SYNTHETIC CELLS
An artificial cell or minimal cell or synthetic cell is an engineered particle that mimics one or many functions of a biological cell.
Artificial cells are biological or polymeric membranes which enclose biologically active materials.
A "living" artificial cell has been defined as a completely synthetically made cell that can capture energy, maintain ion gradients, contain macromolecules as well as store information and have the ability to mutate.
DEFINITION
EXAMPLE
SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY
Synthetic biology is a multidisciplinary area of research that seeks to create new biological parts, devices, and systems, or to redesign systems that are already found in nature.
Due to more powerful genetic engineering capabilities and decreased DNA synthesis and sequencing costs, the field of synthetic biology is rapidly growing
HISTORY
BOTTOM-UP APPROACH FOR CONSTRUCTING SYNTHETIC CELLS
A bottom-up approach is commonly used to design and construct genetic circuits by piecing together functional modules that are capable of reprogramming cells with novel behavior.
CELL ENCAPSULATION METHOD
Cell microencapsulation technology involves immobilization of the cells within a polymeric semi-permeable membrane that permits the bidirectional diffusion of molecules such as the influx of oxygen, nutrients, growth factors etc. essential for cell metabolism and the outward diffusion of waste products and therapeutic proteins.
TECHNIQUES USED FOR THE PREPARATION OF EMULSION
1- high pressure homogenization
2- microfluidization
3- drop method
4- emulsion method
MEMBRANES OF SYNTHETIC CELLS
THE MINIMAL CELL
A minimal cell is one whose genome only encodes the minimal set of genes necessary for the cell to survive.
THE SYNTHETIC BLOOD CELLS
Synthetic red blood cells mimic natural ones, and have new abilities
APPLICATIONS OF SYNTHETIC CELLS
1- DRUG RELEASE AND DELIEVERY
2- GENE THERAPY
3- ENZYME THERAPY
4- HEMOPERFUSION
5- OTHER APPLICATIONS
FUTURE OF SYNTHETIC CELLS AND BIOLOGY
ACHIEVEMENTS
HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUES
ETHICS AND CONTROVERSIES
REFERENCES
THANK YOU
Genetic manipulation of plant and animal cells have to be confirmed for further application. One such confirmatory method is the use of stains/dyes which produces fluorescence when the recombination is successful.
Genetic manipulation of plant and animal cells have to be confirmed for further application. One such confirmatory method is the use of stains/dyes which produces fluorescence when the recombination is successful.
Scale up means increasing the quantity or volume of cell culture. For animal cells, the scale up strategies are dependent upon cell types or i.e. whether the cells requires matrix for attachment and growth ( adherent cell culture) or grows freely in suspended form in aqueous media. The scaling up principle for adherent cells are just to increase surface area for attachment while for suspension culture is to increase culture volume. This presentation enlightens the reader about different methods of scaling up of cells culture. Readers are also provided with sample questions for better understanding
Cellular coning refers to generation of genetically identical cells from parent cells. This presentation teaches differences between cell coning and molecular cloning and various methods of cell cloning. Sample questions are also provided for your review of concept learned
This presentation contains all the material regarding History of animal cell culture and different methods of organ and tissue culture.Hope it will be helpful..
Introduction.
Properties of Stem Cells.
Key Research events.
Embryonic Stem Cell.
Stem cell Cultivation.
Stem cells are central to three processes in an organism.
Research & Clinical Application of stem cell.
Research patents.
Conclusion.
Reference.
Introduction
Components of binary vector
Development of binary vector system
Properties of binary vector
Types of binary vector
Plant transformation using binary vector
Advantage of using binary vector
Conclusion
References
A cell line is a product of immortal cells that are used for biological research.
Cells used for cell lines are immortal, that happens if a cell is cancerous.
The cells can perpetuate division indefinitely which is unlike regular cells which can only divide approximately 50 times.
Human cell lines
MCF-7 breast cancer
HL 60 Leukemia
HEK-293 Human embryonic kidney
HeLa Henrietta lacks
Primate cell lines
Vero African green monkey kidney epithelial cells
Cos-7 African green monkey kidney cells
And others such as CHO from hamster, sf9 & sf21 from insect cells.
Scale up means increasing the quantity or volume of cell culture. For animal cells, the scale up strategies are dependent upon cell types or i.e. whether the cells requires matrix for attachment and growth ( adherent cell culture) or grows freely in suspended form in aqueous media. The scaling up principle for adherent cells are just to increase surface area for attachment while for suspension culture is to increase culture volume. This presentation enlightens the reader about different methods of scaling up of cells culture. Readers are also provided with sample questions for better understanding
Cellular coning refers to generation of genetically identical cells from parent cells. This presentation teaches differences between cell coning and molecular cloning and various methods of cell cloning. Sample questions are also provided for your review of concept learned
This presentation contains all the material regarding History of animal cell culture and different methods of organ and tissue culture.Hope it will be helpful..
Introduction.
Properties of Stem Cells.
Key Research events.
Embryonic Stem Cell.
Stem cell Cultivation.
Stem cells are central to three processes in an organism.
Research & Clinical Application of stem cell.
Research patents.
Conclusion.
Reference.
Introduction
Components of binary vector
Development of binary vector system
Properties of binary vector
Types of binary vector
Plant transformation using binary vector
Advantage of using binary vector
Conclusion
References
A cell line is a product of immortal cells that are used for biological research.
Cells used for cell lines are immortal, that happens if a cell is cancerous.
The cells can perpetuate division indefinitely which is unlike regular cells which can only divide approximately 50 times.
Human cell lines
MCF-7 breast cancer
HL 60 Leukemia
HEK-293 Human embryonic kidney
HeLa Henrietta lacks
Primate cell lines
Vero African green monkey kidney epithelial cells
Cos-7 African green monkey kidney cells
And others such as CHO from hamster, sf9 & sf21 from insect cells.
Introduction
Genetics of somatic cell
Somatic cell genetics
Somatic cell nuclear transfer
Somatic cell hybridization
Mapping human genes by using human rodent hybrids
In medical application
Production of monoclonal antibodies by using hybridoma technology
Conclusion
References
Animal cell culture, application by kk sahuKAUSHAL SAHU
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
CELL CULTURE IN TWO DIMENSION
CELL CULTURE IN THREE DIMENSION
APPLICATION:-
VACCINES
PRODUCTION OF HIGH VALUE THERAPEUTICS
TRANSGENIC ANIMAL
GENE THERAPY
TISSUE ENGINEERING
CONCLUSION
REFRENCES
Project Report on Monoclonal antibodies By VanshikaVanshikaBeniwal
HYBRIDOMA TECHNOLOGY
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are a kind of immunological instrument that has been employed in immunology, biotechnology, biochemistry, and applied biology for a protracted time.
Animal cell culture in Biopharmaceutical Industry in the Production of Therap...Shubham Chinchulkar
This presentation will help you to understand the basics of Animal cell culture along with its applicability in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, and autoimmune diseases.
Cancer treatment using biotechnology
what does cancer mean to you?
problem statement
biotechnological drugs for cancer treatment
1- monoclonal antibodies
2- gene therapy
CAR-T- the ultimate therapy
3- therapeutic proteins
4- nanorobots
current and future perspective
achievements
references
Education is an instrument which is needed to move us towards a sustainable & ecological future.
There is a need to re-evaluate & re-learn different ways of how we work within the world & how we interact & relate to it with each other. To achieve any of this, we need to educate our self.
LEVELS OF EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN
OVERVIEW OF THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM IN PAKISTAN
EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM OF PAKISTAN
PROBLEMS IN EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM OF PAKISTAN
SOLUTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
CONCLUSION
Data flow diagram is used in software development. It shows the flow of data through the system. It has many levels but beyond level 2 complexity increases. It is used in software engineering, Business analysis, agile development & system structures etc. It can provide a detailed representation of a system. Used as a part of system documentation file. It is very easy to understand. It has many advantages but can make the programmers little confuse concerning the system & take long time to create
This presentation include information about electron microscope & types of electron microscope i.e. SEM (Scanning electron microscope) & TEM (Transmission electron microscope).
An electron microscope is a microscope that uses a beam of scattered electrons as a source of illumination. It is used to get information about structure, topology, morphology & composition of materials. It has many advantages. Basically there are 4 types of electron microscope but here we will discuss only 2 types.
Transmission electron microscopy is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through an ultra-thin specimen, interacting with the specimen as it passes through it. Its resolution & magnification is about 10,000,000x. There are 5 types of transmission electron microscope i.e. BFTEM (Bright field transmision electron microscope), DFTEM (Dark field transmission electron microscope), HRTEM (High resolution transmission electron microscope), EFTEM (Energy filtered transmission electron microscope), ED (Electron diffraction). there are 4 techniques of TEM i.e. negative staining, shadow casting, Freeze fracture replication, freeze etching. It has many applications e.g, for the study of Cancer research, virology, chemical industry, electronic structure etc.
A scanning electron microscope is a type of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning it with a focused beam of electrons. Types of signals produce by SEM include secondary electrons, back scattered electrons, X-rays, light rays. There are many advantages of SEM e.g, Btter resolution, fast imaging easy to operate, work with low voltage etc.
This presentation contain the information about gel electrophoresis method , instruments & types.
Electrophoresis is a method through biological molecules are separated by applying an electric field.
Main purpose of this method is to determine the number , amount & mobility of biological component.
There are some internal & external factors that affects the process of electrophoresis.
The bio-molecules have charge on it & when we apply an electric field , the charge particles move to the opposite cathode. In this way, charge particles are separated
There are 3 types of gels that use in this process .
In this buffers are also used which provide ions that carry a current.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
2. DEFINITION
An artificial cell or minimal cell or synthetic cell is an engineered particle that mimics one or many
functions of a biological cell.
The term does not refer to a specific physical entity, but rather to the idea that certain functions or
structures of biological cells can be replaced or supplemented with a synthetic entity.
Artificial cells are biological or polymeric membranes which enclose biologically active materials.
A "living" artificial cell has been defined as a completely synthetically made cell that can capture energy,
maintain ion gradients, contain macromolecules as well as store information and have the ability
to mutate.
4. SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY
Synthetic biology is a multidisciplinary area of
research that seeks to create new biological
parts, devices, and systems, or to redesign
systems that are already found in nature.
Due to more powerful genetic
engineering capabilities and decreased DNA
synthesis and sequencing costs, the field of
synthetic biology is rapidly growing
5. HISTORY
The first artificial cells were developed by Thomas Chang at McGill University in the 1960s.
These cells were micron-sized and contained cell, enzymes, hemoglobin, magnetic
materials, adsorbents and proteins.
Later artificial cells have ranged from hundred-micrometer to nanometer dimensions and can carry
microorganisms, vaccines, genes, drugs, hormones and peptides.
The first clinical use of artificial cells was in hemoperfusion by the encapsulation of activated charcoal.
Artificial cells in biological cell encapsulation were first used in the clinic in 1994 for treatment in a
diabetic patient
On December 29, 2011, chemists at Harvard University reported the creation of an artificial cell
membrane.
By 2014, self-replicating, synthetic bacterial cells with cell walls and synthetic DNA had been produced.
In September 2018, researchers at the University of California developed artificial cells that can kill
bacteria.
6. BOTTOM-UP APPROACH FOR CONSTRUCTING SYNTHETIC CELL
The ultimate goal for many is to construct an artificial cell from scratch.
Synthetic biologists use engineering principles to design and construct genetic circuits for programming
cells with novel functions.
A bottom-up approach is commonly used to design and construct genetic circuits by piecing together
functional modules that are capable of reprogramming cells with novel behavior.
While genetic circuits control cell operations through the tight regulation of gene expression, a diverse
array of environmental factors within the extracellular space also has a significant impact on cell
behavior.
Assembling
7. CELL ENCAPSULATION METHOD
The most common method of preparation of artificial cells is through cell encapsulation.
Cell microencapsulation technology involves immobilization of the cells within a polymeric semi-
permeable membrane that permits the bidirectional diffusion of molecules such as the influx of oxygen,
nutrients, growth factors etc. essential for cell metabolism and the outward diffusion of waste products
and therapeutic proteins.
Encapsulated cells are typically achieved through the generation of controlled-size droplets from a liquid
cell suspension which are then rapidly solidified or gelated to provide added stability.
A drawback of the technique is that encapsulating a cell decreases its viability and ability to proliferate
and differentiate.
8. TECHNIQUES USED FOR THE PREPARATION OF EMULSION
HIGH PRESSURE
HOMOGENIZATION
MICROFLUIDIZATION DROP METHOD EMULSION METHOD
10. THE MINIMAL CELL
A minimal cell is one whose genome only encodes the minimal set of genes necessary for the cell to
survive.
The German pathologist Rudolf Virchow brought forward the idea that not only does life arise from cells,
but every cell comes from another cell; "Omnis cellula e cellula".
In 2010, a team succeeded in creating a replicating strain of Mycoplasma mycoides (Mycoplasma
laboratorium) using synthetically created DNA deemed to be the minimum requirement for life which
was inserted into a genomically empty bacterium.
As of 2016, Mycoplasma genitalium is the only organism used as a starting point for engineering a
minimal cell.
Reduced-genome Escherichia coli is considered more useful, and viable strains have been developed
with 15% of the genome removed.
11. SYNTHETIC BLOOD CELLS
Synthetic red blood cells mimic natural ones, and have new abilities
Nano sized oxygen carriers are used as a type of red blood cell substitutes, although they lack other
components of red blood cells.
A biological red blood cell membrane including lipids and associated proteins can also be used to
encapsulate nanoparticles and increase residence time in vivo by bypassing macrophage uptake and
systemic clearance
A leuko-polymersome is a polymersome engineered to have the adhesive properties of a leukocyte.
13. DRUG RELEASE AND DELIVERY
Artificial cells used for drug delivery differ from other artificial cells since their contents are intended to
diffuse out of the membrane, or be engulfed and digested by a host target cell.
Often used are submicron, lipid membrane artificial cells that may be referred to as nanocapsules,
nanoparticles, polymersomes, or other variations of the term.
14.
15. ENZYME THERAPY
Enzyme therapy is being actively studied for genetic metabolic diseases where an enzyme is over-
expressed, under-expressed, defective, or not at all there.
The first enzyme studied under artificial cell encapsulation was asparaginase for the treatment
of lymphosarcoma in mice.
These initial findings led to further research in the use of artificial cells for enzyme delivery
in tyrosine dependent melanomas.
Artificial cell enzyme therapy is also of interest for the activation of prodrugs such as ifosfamide in
certain cancers.
16. HEMOPERFUSION
The first clinical use of artificial cells was
in hemoperfusion by the encapsulation of activated
charcoal.
Activated charcoal has the capability of adsorbing many
large molecules and has for a long time been known for its
ability to remove toxic substances from the blood in
accidental poisoning or overdose.
However, perfusion through direct charcoal administration
is toxic as it leads to embolisms and damage of blood cells
followed by removal by platelets.
Artificial cells allow toxins to diffuse into the cell while
keeping the dangerous cargo within their ultrathin
membrane.
Artificial cell hemoperfusion has been proposed as a less
costly and more efficient detoxifying option
than hemodialysis.
17. OTHER APPLICATIONS
They can be used as
1. Biomimetic systems to study and understand properties of biological cells
2. To investigate the dynamics of cells with minimal interference from cellular complexity
3. To explore new possible applications in place of biological cells.
4. Artificial cells have been successful for transplanting a number of cells including islets of
Langerhans for diabetes treatment, parathyroid cells and adrenal cortex cells.
5. Shortage of organ donors make artificial cells key players in alternative therapies for liver failure.
6. The oral ingestion of live bacterial cell colonies has been proposed and is currently in therapy for the
modulation of intestinal microflora, prevention of diarrheal diseases, treatment of H. Pylori infections,
atopic inflammations, lactose intolerance and immune modulation, amongst others.
18. FUTURE OF SYNTHETIC CELLS AND BIOLOGY
Healthcare: Reimagining Medicine
Advanced Materials: Inspired by Nature, Improved by Synthetic Biology
Expanding the Host Repertoire
Developing a Universal Production System
Move to Cell-Free Environments
20. HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUES
There are 3 main field which are on risk:
1. Biosafety hazards to workers and the public
2. Biosecurity hazards stemming from deliberate engineering of organisms to cause harm
3. Environmental hazards
21. ETHICS AND CONTROVERSIES
One ethical question is whether or not it is acceptable to create new life forms, sometimes known as
"playing God".
What happens if a synthetic organism accidentally escapes?
What if an individual misuses synthetic biology and creates a harmful entity?
What if a new creation is deserving of moral or legal status?