like metacaspases and vacuolar processing enzymes. Hypersensitive response is a form of defensive PCD that rapidly kills cells at infection sites. Necrosis differs from PCD in that it is an unregulated form of cell death caused by injury rather than an active suicide process.
Molecular Mechanisms of Radiation Damage. Dmitri Popov
Current medical management of the Acute Radiation Syndromes (ARS) does not include immune prophylaxis based on the Antiradiation Vaccine. Existing principles for the treatment of acute radiation syndromes are based on the replacement and supportive therapy. Haemotopoietic cell transplantation is recomended as an important method of treatment of a Haemopoietic form of the ARS. Though in the different hospitals and institutions, 31 pa-tients with a haemopoietic form have previously undergone transplantation with stem cells, in all cases(100%) the transplantants were rejected. Lethality rate was 87%.(N.Daniak et al. 2005).
Conclusion: Specific antibodies – possible antagonists of Toll like receptors and can inhibit massive activation of lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes and prevent radiation toxicity after high doses of Radiation.
The document discusses various types of programmed cell death (PCD), including apoptosis, autophagy, paraptosis, autoschizis, oncosis, and necrosis. It provides details on the characteristics and mechanisms of apoptosis and autophagy. Apoptosis involves blebbing, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, and is mediated by caspases through the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Autophagy results in autophagosomic-lysosomal degradation of cytoplasmic contents and organelles. The document also discusses some plant-specific features of apoptosis and its role in pollen self-incompatibility.
Plants have developed several induced biochemical defenses against pathogens. These include:
1. The hypersensitive response, which involves rapid cell death at the infection site to restrict pathogen growth. This is triggered by specific recognition of pathogen virulence factors.
2. The production of reactive oxygen species and antimicrobial metabolites directly kill pathogens. Defense genes are also induced to produce pathogenesis-related proteins.
3. A hypersensitive response ultimately limits pathogen growth to the initial infection site and induces systemic acquired resistance throughout the plant via signaling molecules like salicylic acid, making the plant more resistant to a wide range of pathogens.
Cell death, also known as programmed cell death (PCD), is an important process in multicellular organisms whereby cells undergo an regulated death process. There are three main types of cell death - apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy. Apoptosis is a tightly regulated form of cell death that plays a key role in development and homeostasis. Necrosis is unregulated cell death that results in inflammation. PCD is important in plants for processes like formation of xylem vessels, senescence, and the hypersensitive response to pathogens. Many pathogens have evolved ways to suppress PCD to promote infection.
Defensive mechanisms in Plants: The role of component plant cells in defense ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Plants are often exposed to various environmental stresses such as extreme temperatures, drought, and disease and pest attack. In natural systems, plants face a plethora of antagonists and thus posses a myriad of defense and have evolved multiple defense mechanisms by which they are able to cope with various kinds of biotic and abiotic stresses. In fact plants defense against stresses by different ways. The role of cellular organelles is very important in this way. Cell wall and their derivatives such as oligosaccharins as biochemical defenser or for example trichomes as mechanical defenser is the frontline of the plant defense system. Also Plants have evolved a multi-layered immune system that dynamically responds to pathogens alike cell membrane that is a key mediator of communication between plants and microbes. Cytoplasm and the membrane-bounded structures (organelles) defense against different kind of stresses. The role of cellular organelles in plant defense relate to their enzymes primarily. Enzymes such as proteases, esterases and ribonucleases in cytoplasm, PM H+-ATPases in plasma membrane or β glucosidases included cyanogenic glucosides, saponins, glucosinolates or DIMBOA (2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one) glucoside in ER are responsible for plant defense. Also ROSs plus SA and JA in chloroplast and mitochondria play an important role in immune plant system. In nucleus macromolecules including nucleoporins, importins, and Ran-GTP-related components, are essential to mount an efficient immune response in response to different pathogens. And in Golgi apparatus, peroxysomes and vacuoles, glycosyltransferases, myrosinase and hydrolytic enzymes are liable for plant defense respectively. Keywords— biotic and abiotic stresses; organells; plant defense.
Defence Mechanism In Plants Against Fungal PathogenPrashant Gigaulia
This document summarizes the defense mechanisms plants use against fungal pathogens. It discusses how plants detect pathogens via pattern recognition receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns. This triggers signal transduction pathways that activate defense responses like producing antimicrobial compounds, cell wall modifications, and programmed cell death around infection sites. It also describes the phases of plant immunity: PAMP-triggered immunity, effector-triggered susceptibility when pathogens suppress PTI, and effector-triggered immunity when plants recognize effector proteins via resistance genes. The document provides details on several defense responses like hypersensitive response, systemic acquired resistance, and phytoalexin production.
Plant tissue culture is the process of growing plant cells, tissues or organs in vitro under sterile conditions on a nutrient medium. The father of plant tissue culture was Haberlandt who first conceived of culturing plant cells aseptically in 1902. There are two main types of growth in tissue culture - organized growth where structure is preserved, and unorganized growth like callus or cell suspension cultures which lack structure. Key steps in establishing tissue cultures include selecting an explant, surface sterilization, and culturing on solid or liquid media. Plant growth regulators like auxins and cytokinins are important for directing growth. Tissue cultures are used to produce valuable secondary metabolites like taxol through optimization of culture conditions and addition of elic
This study investigates autophagy in neurons and its relationship to Alzheimer's disease pathology. The study finds that:
1) In healthy neurons, autophagosomes are rapidly cleared through fusion with lysosomes, keeping autophagic vacuole levels low.
2) Impeding late stage autophagosome clearance, such as by inhibiting lysosomal proteolysis, causes autophagic vacuoles to accumulate in neurons resembling pathology in Alzheimer's disease.
3) The autophagic pathology observed in Alzheimer's disease likely arises from impaired autophagosome clearance rather than strong induction of autophagy alone.
Nematode effector proteins play a key role in plant parasitism. Effectors are secretory proteins that alter host cells to suppress defenses and facilitate infection. They are synthesized in gland cells and injected into plants through the stylet. Effectors can have different targets, such as modifying the cell wall, altering metabolism or hormone signaling, and suppressing immunity. Characterizing effectors provides insights into plant responses and resistance mechanisms. Recent studies have identified effectors that interact with components of auxin signaling or the NADPH oxidase complex to promote parasitism. Going forward, RNA interference targeting important nematode genes holds promise for developing resistant crop varieties.
This document discusses different types of plant pathogens including parasites, pathogens, fungi, bacteria, and viruses. It provides definitions and examples of parasites and pathogens, and explains how they can damage and harm plants. It also classifies the different groups of pathogens and discusses the taxonomy and classification systems used for fungi, bacteria, and viruses.
This document summarizes a study that aims to understand the plant immune response triggered by non-toxic NLP proteins secreted by the oomycete pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis during infection of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. The study generates mutants of A. thaliana with mutations in the NLP receptor gene RLP23 and co-receptor gene SOBIR1 to analyze downstream immune responses. Results show that two known immune responses, ethylene production and resistance to H. arabidopsidis infection, are differentially affected by mutations in RLP23 and SOBIR1, suggesting the responses are mediated by separate pathways after NLP detection.
Intracellular highways in the plants: the role of the cytoskeleton in camv i...CIAT
The document discusses research on the intracellular movement of Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) particles. It finds that the CaMV P6 protein forms motile inclusion bodies that traffic along the plant cell's actin microfilaments and stabilize microtubules. The P6 inclusion bodies are hypothesized to function as "virion factories" where CaMV particles assemble before being transported to plasmodesmata for movement between cells. A yeast two-hybrid screen identified the host protein CHUP1, which mediates chloroplast movement along microfilaments, as interacting with P6. Silencing CHUP1 reduced the rate of CaMV lesion development, supporting its role in P6 inclusion body movement.
Programmed cell death (PCD) occurs in plants for development and defense. PCD is needed for natural development, removing unwanted cells, and shaping organs. It also helps defend against pathogens by restricting infection. PCD can be autolytic, involving clearance of cytoplasm, or non-autolytic. Key morphological changes include blebbing, shrinkage, and DNA fragmentation. PCD plays roles in seed development, germination, root growth, and the hypersensitive response against pathogens.
Introduction
Definition
History
Evolution and origin of apoptosis
Significance
Purpose of apoptosis
Steps /process
Morphological and biochemical changes
Mechanism of apoptosis
Caspases
Regulation of apoptosis
Disorders of apoptosis
Application
Conclusion
Referances
This document discusses virulence factors that contribute to plant disease development. It defines virulence as a microorganism's ability to invade and cause injury to the host by overcoming host defenses. Some key virulence factors discussed include polysaccharides, type III secretion systems, enzymes, microbial toxins, and growth regulators. Polysaccharides help pathogens absorb nutrients and protect against stresses to promote colonization. Type III secretion systems are structures that inject pathogen proteins into host cells. Enzymes like cutinases and cellulases help pathogens penetrate and degrade plant tissues. Toxins directly damage or kill host cells. Growth regulators can imbalance the host's hormonal system to inhibit healthy development. Understanding virulence factors provides insight into how pathogens
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The document discusses an anti-radiation antidote developed using antibodies against the membrane attack complex (MAC). MAC is activated after irradiation and plays a toxic role in acute radiation syndromes. Rabbits were inoculated with "specific radiation determinants" from irradiated animals to produce hyper-immune serum with high levels of IgG antibodies against MAC. Animals treated with these antibodies before and after lethal irradiation showed 60-75% survival rates and reduced radiation sickness symptoms compared to untreated controls where all animals died. The results suggest targeting MAC with specific antibodies may provide significant but incomplete protection against high radiation doses.
Marihuana acute intoxication: express diagnosis with ELISADmitri Popov
This document discusses using an ELISA test to detect acute marijuana intoxication. It describes how ELISA tests work to detect THC metabolites in urine or saliva, which can confirm a diagnosis of acute marijuana intoxication. ELISA tests have detection limits of 20-100 ng/mL in urine and can detect THC and its metabolites for several hours after marijuana use. The document also provides background information on the pharmacokinetics of THC and discusses symptoms of acute marijuana intoxication.
Polyclonal/ monoclonal antibodies to serotonin receptors as a therapeutic age...Dmitri Popov
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Polyclonal/monoclonal antibodies to serotonin receptors have potential as therapeutic agents. Serotonin receptors mediate effects of serotonin and are targets of many drugs. Antibodies to specific serotonin receptors could modulate receptor signaling and impact conditions like depression, anxiety, nausea, and pain. Developing therapeutic antibodies requires overcoming challenges but may help treat diseases influenced by the serotonin system.
Comprehensive toxicology: Ionized Radiation as Carcinogen.Dmitri Popov
This document provides the full text of a chapter from the book "Comprehensive Toxicology" on ionizing radiation as a carcinogen. The chapter is copyrighted material provided for non-commercial educational use. It discusses the mechanisms of radiation damage at cellular and molecular levels, evidence of radiation-induced cancer from human populations and animal/in vitro studies, and models for assessing radiation cancer risk.
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Implications for Immunotherapy of Acute Radiation Syndromes. Part 2.Dmitri Popov
Research Proposal: Implications for Immunotherapy of Acute Radiation Syndromes. Part 2.
Dmitri Popov
Full-text available · Research Proposal · Feb 2017
File name: Implications for Immunotherapy of ARS. Part 2.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
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12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
Radiation. Plants Immunity. Toxicity of Plants after irradiation.
1. Radiation Effects.
Plants Immunity.
Toxicity of Plants after
irradiation.
Dmitri Popov MD (Canada), PhD (Russia-Canada)
Advanced Medical Technology and Systems Inc.
intervaccine@gmail.com
2. Radiation Effects. Toxicity of Plants after
irradiation.
• DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3185.6400
• A plant vacuolar protease, VPE, mediates radiation-induced
hypersensitive cell death.
• A high level of Plant Vacuolar Protease, activated after moderate
and high doses of radiation, possible playing role as radiation toxin
and can induce development of Acute Radiation Syndromes in
mammals after ingestion.
3. Plant Immune System.
• “ Many plant-associated microbes are pathogens that impair plant growth and
reproduction. Plants respond to infection using a two-branched innate immune
system. The first branch recognizes and responds to molecules common to many
classes of microbes, including non-pathogens. The second responds to pathogen
virulence factors, either directly or through their effects on host targets. These
plant immune systems, and the pathogen molecules to which they respond,
provide extraordinary insights into molecular recognition, cell biology and
evolution across biological kingdoms. A detailed understanding of plant immune
function will underpin crop improvement for food, fibre and biofuels production”
• Nature 444, 323-329 (16 November 2006) | doi:10.1038/nature05286
• The plant immune system
• Jonathan D. G. Jones1 & Jeffery L. Dangl2
4. Plants immunity.
• Plant radiation resistance protects plants from radiation in two ways:
mechanisms and by radiation-induced responses of the immune
system.
• Relative to a susceptible plant, radiation resistance is the reduction of
radiation damage on or in the plant, while the term radiation
tolerance describes plants that exhibit little disease damage despite
substantial radiation levels.
• Plant Radiation Toxins (possible Vacuolar Processing Enzyme) can
induce acute radiation disease of mammals.
• Irradiated living plants with active mitosis can be toxic up to 30 days
after irradiation.
5. Vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE).
• “Apoptotic cell death in animals is regulated by cysteine proteinases called
caspases. Recently, vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE) was identified as a
plant caspase. VPE deficiency prevents cell death during hypersensitive
response and cell death of limited cell layers at the early stage of
embryogenesis. VPE plays an essential role in the regulation of the lytic
system of plants during the processes of defense and development. VPE is
localized in the vacuoles, unlike animal caspases, which are localized in the
cytosol. Thus, plants might have evolved a regulated cellular suicide
strategy that, unlike animal apoptosis, is mediated by VPE and the
vacuoles.”
• Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2005 Aug;8(4):404-8.
• Vacuolar processing enzyme: an executor of plant cell death.
• Hara-Nishimura I1, Hatsugai N, Nakaune S, Kuroyanagi M, Nishimura M.
6. Radiation Effects. Toxicity of Plants after
irradiation.
• Programmed cell death (PCD) occurs in animals and plants under
various stresses and during development. Recently, vacuolar
processing enzyme (VPE) was identified as an executioner of plant
PCD.
• “A cellular suicide strategy of plants: vacuole-mediated cell death”
• Apoptosis 2006; 11: 905–911 C 2006 Springer Science + Business
Media, LLC. Manufactured in The United States. DOI:
10.1007/s10495-006-6601-1. N. Hatsugai et al.
7. Radiation Effects. Toxicity of Plants after
irradiation.
• Recently, vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE) was identified as an
executioner of plant PCD. VPE is a cysteine protease that cleaves a
peptide bond at the C-terminal side of asparagine and aspartic acid.
• “A cellular suicide strategy of plants: vacuole-mediated cell death”
• Apoptosis 2006; 11: 905–911 C 2006 Springer Science + Business
Media, LLC. Manufactured in The United States. DOI:
10.1007/s10495-006-6601-1. N. Hatsugai et al.
8. Radiation Effects. Toxicity of Plants after
irradiation.
• Programmed cell death (PCD) is an active, genetically controlled
• process leading to selective elimination of unwanted or damaged cells
in eukaryotes. PCD is essential for growth and development of
multicellular organisms as well as for proper response to environment
(Gechev et al., 2006; Lam, 2004).
9. Radiation Effects. Toxicity of Plants after
irradiation.
• Plant PCD is associated with a number of developmental processes
including embryo formation, degeneration of the aleurone layer
during monocot seed germination, differentiation of tracheary
elements in water-conducting xylem tissues, formation of root
aerenchyma and epidermal trichomes, anther tapetum degeneration,
floral organ abscission, pollen self-incompatibility, remodeling of
some types of leaf shape, and leaf senescence. (Gechev et al., 2006;
Thomas and Franklin-Tong, 2004).
• Programmed Cell Death in Plants: New Insights into Redox Regulation
• and the Role of Hydrogen Peroxide
• Ilya Gadjev,1,* Julie M. Stone,† and Tsanko S. Gechev*
10. Radiation Effects. Toxicity of Plants after
irradiation.
• Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and other reactive oxygen species (ROS) have
become recognized to be key modulators of PCD of as well as many other
biological processes such as growth, development, and stress adaptation
(Gechev et al., 2006).
• Free Radic Biol Med. 2012 Jul 15;53(2):260-70. doi:
10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.04.033. Epub 2012 May 8.
• Ionizing radiation induces mitochondrial reactive oxygen species
production accompanied by upregulation of mitochondrial electron
transport chain function and mitochondrial content under control of the
cell cycle checkpoint.
• Yamamori T1, Yasui H, Yamazumi M, Wada Y, Nakamura Y, Nakamura
H, Inanami O.
11. Radiation Effects. Toxicity of Plants after
irradiation.
• Although specific ROS receptors/sensors remain largely elusive,
downstream components of H2O2 and ROS signal transduction
networks controlling plant PCD have been identified, including
protein kinases, protein phosphatases, and transcription factors.
• The majority of these are restricted to plants, with only a few genes
having close homologues in animals. (Gechev et al., 2006).
12. Radiation Effects. Toxicity of Plants after
irradiation.
• Hydrogen peroxide is produced in all cellular compartments as a
result of reactions of energy transfer, electron leakage from saturated
electron transport chains, and the activities of various oxidases and
peroxidases (Apel and Hirt, 2004).
13. Radiation Effects. Toxicity of Plants after
irradiation.
• Programmed cell death (PCD) is a process by which cells in many
organisms die. The basic morphological and biochemical features of
PCD are conserved between the animal and plant kingdoms.
Cysteine proteases have emerged as key enzymes in the regulation of
animal PCD.
14. Radiation Effects. Toxicity of Plants after
irradiation.
• The discovery that cell death is a tightly regulated (programmed)
process has stirred a great deal of interest in its mechanisms.
Studies of animal systems have shown that the execution of
programmed cell death (PCD) or apoptosis is controlled by a multistep
signaling pathway (McConkey and Orrenius, 1994; Stewart, 1994).
• In plants, PCD has been implicated in xylogenesis (Fukuda,
1996; Groover et al., 1997), in some forms of senescence,
and in the hypersensitive response to pathogens and environmental
stresses (Greenberg, 1996; Mittler and Lam,
1996; Lamb and Dixon, 1997).
15. Radiation Effects. Toxicity of Plants after
irradiation.
• Although a detailed understanding of how plant cells die is still largely
unknown, recent studies have shown that the apoptotic pathways of
the animal and plant kingdoms are morphologically and biochemically
similar (Greenberg, 1996; Levine et al., 1996; Wang et al., 1996).
16. Radiation Effects. Toxicity of Plants after
irradiation.
• Specifically, the morphological hallmarks of apoptosis include
cytoplasmic shrinkage, nuclear condensation, and membrane
blebbing (Earnshaw, 1995; Martins and Earnshaw, 1997); the
biochemical events involve calcium influx, exposure of
phosphatidylserine and activation of specific proteases and DNA
fragmentation, first to large 50-kb fragments and then to nucleosomal
ladders (McConkey and Orrenius, 1994; Stewart, 1994; Wang et al.,
1996; O’Brien et al., 1998).
18. Radiation Effects. Toxicity of Plants after
irradiation.
• VPE processing system mediates a cellular suicide strategy in plants. In
animals, dying cells are packaged into apoptotic bodies
• and then engulfed by phagocytes. In contrast, because plants do not have
phagocytes and the cells are surrounded by rigid cell walls, plant
• cells must degrade their materials by themselves. VPE, which has caspase-
1-like activity, is accumulated after perception of death signals such
• as pathogen infection. VPE is involved in activation of the target proteins to
provoke disintegration of the vacuolar membranes. Consequently,
• the vacuolar hydrolytic enzymes leave the vacuole for the cytosol and
degrade cellular components. Plants have evolved a death strategy that
• is mediated by the VPE processing system, which is not seen in animals.
A cellular suicide strategy of plants: vacuole-mediated cell death.
N. Hatsugai et al. DOI: 10.1007/s10495-006-6601-1
19. Radiation Effects. Toxicity of Plants after
irradiation.
• The genome of an organism is under constant attack from endogenous and
exogenous DNA damaging factors, such as reactive radicals, radiation, and
genotoxins. Therefore, DNA damage response systems to sense DNA
damage, arrest cell cycle, repair DNA lesions, and/or induce programmed
cell death are crucial for maintenance of genomic integrity and survival of
the organism. Genome sequences revealed that, although plants possess
many of the DNA damage response factors that are present in the animal
systems, they are missing some of the important regulators, such as the
p53 tumor suppressor. These observations suggest differences in the DNA
damage response mechanisms between plants and animals. In this review
the DNA damage responses in plants and animals are compared and
contrasted. In addition, the function of SUPPRESSOR OF GAMMA
RESPONSE 1 (SOG1), a plant-specific transcription factor that governs the
robust response to DNA damage, is discussed.
Biology 2013, 2, 1338-1356; doi:10.3390/biology2041338
20. Radiation Effects. Toxicity of Plants after
irradiation.
• Can irradiated plant’s cells used for feeding induce radiation disease
of mammals?
• Yes.
21. Radiation Effects. Toxicity of Plants after
irradiation.
• A careful analysis by FDA of all Army data present (including 31 loose-
leaf notebooks of animal feeding test results) showed significant
adverse effects produced in animals fed irradiated food...
• http://www.mercola.com/article/irradiated/irradiated_research.htm
• In the course of legalizing the irradiation of beef, chicken, pork, fruit,
vegetables, eggs, juice, spices and sprouting seeds -- a process that
has spanned nearly 20 years -- the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
has dismissed or ignored a substantial body of evidence suggesting
that irradiated food may not be safe for human consumption.
• http://www.mercola.com/article/irradiated/irradiated_research.htm
22. Radiation Effects. Toxicity of Plants after
irradiation.
• What were these adverse effects?
• A decrease of 20.7 percent in surviving weaned rats.
• A 32.3 percent decrease in surviving progeny of dogs.
• Dogs weighing 11.3 percent less than animals on the control diets...
Carcinomas of the pituitary gland, a particularly disturbing finding
since this is an extremely rare type of malignant tumor."
• Food irradiation: An FDA report. FDA Papers, Oct. 1968.
23. Radiation Effects. Toxicity of Plants after
irradiation.
• Fatal Internal Bleeding in Rats (I)
• "A significant number of rats consuming irradiated beef died from
internal hemorrhage within 46 days, the first death of a male rat
coming on the 11th day of feeding. This rat became sluggish on the
8th day of the regimen and started refusing food. He continued to be
morbid during the next two days, did not eat any food, lost weight
and appeared anemic. He was found dead on the 11th day.
• Vitamin K deficiency in rats induced by feeding of irradiated beef.
• Journal of Nutrition, 69:18-21, 1959. (Cosponsored by the Surgeon
General of the US Army)
24. Radiation Effects. Toxicity of Plants after
irradiation.
• Fatal Internal Bleeding in Rats (II)
• "Hemorrhagic death had occurred in all males fed irradiated diets by
day 34... There is evidence to suggest that inefficient absorption of
vitamins, i.e. vitamin K, from the intestinal tract may contribute to a
deficiency state." [Note: Vitamin K plays a major role in blood
clotting.]
• Influence of age, sex, strain of rat and fat soluble vitamins on
hemorrhagic syndromes in rats fed irradiated beef.
• Federation Proceedings, 19:1045-1048, 1960. (Cosponsored by the
Surgeon General of the US Army)
25. Radiation Effects. Toxicity of Plants after
irradiation.
• Fetal Deaths in Mice
• "Freshly irradiated diets produced elevated levels of early deaths in
[mice fetuses]... The increase in early deaths would suggest that the
diet when irradiated has some mutagenic potential."
• Irradiated laboratory animal diets: Dominant lethal studies in the
mouse.
• Mutation Research, 80:333-345, 1981.
• http://www.mercola.com/article/irradiated/irradiated_research.htm
26. Radiation Effects. Toxicity of Plants after
irradiation.
• Toxic effects of irradiated foods. Nature, 211:302, 1966.
• A Thalidomide Warning (II)
• "Irradiating can bring about chemical transformations in food and food
components resulting in the formation of potential mutagens, particularly
hydrogen peroxide and various organic peroxides.
• It is now realized, especially since the thalidomide episode, that older
testing protocols do not detect the more subtle population hazards such as
mutagens and teratogens. In view of the serious consequences to the
human population which could arise from a high level of induced
mutations, it is desirable that protocols for irradiated food should include
in vivo tests on mammals for possible mutagenicity."
• Mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of irradiated foods and food components.
• http://www.mercola.com/article/irradiated/irradiated_research.htm
27. Radiation Effects. Toxicity of Plants after
irradiation.
• Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 41:873-904,
1969. (Cosponsored by the US Atomic Energy Commission and Food and
Drug Administration)
• A Host of Problems
• "Numerous studies have been carried out to ascertain whether cytotoxic
effects occur when un irradiated biological test systems are cultured or fed
with irradiated media or food. In such studies, adverse physiological
growth retardation and inhibition, cytological cell division inhibition and
chromosome aberrations and genetical effects have been observed in a
wide range of test systems, ranging from bacteriophages to human cells...
The available data suggest that a variety of free radicals may act as the
toxic and mutagenic agents.“
• http://www.mercola.com/article/irradiated/irradiated_research.htm
28. Radiation Effects. Toxicity of Plants after
irradiation.
• Cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of irradiated substrates and food
material. Radiation Botany, 11:253-281, 1971.
• A Cancer Warning
• "An increase in concentration of a mutagen in food by irradiation
will increase the incidence of cancer. It will take four to six decades to
demonstrate a statistically significant increase in cancer due to
mutagens introduced into food by irradiation. When food irradiation
is finally prohibited, several decades worth of people with increased
cancer incidence will be in the pipeline.“
• http://www.mercola.com/article/irradiated/irradiated_research.htm
29. Radiation Effects. Toxicity of Plants after
irradiation.
• Growth, reproduction, survival and histopathology of rats fed beef
irradiated with electrons. Food Research, 20:193-214, 1955.
• Chromosomal Damage to Human Cells (I)
• "Irradiated sucrose solutions were extremely toxic to human white
blood cells. Cell divisions were inhibited. Degenerated cell divisions
were observed and the chromosomes were grossly damaged. The
DNA was clumped or the chromosomes appeared shattered or
pulverized. In contrast, treatment with un irradiated sucrose at the
same concentration had no apparent effect on the mitotic rate and
the chromosomes were not visibly damaged.“
• http://www.mercola.com/article/irradiated/irradiated_research.htm
30. Radiation Effects. Toxicity of Plants after
irradiation.
• Cytotoxic and radiomimetic activity of irradiated culture medium on
human leukocytes. Current Science, 16:403-404, 1966.
• Toxic Chemical Formed in Food Containing Fat (I)
• "When food containing fat is treated by ionizing radiation, a group of
2-alkylcyclobutanones [toxic chemicals] is formed. To date, there is no
evidence that the cyclobutanones occur in unirradiated food. In vitro
experiments using rat and human colon cells indicate that 2-
dodecylcyclobutanone (2-DCB)... is clearly cytotoxic and genotoxic.“
• http://www.mercola.com/article/irradiated/irradiated_research.htm
31. Radiation Effects. Toxicity of Plants after
irradiation.
• Radiation Toxins – Effects of Radiation Toxicity, Molecular
Mechanisms of Action, Radiomimetic Properties and Possible
Countermeasures for Radiation Injury.
• http://www.intechopen.com/books/current-topics-in-ionizing-
radiation-research/radiation-toxins-molecular-mechanisms-of-
toxicity-and-radiomimetic-properties-