This document provides an overview of genetic technology techniques including selective breeding, hybridization, DNA extraction, restriction enzymes, gel electrophoresis, polymerase chain reaction, genetic engineering, and transformation. It discusses applications like genetically modified animals and plants. Transgenic organisms created through recombinant DNA techniques are described. The document also touches on genome sequencing, biotechnology, cloning, and some products enabled by genetic technology.

1. Subject : Principles' of animal life 2
Presented by : Umm E Habiba
Roll no : 16
superior group of colleges
Gujranwala

2. content list
1. Selective breeding
2. Interbreeding
3. Hybridization (cross
breeding)
4. Test cross
5. DNA extraction
6. Restriction enzymes
7. Gel electrophoresis
8. Recombinant DNA
9. Polymerase chain reaction
(PCR)
10. Genetic engineering
11. Transformation
12. Plant transformation
13. Animal transformation
14. Transgenic animals

5. Applications of Genetic Technology
Genetically modified
cats that glow in the
dark!
Genetically modified mice
that can grow a human
ear!

6. Applications of Genetic Technology
 Genetic technology applications range from
extremely unusual to very basic
Selective breeding: only allowing organisms with
specific traits to reproduce

7. Applications of Genetic Technology
Interbreeding: Breeding of individuals with
similar characteristics to maintain these
characteristics

8. Applications of Genetic Technology
Hybridization (cross breeding): bringing together
two different individual organisms to create a
combination of the best traits of both
organisms
Labradoodle
Cama Liger

9. Genetic Technology Techniques
Test Cross
 Basic tool using a punnett
square to identify the
genotype of an unknown
parent by creating a cross
with a homozygous
recessive parent
 This will determine if the
unknown organism’s
genotype is homozygous
or heterozygous for a
dominant trait

10. Genetic Technology Techniques
 To access DNA for any tests or processes in genetic
technology the DNA must be extracted from cells.
DNA Extraction: taking DNA out of the nucleus of a cell
STEP 1: Break apart the
plasma membrane and
nuclear membrane
STEP 2: Separate DNA
from cell debris by adding
a substance that attracts
the DNA molecules

11. Genetic Technology Techniques
 Once DNA has been extracted scientists then have to
isolate the gene that they want to work with.
Restriction Enzymes: special enzymes used to cut DNA at
specific locations in the DNA strand
Restriction
enzymes are
used to isolate
a specific gene
on the DNA
strand for
research

12. Genetic Technology Techniques
Restriction Enzymes
 The enzymes cleave or digest (cut) DNA into smaller pieces
 The enzymes look for specific locations in the DNA sequence
 Most of the recognition sequences are palindromes, meaning
they can be read the same way backwards and forwards
 The enzyme will cut at a specific point within the sequence

13. Genetic Technology Techniques
 Many times a staggered cut is made
 This produces “sticky ends” that can readily combine with
other cut pieces of DNA
 When cuts are made at the same place on both DNA strands it
results in “blunt ends”

14. Genetic Technology Techniques
 Despite the fact that 99.9% of the
DNA between all humans is
identical, there are subtle
differences that allow us to
distinguish the difference between
the DNA of different individuals
 Following DNA extraction, a DNA
sample that has been collected can
be sorted and mapped through a
process called Gel Electrophoresis
(aka: DNA fingerprinting)

15. Genetic Technology Techniques
Gel Electrophoresis: method used to separate
DNA pieces according to their size to
compare strands of DNA
STEP 1: Cut DNA into pieces
using restriction enzymes
STEP 2: Put DNA fragments into
wells in a gel and shock with an
electric current to start movement
of DNA through the gel
STEP 3: Smaller DNA pieces
travel farther through the gel until
all DNA fragments are sorted
according to size

16. Genetic Technology Techniques

17. Genetic Technology Techniques
 Gel electrophoresis can be used to identify
someone by making comparisons between
known and unknown samples of DNA
 Examples: crime suspect or victim
identification, paternity identification,

18. Genetic Technology Techniques
Polymerase Chain
Reaction (PCR): making
copies of a particular
gene that has been cut
(by restriction enzymes)
out of the original DNA
 The main purpose of
PCR is to make
additional copies of a
DNA sample that you
may only have a small
supply of

19. Genetic Technology Techniques
Genetic Engineering: making changes in the
DNA of living organisms

20. Genetic Technology Techniques
 Genetic Engineering is also known
as recombinant DNA
 Recombinant DNA: making new
DNA by cutting out a gene of
interest from one DNA strand and
pasting it into the new strand to
create an organism with DNA from
different sources

21. Genetic Technology Techniques
Recombinant DNA
1. Isolate the gene of interest (ex. human insulin)
2. Isolate bacterial plasmid (a small circular piece of
DNA)
3. Cut both types of DNA with the SAME restriction
enzyme
 You will get matching
sticky ends

22. Genetic Technology Techniques
4. Mix the two types of
DNA (gene splicing)
5. Add the enzyme DNA
ligase to permanently
bond the pieces
6. Insert the plasmid
into a host bacterial
cell

23. Genetic Technology Techniques
7. Transformation: the new cell takes the DNA
from the outside source and incorporates it
into its own DNA

24. Genetic Technology Techniques
 Plant Transformation Techniques
Agrobacterium cells naturally
insert the DNA gene of interest
into the plant cell being studied
Plasmids with the gene of interest
are placed onto small metal particles
and then shot into the nucleus of a
plant cell

26. Tools for Genetic Technology
 Animal Transformation Techniques
DNA is injected into the nucleus of
an egg cell or zygote. As the
embryo grows the new DNA will
be reproduced in each cell.

27. Genetic Technology Techniques
Transgenic Organisms: organisms that contain
genes from multiple organisms
 Most transgenic organisms are created to
study the effect of specific genes or create a
product that would improve society

28. Transgenic Applications
 Spider Silk- a product created by
combining the gene for making silk
from a spider and milk production in a
goat. The goat produces milk with the
silk in it to be harvested for medical
suture materials and bullet-proof
vests.
 Golden Rice- a rice product
that is made by combining the gene for
vitamin A with rice plants to create rice
grains rich in vitamin A that would
improve health and vision in poor
countries.

29. Genetic Technology Techniques
 To understand where and how to isolate genes for
recombinant DNA requires knowledge of the DNA sequence
for each organism that is being transformed and the source
of the gene being inserted.
 A genome is the
complete sequence
of DNA for an
organism

30. Biotechnology
Biotechnology: the application of genetic
technology techniques to create a product
Biodegradable Plastics
Transgenic
Organisms
Genetically
modified
foods
Biofuels

31. Biotechnology
Cloning: creating genetically identical individuals