Plant tissue culture is the process of growing plant cells, tissues or organs in vitro under sterile conditions on a nutrient medium. The father of plant tissue culture was Haberlandt who first conceived of culturing plant cells aseptically in 1902. There are two main types of growth in tissue culture - organized growth where structure is preserved, and unorganized growth like callus or cell suspension cultures which lack structure. Key steps in establishing tissue cultures include selecting an explant, surface sterilization, and culturing on solid or liquid media. Plant growth regulators like auxins and cytokinins are important for directing growth. Tissue cultures are used to produce valuable secondary metabolites like taxol through optimization of culture conditions and addition of elic
A process where an embryo is derived from a single somatic cell or group of somatic cells. Somatic embryos (SEs) are formed from plant cells that are not normally involved in embryo formation.
Embryos formed by somatic embryogenesis are called Embryoids.
The process was discovered for the first time in Daucas carota L. (carrot) by Steward (1958), Reinert (1959).
Somaclonal Variation in Plant tissue culture - Variation in somaclones (somatic cells of plants)
Somaclonal variation # Basis of somaclonal variation # General feature of Somaclonal variations # Types and causes of somaclonal variation # Isolation procedure of somaclones via without in-vitro method and with in-vitro method with their limitations and advantages # Detection of isolated somaclonal variation # Application (with examples respectively related to crop improvement) # Advantages and disadvantages of somaclonal variations.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IZwrkgADM3I
Also watch, Gametoclonal variation slides to understand, how to changes occur in gametoclones of plants.
https://www.slideshare.net/SharmasClasses/gametoclonal-variation
Invitro culture of unpollinated ovaries and ovules represents an alternative for the production of haploid plant
First successful report on the induction of gynogenic haploid was in barley by San Noeum in 1976
Haploid plants are obtained from ovary and ovule culture of rice, wheat, maize, sunflower, tobacco, poplar, mulberry etc
Whites or MS or N6 inorganic salt medium supplement with growth substances are used
Meristem tip culture for the production of the virus free plantsArjun Rayamajhi
This presentation gives general idea on the meristem tip culture for the production of the virus free plants. The principles, methods and procedures of the meristem tip culture included. General idea on different in vitro culture techniques for virus elimination meristem tip culture viz. thermotherapy, cryotherapy,chemotherapy and electrotherapy are provided.
INTRODUCTION
2. HISTORY
3. BASIC COMPONENT OF MEDIA
1. Inorganic nutrient
2. organic supplements
3. Carbon and energy source
4. Growth Regulators
5. Solidifying Agent
6. PH
4. TYPES OF MEDIA
5. MS MEDIA
6. IMPORTANCE
7. CONCLUSION
8. REFERANCE
Organogenesis, in plant tissue cultureKAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
Definition
Types of organogenesis
Organogenesis through callus formation (indirect organogenesis)
Growth regulators for indirect organogenesis
Organogenesis through adventitious organ (direct organogenesis)
Growth regulators for direct organogenesis
Factor affecting the soot bud differentiation
Organogenic differentiation
Application of organogenesis
Conclusion
References
Role of Phytohormones in Tissue CultureApoorva Ashu
Description about phytohormones and their role in tissue culture, including descriptions about molecular basis of phytohormones with special focus on auxin and cytokinin and their role in calli development, organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis.
A process where an embryo is derived from a single somatic cell or group of somatic cells. Somatic embryos (SEs) are formed from plant cells that are not normally involved in embryo formation.
Embryos formed by somatic embryogenesis are called Embryoids.
The process was discovered for the first time in Daucas carota L. (carrot) by Steward (1958), Reinert (1959).
Somaclonal Variation in Plant tissue culture - Variation in somaclones (somatic cells of plants)
Somaclonal variation # Basis of somaclonal variation # General feature of Somaclonal variations # Types and causes of somaclonal variation # Isolation procedure of somaclones via without in-vitro method and with in-vitro method with their limitations and advantages # Detection of isolated somaclonal variation # Application (with examples respectively related to crop improvement) # Advantages and disadvantages of somaclonal variations.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IZwrkgADM3I
Also watch, Gametoclonal variation slides to understand, how to changes occur in gametoclones of plants.
https://www.slideshare.net/SharmasClasses/gametoclonal-variation
Invitro culture of unpollinated ovaries and ovules represents an alternative for the production of haploid plant
First successful report on the induction of gynogenic haploid was in barley by San Noeum in 1976
Haploid plants are obtained from ovary and ovule culture of rice, wheat, maize, sunflower, tobacco, poplar, mulberry etc
Whites or MS or N6 inorganic salt medium supplement with growth substances are used
Meristem tip culture for the production of the virus free plantsArjun Rayamajhi
This presentation gives general idea on the meristem tip culture for the production of the virus free plants. The principles, methods and procedures of the meristem tip culture included. General idea on different in vitro culture techniques for virus elimination meristem tip culture viz. thermotherapy, cryotherapy,chemotherapy and electrotherapy are provided.
INTRODUCTION
2. HISTORY
3. BASIC COMPONENT OF MEDIA
1. Inorganic nutrient
2. organic supplements
3. Carbon and energy source
4. Growth Regulators
5. Solidifying Agent
6. PH
4. TYPES OF MEDIA
5. MS MEDIA
6. IMPORTANCE
7. CONCLUSION
8. REFERANCE
Organogenesis, in plant tissue cultureKAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
Definition
Types of organogenesis
Organogenesis through callus formation (indirect organogenesis)
Growth regulators for indirect organogenesis
Organogenesis through adventitious organ (direct organogenesis)
Growth regulators for direct organogenesis
Factor affecting the soot bud differentiation
Organogenic differentiation
Application of organogenesis
Conclusion
References
Role of Phytohormones in Tissue CultureApoorva Ashu
Description about phytohormones and their role in tissue culture, including descriptions about molecular basis of phytohormones with special focus on auxin and cytokinin and their role in calli development, organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis.
To achieve the target of creating a new plant or a plant with desired characteristics, tissue culture is often coupled with recombinant DNA technology. The techniques of plant tissue culture have largely helped in the green revolution by improving the crop yield and quality.
The knowledge obtained from plant tissue cultures has contributed to our understanding of metabolism, growth, differentiation and morphogenesis of plant cells. Further, developments in tissue culture have helped to produce several pathogen-free plants, besides the synthesis of many biologically important compounds, including pharmaceuticals. Because of the wide range of applications, plant tissue culture attracts the attention of molecular biologists, plant breeders and industrialists.
Plant Tissue Culture..“Micropropagation Studies On Bambusa tulda”Manzoor Wani
I hereby declare that a dissertation work entitled ―Micropropagation studies on Bambusa tulda plant through nodal explant” Submitted to university in fulfillment for the award of degree in Bachelors Of Science (forestry) is carried out by me at State Research Institute Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh.
1. Introduction: Tissue Culture is the in vitro culture of cells, tissues, organs or whole plant under controlled nutritional and environmental Conditions(T. Thorp, 2007).
The science of plant tissue culture takes its roots from the discovery of Cells (Robert Hooke in 1665) and propounding of cell theory.
In 1838, Schleiden and Schwann proposed that cell is the basic structural unit of all living organisms. They visualized that cell is capable of autonomy and therefore it should be possible for each cell if given an environment to regenerate into whole plants.
2. Plant Tissue Culture: Past & Present Prospects
In 1902, a German physiologist, Gottieb Haberlandt for the first time attempted to culture isolated single palisade cells from leaves in knop’s salt solution.
The cell remained alive for up to 1 month, increased in size, accumulated starch but failed to divide.
Though he was unsuccessful but he laid the foundation of tissue culture so he is regarded as Father of Plant Tissue Culture.
In the Subsequent years different landmark discoveries were made. Some of them are:
Use of specialized media for aseptic culture of Orchid seeds (Knudson, 1925) and other workers also demonstrated that plants could be propagated in vitro from the minuscule seeds of the Orchidaceae.
Further culture of other plant tissue was not possible due to lack of knowledge of the specific hormones to be added to the culture media.
This limitation was overcomed by the elucidation of the nature of Auxin, IAA, by Thimann and Went(1930) that plants would be subsequently regenerated through the use of IAA or its analogs.
Discovery of Cytokinins, specially Kinetin(6-furfurylaminopurine) by Miller et al. (1956), the regeneration of intact plants from tissue of many herbaceous species became a practical reality.
Plant tissue culture is a collection of techniques used to maintain or grow plant cells, tissues or organs under sterile conditions on a nutrient culture medium of known composition. It is widely used to produce clones of a plant in a method known as micropropagation
Essay on Plant Tissue Culture Contents:
the Definition of Plant Tissue Culture.
the History of Plant Tissue Culture.
the Basic Requirements of Plant Tissue Culture.
the General Techniques of Plant Tissue Culture.
the Basic Aspects of Plant Tissue Culture.
the Cellular Totipotency.
the Differentiation.
the Methods in Plant Tissue Culture.
the Applications of Plant Tissue Culture.
the Morphogenesis.
the Subculture or Secondary Cell Culture.
the Soma-Clonal Variation.
the Somatic Hybrids and Cybrids.
the Micro-Propagation.
the Artificial Seed.
the Cryopreservation.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
2. Definition:
• Plant tissue culture is the science of growing plant
cells, tissues or organs isolated from the Mother plant,
on artificial media in vitro under controlled conditions.
2
Edwin F. George, M. A. H., Geert-Jan De Klerk (2008). "Plant Propagation by Tissue Culture
3rd Edition." Volume 1. The Background.
3. History
• HABERLANDT is considered to be the father of plant tissue
culture who conceived the concept of totipotency & cell culture
in 1902.
• Totipotency is the ability of a single cell to divide
and produce all of the differentiated cells in an
organism.
• He was the first to consider culturing cells aseptically in a
nutrient solution.
• However, he was unsuccesful in his culture as he failed to
recognize that cell differentiation requires plant growth
regulators
3
Krikorian, A. and D. L. Berquam (1969). "Plant cell and tissue cultures: the role of
Haberlandt." The Botanical Review 35(1): 59-67.
4. Types of Growth:
Organized Growth:
• It occurs when plant cell or tissue (explant) are
transferred to culture media and continue to grow with
their structure preserved.
Unorganized Growth:
• It occurs when pieces of whole plants are cultured in
vitro and the cells aggregate and typically lack any
recognizable structure.
e.g. Callus and Cell Suspension cultures.
4
Edwin F. George, M. A. H., Geert-Jan De Klerk (2008). "Plant Propagation by Tissue Culture
3rd Edition." Volume 1. The Background.
6. Establishment of tissue culture systems
• Explant Selection:
May be from root, stem, leaves or buds.
• Isolation & Sterilization:
Prevention of contamination of
tissue culture media is important
for the whole process of plant
Propagation. So, all the work should
Be performed in special rooms or
Inside hoods or cabinets from which
Microorganisms are excluded.
6
Edwin F. George, M. A. H., Geert-Jan De Klerk (2008). "Plant Propagation by Tissue Culture
3rd Edition." Volume 1. The Background.
7. Suspension Culture System
7
Explant selection and surface sterilization
Callus culture induction on solid media
supplemented with sucrose, hormones and
agar
Callus is introduced to agitated liquid
media
Gaosheng, H. and J. Jingming (2012). Production of useful secondary metabolites
through regulation of biosynthetic pathway in cell and tissue suspension culture of
medicinal plants, INTECH Open Access Publisher.
8. Hairy root culture
• It is the culture produced after infection of explant and
culture by the gram negative soil bacterium Agrobacterium
rhizogenes.
• This process leads to formation of naturally occuring hairy
root disease.
8
Shanks, J. V. and J. Morgan (1999). "Plant ‘hairy root’culture." Current Opinion in
Biotechnology 10(2): 151-155.
10. Induction of hairy root culture
10
Explants are wounded and inoculated with A.
rhizogenes
2-3 days later, explant transferred to a solid media
with antibiotic as Cefotaxim or Vancomycin.
Hairy roots will be induced within 1-4 weeks
depending on the plant species
Hairy roots separated and cultured on solid media
until enough biomass is obtained
Gaosheng, H. and J. Jingming (2012). Production of useful secondary metabolites
through regulation of biosynthetic pathway in cell and tissue suspension culture of
medicinal plants, INTECH Open Access Publisher.
11. Advantages of hairy root cultures:
• The hairy root system is genetically and
biosynthetically stable.
• High production of secondary metabolites.
• The culture can grow under phyto-hormone free
conditions.
• The culture shows fast growth which reduces the
culture time and easy the handling.
11
Shanks, J. V. and J. Morgan (1999). "Plant ‘hairy root’culture." Current Opinion in
Biotechnology 10(2): 151-155.
12. • Growth and development of plant cultures usually
also depends on the addition of plant growth
regulators to the medium.
• They are important in plant tissue culture since they
play vital roles in stem elongation, tropism, and
apical dominance.
• They are generally classified into the following
groups; auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins and abscisic
acid.
12
Plant growth regulators
Skoog, F. and C. Miller (1957). Chemical regularion of growth and organ formation in plant
fissue cultured, In vitro. Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol., v. 11, p. 118-131.
13. • Moreover, proportion of auxins to cytokinins
determines the type and extent of organogenesis in
plant cell cultures.
• ↑ Auxin ↓ Cytokinin = Root Development
• ↑ Cytokinin ↓ Auxin = Shoot Development
• Auxin = Cytokinin = Callus Development
13
Zeatin- natural cytokinin
Skoog, F. and C. Miller (1957). Chemical regularion of growth and organ formation in plant
fissue cultured, In vitro. Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol., v. 11, p. 118-131.
14. In Vitro Cultures and Production of
Important Secondary Metabolites
• Secondary metabolites play important role in defencing
insects, herbivores, microbial pathogens, and facilitating
pollination and reproduction.
• Based on the structures, the secondary metabolites can be
classified into alkaloids, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids,
terpenoids, steroids, tannins and proteins.
• These compounds are biosynthesized through series
enzyme catalyzed reactions using simple building blocks in
different ways.
14
Gaosheng, H. and J. Jingming (2012). Production of useful secondary metabolites
through regulation of biosynthetic pathway in cell and tissue suspension culture of
medicinal plants, INTECH Open Access Publisher.
15. The main biosynthetic pathways include:
• Shikimic acid pathway ………. (phenylpropanoids).
• Mevalonic acid pathway …….. (Sterols & triterpenes).
• Amino acid pathway ………….. (alkaloids).
• Acetate pathway ……………….(fatty acids).
• Combined pathways …………..(flavonoids).
15
Gaosheng, H. and J. Jingming (2012). Production of useful secondary metabolites
through regulation of biosynthetic pathway in cell and tissue suspension culture of
medicinal plants, INTECH Open Access Publisher.
16. 16
Strategies developed to maximize the production
of target compounds:
Over-expressing the key gene(s) involved in the
biosynthetic pathway.
Blocking the competitive branches of biosynthesizing
target compounds
increase the biomass of vagetation growth, and increase
the production of target compounds.
Introduce key genes into microbes and use combinatorial
biosynthesis to produce target compounds or important
intermediates.
Gaosheng, H. and J. Jingming (2012). Production of useful secondary metabolites
through regulation of biosynthetic pathway in cell and tissue suspension culture of
medicinal plants, INTECH Open Access Publisher.
17. • Elicitors are substances that can trigger the hypersensitive
reaction in treated plant cells. Due to the effective up-regulation
of genes expression, and activation of secondary metabolism.
• elicitors are used widely in medicinal plant cell and tissue
culture to maximize the production of target compounds.
• Biotic elicitors: include fungal polysaccharides, proteins, cell
debris and conidium.
• Abiotic elicitors: include heavy metals ions,, UV lights, osmotic
stress and even sonication have all been reported to have
positive effects towards improvement of secondary metabolites.
17
Elicitors and signaling pathways
Gaosheng, H. and J. Jingming (2012). Production of useful secondary metabolites
through regulation of biosynthetic pathway in cell and tissue suspension culture of
medicinal plants, INTECH Open Access Publisher.
18. • To improve the yield of secondary metabolites in plant
cell culture, precursor feeding is an effective approach.
• Precursors are compounds existed in upstream of
target compounds in biosynthetic pathway and most
intermediates can be used as precursors.
• The concentration of precursors determines the
reaction speed. At higher concentration, the reaction
speed is usually higher than that when precursor
concentration is lower.
18
Precursor feeding
Gaosheng, H. and J. Jingming (2012). Production of useful secondary metabolites
through regulation of biosynthetic pathway in cell and tissue suspension culture of
medicinal plants, INTECH Open Access Publisher.
19. Plant name Active ingredients Culture type Reference
Taxus spp. Taxol Suspension Malik, S., et al. (2011), "
Process Biochemistry
46(1): 23-34.
Capsicum annuum Capsaicin Suspension Johnson et al., 1990,
Plant Sci. 70: 223-229.
Catharanthus roseus Indole alkaloids Suspension Moreno et al., 1993,
Plant Cell Rep. 12: 702-
705.
Ephedra spp. L- Ephedrine Suspension O’Dowd et al., 1993,
Plant Cell Tiss. Org.
Cult. 34: 149-155.
Cassia acutifolia Anthraquinones Suspension Nazif et al., 2000,
Fitoterapia 71: 34-40.
Coffea arabica Caffeine Callus Waller et al., 1983, Plant
Cell Rep. 2: 109-112.
19
Bioactive secondary metabolites from plant tissue
cultures.
Hussain, M. S., et al. (2012). "Current approaches toward production of secondary plant
metabolites." Journal of pharmacy & bioallied sciences 4(1): 10.
20. • Taxol, a complex diterpene anticancer alkaloid drug
found in 1971, by Wani et al. from the Pacific yew tree,
Taxus brevifolia.
• At present the drug is approved
For clinical treatment of ovarian
and breast cancer by the FDA.
• However, the supply of taxol for clinical use is limited
from either its natural source or by total synthesis.
20
Production of Taxol from Taxus Sp.
Vanisree, M., et al. (2004). "Studies on the production of some important secondary
metabolites from medicinal plants by plant tissue cultures." Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin 45(1):
1-22.
21. Optimization of culture conditions:
• Dark conditions are suitable for the growth of cells and
taxol Production.
• A biotic elicitor from Rhyzopus stelonifera fungus
(25mg/L) used in combination with the abiotic elicitors
methyl jasmonate (10mg/L) and salicylic acid
(100mg/L)was shown to improve taxol production 16-fold
when added at day 25–30 of culture to a growth
medium.
21
Malik, S., et al. (2011). "Production of the anticancer drug taxol in Taxus baccata
suspension cultures: a review." Process Biochemistry 46(1): 23-34.
22. • Supplementation of the medium sucrose, phenylalanine
and ammonium citrate resulted in 5.6-fold higher taxol
production (13.75mg/L) compared with the control
(2.5mg/L).
• Currently, bioreactors of up to 75,000 L are being
employed for the commercial production of paclitaxel
from cell cultures by Phyton Biotech, ESCAgenetic,
Samyang Genex, Nattermann (Germany)
22
Malik, S., et al. (2011). "Production of the anticancer drug taxol in Taxus baccata
suspension cultures: a review." Process Biochemistry 46(1): 23-34.
23. • Capsaicin is an alkaloid obtained from Capsicum spp.
• It is used mainly as a pungent food additive in formulated
foods.
• Capsaicin is also used in pharmaceutical preparations as a
digestive stimulant and for rheumatic disorders.
23
Production of Capsaicin
Vanisree, M., et al. (2004). "Studies on the production of some important secondary
metabolites from medicinal plants by plant tissue cultures." Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin 45(1):
1-22.
24. • Suspension cultures of Capsicum frutescens
produce low levels of capsaicin, but immobilizing the
cells in reticulated polyurethane foam can increase
production approximately 100- fold.
• Supplying the medium with 2,4-D (2 mg/l), Kinetin
(0.5 mg/l) and Sucrose (3%) are the optimum
condition for capsaicin production.
• Further improvements can be brought about by
supplying precursors such as isocapric acid.
24
Vanisree, M., et al. (2004). "Studies on the production of some important secondary
metabolites from medicinal plants by plant tissue cultures." Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin 45(1):
1-22.